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Child and
Adolescent
Learners and
Learning Principles
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Unit 1: Physical Development

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What is Child Development?

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OBJECTIVES:

• What child and adolescent development is

• Visualize a concept map with descriptions of the stages and
domains of child development

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Why istoitedit Master to
important title styleabout Child Development?
study

• For parents to understand their children

• For teachers to bring out the best in children
• Both Parents and Teachers should understand how children
develop in order to help nurture them

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Children go through different stages in the course of their

childhood and it is important to be able to take care of them in
each of those stages of growing physically, cognitively or
emotionally.

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What to edit Master title style
is “development”?
Development can be defined as “progressive, orderly and
continuing changes over time in a person’s physical and
neurological structure”. In other words, development is a
series of age-related changes that happen across the life
span. People pass through different stages in a specific order,
with each stage building up on the other. People also build
capacities through those stages.

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What to
areedit
theMaster
stages title styleDevelopment?
of Child
Stages in child development refers to development of children
from birth to the ages of 18 years. Children develop
physically, intellectually, socially, emotionally, and linguistically
through the years with different rates of growth for each
category.

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The human Master
spantitle
can style
be divided into four life stages:

• INFANCY
• CHILDHOOD
• ADOLESCENCE
• ADULTHOOD

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INFANCY

(birth to 2 years old – “newborn”, “infant”, “toddler”)

During infancy, the child is totally dependent on the caregiver

for the fulfilment of his/her needs. The child experiences rapid
growth during this period.

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CHILDHOOD

(“early childhood” – 2 to 8 yrs old and “middle childhood” – 9

to 12 yrs old)

At this time, the child refines his/her skills he/she learned in

earlier years, from basic to more complex skills; he/she also
learns new skills. The most rapid period of growth and
development is seen in early childhood.

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ADOLESCENCE

(12 to 18 years old)

This stage is marked by puberty (11 – 14 years old) when a

child undergoes a series of changes in the body.

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ADULTHOOD

This is the period when an individual has reached his/her

maturity. This is usually above 18 years of age.

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How did these terms come to be?

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MiddletoAges
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Master– 1300s)
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• The church did not approve of “family planning” so birth rates

were very high.
• Women usually gave birth to 12 to 14 children
• The mortality rates in those times were also very high.
• 3 out of 5 children died before reaching adulthood.
• Parenting was different in that children had little or no
affection because many of them would probably die at a
young age.
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Renaissance (1300s title style
– 1600s)

• There was a rebirth of learning and culture in society and

people began to think about their place in the world
• In 1693, John Locke had his theory of tabula rasa(blank slate)
arguing that our brains are empty at birth and are waiting to
be filled with experience and that we are products of our
social environment.
• First time that the “childhood” was seen as a separate
developmental stage and Parents started showing affection to
their children.
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Industrial AgeMaster title style
(late 1700s to the late 1800s)

There was the rise of industrialization and machinery. Many

people moved from rural to urban areas because many jobs
could be found in the cities. The economy around the world
was changing and children were seen as an economic asset.
Just like in the old days, children aged 7 were already sent off
to work to help support the family. This time in factories to do
jobs that big adults cannot do because of their size.

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Twentieth Master(early
Century title style
1900s)
• The wives of factory owners, with the crusaders of social
rights, were able to enact child labor laws which came to
effect in the late nineteenth century.
• The laws dictated that the children under the age of 16 should
not be made to work in factories although they were still
allowed to work in their family farm.
• Childhood became a legal definition (early twentieth century)
• Since students are in the factories, this led to Compulsory
Education
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• In the early twentieth century, the term “childhood” was

divided into stages. ADOLESCENCE in terms of biology,
begins with puberty and ends in a cultural recognition of
adulthood by the age 18 a legal age.

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It is to be noted that the term “DEVELOPMENT” meaning how

we “change”, is not defined by age alone; although a person’s
age can give an average or a rough estimate of the various
stage. Remember that there are exceptions to the rule.
For example, people reach puberty earlier or later than the
average age.

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What to
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theMaster title
domains of style
child development?

When we study about child development, remember that the

growth in one domain influences the other domains. Child
psychologists classify different areas of a person’s
development. Even if there is a little change seen on the
outside, many things change inside a person.

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ThreetoDomains
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of Child style

• Physical Domain
• Cognitive Domain
• Socioemotional Domain

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PHYSICAL Master title style
DOMAIN

• The physical domain includes growth of the body size and

proportions, appearance, brain development, sensory
capabilities (taste, touch, sight, smell, hearing and
proprioception, which is bodily awareness of your orientation
in space), motor skills, and overall physical health. The
physical domain is about measurable, visible changes in the
body of a child from birth to old age.

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PHYSICAL Master title style
DOMAIN

• Motor development refers to the increasing amount of

control that a child has over his/her body. It includes the
different levels of skills that he/she can master. This domain
also involves gross motor skills (major movements of the
body involving large muscles) and fine motor skills
(movement of fingers and hands)

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PHYSICAL Master title style
DOMAIN

• Adaptive development refers to the ability of a child to do

age-appropriate life skills. It may refer to how a child adapts
to the environment and is able to perform things
independently.
• Other may consider these as motor skills, some
psychologists define them as self-care skills.

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PHYSICAL DOMAIN
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• An example of physical development through the years is
when the brain grows in complexity in infancy, learning how
to walk and talk, then during early childhood, handedness
appears. During middle childhood, health is better than any
period, and during adolescence, puberty starts.
• When children go through a physical growth spurt, it affects
them cognitively and emotionally as well. Like when
someone is about to get sick or is already sick, he/she may
become moody or disorganized. So when something in the
physical. domain happens, it impacts everything else.
Teachers need to look at how changes in a student's
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physical development is affecting him/her.

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COGNITIVE Master title style
• Cognitive domain or development is about the changes and
progression in the thought processes--thinking abilities of a
person from infancy up to old age. The mental processes
include learning, attention, memory, language, thinking,
reasoning, problem-solving, creativity, imagination, academic
knowledge, everyday knowledge, and understanding what is
happening around you.
• The developmental psychologist Jean Piaget talked about
different stages in cognitive development. This will be
discussed in detail in the next unit, which is all about
Cognitive Development. 2727
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COGNITIVE Master title style

• Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development suggests that

children move through four different stages of learning. His
theory focuses not only on understanding how children
acquire knowledge, but also on understanding the nature of
intelligence.1 Piaget's stages are:

• Sensorimotor stage: Birth to 2 years

• Preoperational stage: Ages 2 to 7
• Concrete operational stage: Ages 7 to 11
• Formal operational stage: Ages 12 and up 2828
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COGNITIVE Master title style

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COGNITIVE Master title style

• Language development or communicative domain is

about how a person's language or communication skills
develop from crying to laughing, to babbling, and then to
talking. This involves one's ability to comprehend, use, and
manipulate language.

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COGNITIVE Master title style

There are four aspects of language development.

• phonology (forming sounds into words)
• syntax (creating sentences from these words using language
rules and conventions)
• semantics (understanding meanings and shades of meaning)
• pragmatics (how to apply language to communicate in
practical and personal use)

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COGNITIVE DOMAIN
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PSYCHOSOCIAL title style
DOMAIN
• The psychosocial domain incudes emotions, personality, and
social relationships.
• Social development is all about the child's relationships
with different kinds of people and his/her unique way of
interacting with them. It also includes self-knowledge (self-
esteem, metacognition, sexual identity, and ethnic identity)
and moral reasoning.

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PSYCHOSOCIAL title style
DOMAIN

• Emotional development refers to how a child's emotions

develop, how he/ she understands and expresses his/her
emotions (anger, fear, anxiety, sorrow, joy, happiness, and
others) in socially acceptable ways, or regulating one's
emotions, having confrontations without violence.

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 PSYCHOSOCIAL DOMAIN
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• Many totimes,
edit Master titledevelopment
the social style and emotional
development are mentioned together as one, known as the
socioemotional domain. This is all about living at peace with
oneself in the context of living with others. A child learns how
to read social cues of other people to control his/her
emotions and express them properly.
• It also includes understanding others, learning how to
sympathize and empathize with other people. It includes
temperament, interpersonal skills, and friendships.

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Lets wrap Master title style
it up!!!!
• What child and adolescent development is
• Visualize a concept map with descriptions of the stages and
domains of child development

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Thank You

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