THE CENTRAL DOGMA

CENTRAL DOGMA
A theory stating that genetic information flows
only in one direction, from DNA, to RNA, to
protein, or directly to protein.
How does DNA work?

DNA

RNA

Proteins

You
DIFFERENCE OF DNA AND RNA

1. Sugar in RNA is ribose instead of

deoxyribose
2. RNA is single stranded
3. RNA contains Uracil instead of Thymine
4. RNA is disposable
5. RNA can be outside the nucleus, DNA can’t
ROLES OF DNA AND RNA
• DNA is the MASTER PLAN.
• RNA is the BLUEPRINT of the master
plan.
TYPES OF RNA
1. Messenger RNA (mRNA): carry instruction
copies
2. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): makes up
ribosome along with proteins
3. Transfer RNA (tRNA): brings amino acids
to the ribosome
CODON
* The sequence of
three molecules.
* Forms the code for
one of the 20 specific
amino acids that make
up proteins, but there
are 64 possible codons THE GENETIC CODE
Use the code by reading from the center to the
outside.
CODON
* For example, the sequence AUG is the
codon for Methionine or the start codon
* UAA, UAG, or UGA – stop codons
NAME THE AMINO ACID
1. GGG
2. UCA
3. CAU
4. GCA
5. AAA
PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
TRANSCRIPTION

*It is a process of copying

the sequence of one strand
of DNA (template stand)
* It happens in the nucleus
in eukaryotes.
STEPS IN TRANSCRIPTION

1. a section of DNA containing the gene unwinds

2. one strand of DNA is copied starting at the
initiation point
3. an mRNA is synthesized using complementary
base pairing with uracil (U) replacing thymine (T)
4. the newly formed mRNA moves out of the nucleus
to ribosomes in the cytoplasm and the DNA re-winds
TRANSCRIPTION
 TRANSLATION
process of decoding the mRNA into a polypeptide chain
TRANSLATION
A ribosome attaches to the mRNA
molecule.
ribosome

A U G G G C U U AAA G C A G U G C A C G U U
TRANSLATION
A transfer RNA molecule arrives.
Amino acid
It brings a specific amino acid to the
tRNA molecule first three bases (codon) on the mRNA.
anticodon The three unpaired bases (anticodon) on
the tRNA link up with the codon.

UAC
A U G G G C U U AAA G C A G U G C A C G U U
TRANSLATION
Another tRNA molecule comes
into place, bringing a second amino
acid
Its anticodon links up with the
second codon on the mRNA.
CC
UAC G
A U G G G C U U AAA G C A G U G C A C G U U
TRANSLATION
A peptide bond forms
between the two amino
Peptide bond acids.

UAC CCG
A U G G G C U U AAA G C A G U G C A C G U U
TRANSLATION
The first tRNA molecule
releases its amino acid and
moves off into the cytoplasm.
C
UA
CCG
A U G G G C U U AAA G C A G U G C A C G U U
TRANSLATION
The ribosome moves along
the mRNA to the next
codon.
CCG
A U G G G C U U AAA G C A G U G C A C G U U
TRANSLATION

Another tRNA molecule

brings the next amino acid
AA into place.
CCG U
A U G G G C U U AAA G C A G U G C A C G U U
TRANSLATION

A peptide bond joins the

second and third amino acids
to form a polypeptide chain.

CCGCCG
A U G G G C U U AAA G C A G U G C A C G U U
 TRANSLATION

The process continues.

The polypeptide chain gets longer.
This continues until a termination
(stop) codon is reached.
The polypeptide is then complete.
AC
GUC G
A U G G G C U U AAA G C A G U G C A C G U U