Zoonoses

Nachhaltigkeit-Huizhi Huang
 What are
Zoonoses ？

4. How our lifestyle

D B 2. New emerging types
nowadays affects its
transmission.

3. From Zoonoses dieases to pandemic

2021-1-15 Muthesius Kunsthochschule - Raumstrategien MA - Huizhi Huang 2

1.What are Zoonoses?
Zoonoses occur both in humans and in animals and are transmissible from animals to humans and/ or from humans to
animals.
A distinction is made between zooanthroponoses, whose pathogens are mainly transmitted from the animal kingdom to humans, and
anthropozoonoses, in which transmission occurs mainly from humans to animals.

In the case of facultative zoonoses (amphixenoses), transmission is reciprocal

https://www.zoonosen.net/en/zoonosenforschung/what-are-zoonoses
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Depending on the type of transmission, zoonoses can be divided into
different groups:

The life cycles and consequently

also the transmission paths of
zoonotic pathogens can be very
diverse.
Transmission options include
smear infections, bite wounds,
animal food products (e.g. meat,
milk, eggs) or so-called vectors,
such as mosquitoes or ticks, which
act as carriers of a pathogen from
one organism to another host. It is
important to note that the
pathogen does not necessarily
cause the same symptoms in all
carriers (hosts). https://www.zoonosen.net/en/zoonosenforschung/what-are-zoonoses

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pathogens of zoonoses
● Zoonoses can be caused by viruses, as well as by bacteria, fungi, parasites or prions.

zoonotic viruses bacterial zoonotic pathogens zoonotic parasites fungi Prions

Bornavirus Bacillus anthracis (anthrax) Leishmaniasis Cryptococcus Creutzfeld-Jakob-Disease
Borrelia Toxoplasma gondii Trichophyton
Chikungunya-Virus Mircrosporum canis
Denguevirus Brucella Plasmodium (Malaria)
Campylobacter
Tick-borne encephalitis Coxiella burnetii (Q-fever) Helminths:
(TBE)HantavirusHepatitis E – Escherichia coli (EHEC) EchinococcusTrichinell
Virus Francisella tularensis a
Influenza Mycobacterium
Crim-Congo Virus tuberculosis-complex
Lyssavirus (rabies) Rickettsia
MERS Staphylococcus
Marburg-Virus Vibrio (Non-Cholera-Vibrio
und Cholera toxin Vibrio
Rift-valey-fever virus cholerae)
West-Nile-Virus
Zikavirus

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Rabies

● Some zoonoses, such as rabies, are 100%

preventable through vaccination and other
methods
● The rabies virus can spread to people and
pets if they are bitten or scratched by a
rabid animal. Other modes of transmission
—aside from bites and scratches—are
uncommon. In the United States, rabies is
mostly found in wild animals like bats,
raccoons, skunks, and foxes. However, in
many other countries dogs still carry
https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/index.html
rabies, and most rabies deaths in people
around the world are caused by dog bites.
● Fig.3: bats, raccoons, skunks, and
2021-1-15 foxes
Muthesius Kunsthochschule - Raumstrategien MA - Huizhi Huang 6
2.New emerging types
● More than 60% of human inf ect ious diseases
are caused by pat hogens shared wit h wild or
domestic animals and over 75% of emerging
diseases are zoonotic in origin.
● zoonoses comprise a large percent age of all
newly identified inf ect ious diseases as well
as many exist ing ones.
● Most of these have been viruses j umping
from wi ldl ife to humans.
Ot her important emerging diseases have
jumped f rom domest icated species,
• such as pandemic influenza H1N1
originat ing from pigs in 2009.
2021-1-15 Muthesius Kunsthochschule - Raumstrategien MA - Huizhi Huang
1. HIV/AIDS in the 1980s originating from the great
a p e s p o s s i b l y a s e a r l y a s t h e 1 9 2 0 s . H I V, b e g i n a s
a zoonosis but later mutate into human-only
strains.
2. severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus
(SARSCoV) in 2002–03 originating from bats via
civets
3. Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus
(MERS-CoV) in 2012 from dromedary camels, but
probably originating from bats more than30 years
p r e v i o u s l y.
4. S A R S C o V- 2 , a l m o s t c e r t a i n l y o r i g i n a t i n g f r o m b a t s
and probably via an as yet unknown intermediary
host
https://www.publish.csiro.au/ma/pdf/MA20002
7
SARS vs Covid-19
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338980932

● The outbreak of SARS in 2002–03

was clearly associated with
transmission from live wild animals
in the wet markets of Guangdong.

● Bats are believed to be the natural

r e s e r v o i r o f S A R S - C o V- 2 , i t r e m a i n s
unclear how the new pathogen was
transmitted to humans.
Fig.4: Potential animal origins of human
coronaviruses.

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3. From Zoonoses dieases to pandemic
https://www.publish.csiro.au/ma/pdf/MA20002

● new emerging diseases—such as Ebola, Key words:

SARS, Covid 19—and where they emerge Exploitation of wildlife Food supply chain
from: wildlife. Most are caused by viruses. Agriculture intensification Demand for Animal products

● Two factors account for the increasing risk of Urbanization Climate change
zoonoses that may lead to pandemics:
disruption (of diverse ecosystems) and
connectivity (of the global human
1.population).
Human Population Expansion and Encroachment on Wildlife Habitat

2. Changes in Agricultural Practices and livestock production

3. Wildlife Trade and Translocation

4. Bushmeat, Wet Markets, Exotic Foods

5. Ecotourism
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Human Population Expansion and Encroachment on Wildlife Habitat

As cities have expanded and new population centres

emerged, there has been increasing encroachment
into wildlife habitats. In addition, increased city
living and expanding metropolitan areas are
providing new homes for a variety of wildlife.

many local wildlife species are commonly making

their homes in cities, including monkeys, squirrels,
mongooses and raccoons. Underscoring this is that
‘synanthropic’ mammal species, those wildlife
species that adapt well in human-modified
environments, are 15 times more likely to be the
source of emerging infectious disease.

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Changes in Agricultural Practices and livestock production

The outbreak of Nipah virus infection in Malaysia

during 1998–1999, which caused 265 human cases
of viral encephalitis and a 38% mortality rate, was
also the result of several major ecologic and
environmental changes associated with
deforestation and expansion of nonindustrial pig
farming in association with production of fruit-
bearing trees.
Such combination led to infection of pigs, which
developed respiratory and neurologic symptoms
after indirect exposure to infected fruit bats that
shed the virus. The sick pigs were a subsequent
source of human infection .

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W i l d l i f e Tr a d e a n d Tr a n s l o c a t i o n

International wildlife trade is estimated to be

a US $6-billion industry

Wildlife is a major source of income, either

directly for consumptive or productive use
value or indirectly for touristic and scientific
values .
For instance, wildlife tourism is among the
top exporting activities of Tanzania and Kenya
and generates an annual income of
approximately half a billion US dollars
Fig.https://awsassets.panda.org/img/original/
To p _ Te n _ r e p o r t _ m a p . j p g

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Bushmeat, Wet Markets, Exotic Foods

Another risk factor related to the emergence

of zoonotic diseases from wildlife has been
the considerable increase in consumption of
bushmeat in many parts of the world,
especially Central Africa and the Amazon
Basin, where 1–3.4 million tons and 67–164
million kilograms, respectively, are consumed
each year
outbreaks of Ebola virus in western Africa
have been associated with consumption of
bushmeat, mainly chimpanzees that were
found dead .

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 • Typically a wet market is a partially covered market, of basic construction in a fixed location where food vendors sell their products
at individual stalls. A market is divided into different areas where vendors of the same items are grouped together in tightly knit
stalls.The floor can be damp since vendors use water to freshen their produce, store live fish and seafood in makeshift tanks or on
ice and some of the areas get a regular hosing down to clean up the blood and guts from the butchered fish and meat.

● The avian influenza epidemic,

which began in Southeast Asia in
2003 and recently spread to other
parts of the world, is directly
related to infected birds sold live
in traditional markets. Live bird
markets facilitate the spread of
this avian H5N1 virus by wild birds

photo source ： https://untouristsingapore.wordpress.com/tag/seafood/

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Ecotourism

The interactions of people

with wildlife areas for
recreational purposes such
as hunting, hiking and
camping, also lead to
zoonotic transmission of
pathogens.

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4.How our lifestyle nowadays affects its transmission.
Icreasing vulnerability
to zoonoses:
declining eco system
services brought
about by a range of
pressures including
forest fragmentation,
increasing human-
animal contact,
connectivity through
travel and trade, and
degrading water
systems and climate
stability.
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/
article/pii/S1462901120306122?via%3Dihub

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901120306122?via%3Dihub

Fig. 3. Degradation of
ecosystem services increases
likelihood of zoonotic transfer
simultaneously with declining
water and other vital
resources available to reduce
human-to-human transmission
and disease treatment.

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 Discussion
There is growing recognition internationally that Covid-19 is not an isolated incidence, but is part of a pattern of
increasingly frequent epidemics that have coincided with globalisation, urbanisation and climate change (Whiting,
2020).

Question:
How do we prevent the next outbreak of new infectious diseases?
What is the most economic and efficient way to control the spread
of infectious diseases ？
reference:
https://www.zoonosen.net/en/zoonosenforschung/what-are-zoonoses

https://www.cdc.gov/rabies/index.html

https://www.researchgate.net/publication/338980932

https://www.publish.csiro.au/ma/pdf/MA20002

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1462901120306122?via%3Dihub

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