Introduction to Bonding

Chemical Bonding

C. Johannesson IV
A. Vocabulary

• Chemical Bond
• Attractive force between atoms or ions that binds them
together as a unit
• Bonds are formed in order to…
• decrease potential energy (PE)
• increase stability
A. Vocabulary

CHEMICAL FORMULA

IONIC COVALENT

Formula Molecular
Unit Formula

NaCl CO2
A. Vocabulary

COMPOUND
more than 2
2 elements
elements

Binary Ternary
Compound Compound

NaCl NaNO3
A. Vocabulary

ION
1 atom 2 or more atoms

Monatomic Polyatomic
Ion Ion

Na +
NO 3
-
 B. Types of Bonds
IONIC COVALENT
Bond e- are transferred from e- are shared between
Formation metal to nonmetal two nonmetals
Type of
crystal lattice true molecules
Structure
Physical
State solid Solid, liquid or gas
Melting
high low
Point
Solubility in
yes usually not
Water
Electrical yes
Conductivity (solution or liquid) no
Other
Properties C. Johannesson
odorous
B. Types of Bonds
METALLIC
Bond e- are delocalized
Formation among metal atoms
Type of
“electron sea”
Structure
Physical
solid
State
Melting very high
Point
Solubility in no
Water
Electrical yes
Conductivity (any form)
Other malleable, ductile,
Properties C. Johannesson lustrous
B. Types of Bonds

Lewis Structures
Ionic – show transfer of e-

Covalent – show sharing of e-

C. Johannesson RETURN
B. Types of Bonds
Ionic Bonding - Crystal Lattice

RETURN
B. Types of Bonds

Covalent Bonding - True Molecules

Diatomic
Molecule
RETURN
B. Types of Bonds

Metallic Bonding - “Electron Sea”

RETURN
Metal Alloys

• Metal mixture
• Substitutional Alloys
• Atoms of original metallic solid are replaced by other
metal atoms of similar size
• Sterling silver, brass, pewter
• Interstitial Alloys
• Smalller atoms fill in the spaces (interstices) between the
larger metallic atoms
• Carbon steel – holes between iron atoms are filled with carbon
atoms making the iron harder, stronger and less ductile
C. Bond Polarity
• Most bonds are a
blend of ionic and
covalent
characteristics.
• Difference in
electronegativity
determines bond
type.
EN
C. Bond Polarity

•Electronegativity
• Attraction an atom has for a shared pair of
electrons.
• higher e-neg atom  -
• lower e-neg atom +
 C. Bond Polarity
• Electronegativity Trend
• Increases up and to the right.
C. Bond Polarity

• Nonpolar Covalent Bond

• e- are shared equally
• symmetrical e- density
• usually identical atoms
C. Bond Polarity

• Polar Covalent Bond

• e- are shared unequally
• asymmetrical e- density
• results in partial charges (dipole)

 +
C. Johannesson

-
 C. Bond Polarity

 Nonpolar

 Polar

 Ionic

View Bonding Animations. C. Johannesson

C. Bond Polarity

Examples:
• Cl2

• HCl

• NaCl