Working In Groups

Seventh edition

Chapter 10
Critical Thinking and
Argumentation in
Groups

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 Objectives
•
1: Describe how effective argumentation benefits groups
•
2: Review the functions of the components of the Toulmin Model
of Argument
3: Identify the criteria for evaluating the validity of the different typ
es of evidence that support arguments
•
4: Apply the four steps for presenting arguments to claims of fact,
value, conjecture, and policy
•
.
5: Identify specific fallacies in terms of how they affect the validity
of arguments
•
6: Describe strategies for adapting to member differences in gend
er, culture, and emotional intelligence
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 
Critical Thinking is
•
the conscious process of assessing the validity of
claims, experience, and reasoning for the purpose
of reaching a justified conclusion or decision.

•
An Argument is
•
a claim supported by evidence and reasons for
accepting it.

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 •
Why is argumentation is valuable for groups?
•
Argumentation helps
•
- understand and analyze ideas
•
- influence members
•
- make informed decisions
•
- achieve the common goal

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 1: The Nature of Critical Thinking and
Argumentation
1: What is the Value of Argumentation in Groups?
– Argumentation in groups
– Benefits of argumentation
– Argumentative communication

2: Deliberative Group Argumentation

– Josina Makau and Debian Marty
– Concept
– Benefits
– Competitive argumentation
– Strategies for engaging in effective deliberative
argumentation
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 Figure 10.1: Benefits of Argumentation

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 2: Understanding Arguments (1 of 2)

1: Claim, Evidence, and Warrant

– Claim
– Evidence
– Warrant

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 Figure 10.3: Three Key Components of the Toulmin Model

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 2: Understanding Arguments (2 of 2)

2: Backing, Reservation, and Qualifier

– Backing
– Reservation
– Qualifier
– Toulmin Model of Argument

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 Figure 10.4: The Six Components of the Toulmin Model of
Argument

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 Table 10.1: The Toulmin Model in Action
Toulmin Component Example Question
Initial Claim The Ravens will win the Super Bowl What makes you say that?
this year.
Evidence They have the best defense in the Why does that evidence lead
league. you to believe that they’ll win
the Super Bowl?
Warrant A good defensive team is the key to How sure are you that this is
winning a Super Bowl. the factor that matters?
Backing The team with the best defense has But aren’t there other factors
won the Super Bowl each of the past that also affect who wins?
five years.
Reservation I guess it’s possible that the Ravens’ How confident are you in your
defense might have a lot of injuries prediction?
or that the other team’s quarterback
might improve significantly.
Qualifier I believe that the Ravens have the So how does that affect your
best chance. original claim?
REVISED CLAIM The Ravens will probably win the Super Bowl this year.

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 3: Supporting Arguments
1: Types of Evidence
– Facts and opinions
– Definitions and descriptions
– Examples and illustrations
– Statistics
2: Tests of Evidence
– Introduction
– Questions to test evidence

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 4: Presenting Arguments (1 of 2)

1: State Your Claim

– First step in presenting an argument
– Categories

2: Support Your Claim

– Overview
– Forms of evidence

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 4: Presenting Arguments (2 of 2)

3: Provide Reasons
Introduction
Warrant for argument about red wine
4: Summarize Your Argument
Good summary
Summary is needed

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 5: Refuting Arguments (1 of 3)

• 1: Listen to the Argument

– Engage in listening to understand first
– Questions
• 2: State the Opposing Claim
– Group members may offer many claims
– Understanding the claim

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 5: Refuting Arguments (2 of 3)

3: Preview Your Objections

Provide overview of objections
Benefit of knowing reason for refutation
4: Assess the Evidence
Refuting an argument
Reason for rejection

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 5: Refuting Arguments (3 of 3)

5: Assess the Reasoning

Fallacy
Common fallacies of argument
6: Summarize Your Refutation
Final step
Summary

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 6: Adapting to Argumentation Styles (1
of 2)

1: Gender Differences in Argumentation

Research conclusions
Views
Dialectic approach
2: Cultural Differences in Argumentation
Culture dictates who should argue
Using evidence to support claim in many cultures

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 6: Adapting to Argumentation Styles (2
of 2)

3: Argumentation and Emotional Intelligence

– Introduction
– Antonio Damasio
– Emotional intelligence

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 “Slicing the Pie”
• Relevance of “Slicing the pie” case study
• To what extent the students benefit from argument?
• What type of evidence did students use?
• Which fallacies of reasoning were evident?
• How can the students improve the quality of their
argument?

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 Summary
• Using critical thinking to check ideas, influence others is
argumentation
• Toulmin Model of Argument links the six key components
of argument
• Evidence takes many forms such as facts, opinions,
examples, illustrations
• Six guidelines can help you refute an argument
• There is no difference in men’s and women’s use of
evidence

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