SINTESIS PROTEIN

Apt. Ganea Qorry Aina, M.Pharm.Sci

• Dalam biologi molekuler, sintesis protein (disebut juga biosintesis
protein) adalah proses pembentukan partikel protein yang di
dalamnya melibatkan sintesis RNA yang dipengaruhi oleh DNA.
• Dalam proses sintesis protein, molekul DNA adalah sumber
pengodean asam nukleat untuk menjadi asam amino yang menyusun
protein, tetapi tidak terlibat secara langsung dalam prosesnya.
• Molekul DNA pada suatu sel ditranskripsi menjadi molekul
RNA. Molekul RNA inilah yang ditranslasi menjadi asam amino
sebagai penyusun protein. Dengan demikian, molekul RNA yang
terlibat secara langsung dalam proses sintesis protein.
• Hubungan antara molekul DNA, RNA, dan asam amino dalam proses
pembentukan protein dikenal dengan istilah "dogma sentral biologi
molekuler" yang dijabarkan dengan rangkaian proses DNA membuat
RNA lalu RNA membuat protein dan dinyatakan dalam persamaan
DNA >> RNA >> Protein
eukaryote
Coupled transcription translation is not possible
Occurs in nucleus
Take place in the G1 and G2 phases of cell cycle
The RNA polymerases I. II and III synthesizes mRNA, tRNA,
rRNA respectively
prokaryote
Coupled transcription translation is the rule
Occurs in the cytoplasm
There is no definite phase for its occurence
A single RNA polymerase synthesizes all the three types of
RNA (mRNA, tRNA, rRNA)
Building a protein is like building a house…
• The blueprint is copied and the copy is brought to the work site.
Workers bring the correct materials to the work site and set them up
according to the information in the blueprint. Builders put everything
together building the house.
• An mRNA copy is made of DNA and the mRNA travels to the
ribosome. The tRNA brings the correct amino acids to the ribosome
and lines them up according to the information in the mRNA. The
rRNA puts the amino acids together forming the protein.
The Genetic Code – How does an mRNA molecule
“tell” a cell what amino acids to use and where to
put them?
• The mRNA instructions are called the genetic code
• The genetic code is read 3 bases at a time
• Each 3-base sequence is equivalent to 1 amino acid
• Codon – A 3-base sequence of mRNA that specifies a single amino
acid in the protein chain
The Genetic Code -
Example

mRNA sequence UGGUUUGGCUCA has

4 codons and is read like this:
UGG-UUU-GGC-UCA
Each codon stands for a specific amino
acid
UGG = tryptophan
UUU = phenylalanine
GGC = glycine
UCA = serine
The polypeptide created from that
mRNA sequence would look like this:
tryptophan– phenylalanine – glycine -
serine
Terdapat 64 jenis
kodon spesifik
yang menyandi 20
asam amino
Transcription – A closer look
• In eukaryotic cells, transcription takes place in the nucleus, in two steps:
1. RNA polymerase “unzips” DNA at the correct location
2. RNA polymerase uses one strand of DNA to form a complementary
mRNA molecule
 DNA: AGCGTGCCA
 mRNA: U C G C A C G G U
• mRNA can travel to a ribosome where the protein can be assembled
• Transcription is like finding the recipe you want in a cookbook and
copying it down onto a single sheet of paper – the copied recipe can
then be brought to the kitchen
Transcription – DNA “unzips”
Transcription – mRNA is made
Transcription – mRNA is made
Transcription – mRNA is made
Transcription – mRNA is made
Transcription – mRNA is made
Transcription – mRNA is made
Transcription – mRNA is made
Transcription – mRNA is made
Transcription – mRNA is made
Transcription – mRNA is made
Translation – 5 Steps
1. mRNA attaches to ribosome – translation begins at AUG, the “start”
codon
2. Two complementary tRNA molecules carrying amino acids bond with the
first two mRNA codons
3. The ribosome bonds the amino acids together, and breaks the bonds
between the tRNA molecules an amino acids
4. The first tRNA is released and the ribosome moves down the mRNA to the
3rd codon, where another complementary tRNA brings in a 3rd amino acid
which is bonded to the first two
5. The ribosome continues down the mRNA in this way until a “stop” codon
is reached and the finished protein is released
Translation – ribosome attaches to mRNA
molecule
Translation – translation begins at AUG, the
“start” codon
Translation – tRNA anticodons bond with
complementary mRNA codons
Translation - 2 complementary tRNA molecules carrying
amino acids bond with the first 2 mRNA codons
Translation – the ribosome bonds the 2 amino acids together,
breaks the bond between the first tRNA and its amino acid,
and brings in a 3rd tRNA
Translation – the first tRNA is released, ribosome bonds the 2nd
and 3rd amino acids together and breaks bond between 2nd
tRNA and its amino acid
Translation – ribosome moves down the
mRNA one codon
Translation – a 4th tRNA bonds with the 4th mRNA codon,
bringing in another amino acid to add to the growing
polypeptide chain
Translation – the 2nd tRNA is released, the
3rd and 4th amino acids are bonded together
Translation – ribosome moves down the
mRNA one codon
Translation – ribosome continues down the mRNA in this way
until a “stop” codon is reached and the finished protein is
released
How To
Transcribe
DNA: mRNA:

A U
T A
C G
G C
How To Transcribe – Example 1
•DNA: TAC TCA CGC ATC
•mRNA: AUG AGU GCG UAG
How to Translate

• Every 3 mRNA bases

together stand for 1
amino acid in the protein
chain – these pieces of
mRNA are called codons
• Use the amino acid chart
to figure out which
amino acid each codon
stands for
How to Translate – Example 1

• mRNA: AUG AGU GCG UAG

• AUG = Met (start codon)
• AGU = Ser
• GCG = Ala
• UAG = STOP
• Protein: Met-Ser-Ala-STOP
Transcribe and Translate –Example 2

DNA : TAC TGA ATA CCT CAA GGA GGC ACC TGG ACT

mRNA: AUG ACU UAU GGA GUU CCU CCG UGG ACC UGA

Protein: Met-Thr-Tyr-Gly-Val-Pro-Pro-Trp-Thr-Stop
Transcribe and Translate –Example 3

DNA : TAC AAA GGA CGA GTA GTT TAA GCA AGA ATT

mRNA: AUG UUU CCU GCU CAU CAA AUU CGU UCU UAA

Protein: Met-Phe-Pro-Ala-His-Glu-Ile-Arg-Ser-Stop
The bottom line about DNA…
• No DNA = No Protein = No Cells = No Life
• Reproduction is all about passing DNA from one cell to another and
from one generation of organisms to the next