Translation

The first step is transcription in which the sequence of one gene is replicated in an

RNA molecule. The second step is translation in which the RNA molecule serves
as a code for the formation of an amino-acid chain (a polypeptide).

#1 REPLICATION (DNA to DNA)

#2 TRANSCRIPTION (DNA to mRNA)
#3TRANSLATION (mRNA to AMINO ACID/PROTEIN)

Transcription: A-T, C-G (and vice versa)

Translation: A-U(never with T), T-A, C-G, G-C

*Translation! In this stage, the mRNA is "decoded" to build a protein (or a

chunk/subunit of a protein) that contains a specific series of amino acids
*every 3 bases in mRNA code for and amino acid
*always start on “start codon,” (AUG) this one counts as one amino acid
*always stop on “stop codons,” (UAA, UGA, UAG) DON’T count as amino acid
*polypeptide chains are made by translation of mRNA to tRNA, and follows the
A.P.E sites: A(tRNA binds to mRNA, it has an amino acid at one end)
P(ribosome shifts and moves tRNA to P site, where polypeptide
chains form until reaching “stop codon”)
E(when “stop codon” arrives the ribosome shifts once more to E site
for EXIT and polypeptide chain is made)

WEBSITES: https://www.khanacademy.org/science/biology/gene-expression-central-dogma/
translation-polypeptides/a/translation-overview

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oefAI2x2CQM

Translation proceeds in three phases:

1. Initiation: The ribosome assembles around the target mRNA. The first
tRNA is attached at the start codon.
2. Elongation: The tRNA transfers an amino acid to the tRNA corresponding
to the next codon. The ribosome then moves (translocates) to the next
mRNA codon to continue the process, creating an amino acid chain.
3. Termination: When a peptidyl tRNA encounters a stop codon, then the
ribosome folds the polypeptide into its final structure.