INTRODUCTION

Anesthesia is a medical intervention that prevents

patients from feeling pain during procedures like
surgery, certain screening and diagnostic tests.
TYPES OF ANESTHESIA

LOCAL ANESTHETICS GENERAL ANESTHETICS

• Drugs that block nerve • These are agents that brings
conduction when applied locally about reversable loss of
to nerve tissue sensation and consciousness
• They act on every type of nerve
fiber and can cause both sensory
and motor paralysis
• In 1846 , alcohol , opium, packing of limb with ice and
concussion.
• Dr. Horace Wells , a dentist tried to demonstrate the effect of
nitrous oxide as an anesthetic in 1844 but was
unsuccessful as he removed the gas bad too early.
• Dr. William Morton who was present at the time of
demonstration worked on it and in 1846 demonstrated other
anesthesia successfully.
• Chloroform was introduced by James Y Simpson in 1847,
• In 1956 Halothane was introduced into
anesthetic practice by Johnstone
SYSTEMIC EFFECTS:
1.HYPERSENSITIVITY REACTION:
- Skin rashes , dermatitis , asthma or rarely anaphylaxis are more common with ester type drugs.

2. CNS:
- Dizziness , sedation, auditory, and visual disturbances, mental confusion and disorientation
- Higher doses include
- Anxiety
- Nystagmus
- Muscle tremors
- Conulsions and respiratory failure
- 3. CVS:
- Blocade of sodium channels in the myocardium by LA results in myocardial
depression
SPINAL ANAESTHESIA :

• Local anaesthetic solution is injected into the subarochnoid space

between L2-3 or L3-4 below the lower end of spinal cord
• The drug acts on nerve roots lower abdomen and lower limbs are
anesthetised and paralysed
• Lignacaine, tetracaine, bupivacaine and ropivacaine are used for
spinal anaesthesia
ADVANTAGES:
• Safe
• Affords good analgesia
• Muscle relaxation
• No loss of consciouness
USES:
• Surgical procedure used on :
• Lowerlimb
• Pelvis
• Lower abdomen
• obstetric procedures
• Caesarean section and other operation done on spinal anaesthesia
EPIDURAL ANAESTHESIA:
• LA is injected into the spinal extradural space
• It acts on nerve roots while small amounts diffuse into subacarchnoid
space
• It is technically more difficult and comparatively larger volumes of the
anaesthetic are needed
• After repeated injections, tachyphylaxis mat develop
ADVANTAGES :
• Sensory blockade is 4-5 segments higher than motor blockade. This
difference is useful for obstetric analgesia

• Mother has painless labour and can still cooperate in the process of
labour and is conscious through out.