PRINCIPLES OF

MULTIMEDIA
LEARNING
Split Attention Principle: The split attention principle suggests that
when presenting information, you should avoid requiring learners to
simultaneously process multiple sources of information that are not
naturally integrated. In other words, you should not force learners to
split their attention between, for example, reading a text and referring to
a separate diagram or image to understand the same concept. This can
create cognitive overload and hinder learning. Instead, it's better to
integrate relevant information so that learners can focus their attention
on a single, coherent source.

Redundancy Principle: This principle suggests that presenting the same

information in multiple formats simultaneously (e.g., text and audio) can
lead to cognitive overload and hinder learning. It's generally more
effective to present information in a single, cohesive format.
Coherence Principle: Information should be presented in a3
clear, organized, and logically structured manner. Irrelevant or
extraneous details should be minimized to reduce cognitive
load and enhance comprehension.

Contiguity Principle: This principle emphasizes the

importance of presenting related elements (e.g., text and
graphics) close to each other in time and space to facilitate their
association in the learner's mind.

Modality Principle: Information is presented more effectively

when it aligns with the sensory modality that is most relevant to
the content. For example, complex visual information may be
better presented in a visual format rather than as text.
Temporal Contiguity Principle: This principle suggests that related
elements or events should be presented close together in time to
facilitate learning and memory. Sequencing information in a logical
order can help learners make connections.

Segmenting Principle: Complex information can be broken down

into smaller, manageable segments or modules to facilitate learning.
Learners can focus on one piece of information at a time before
moving on to the next.

Pre-training Principle: Providing learners with some foundational

knowledge or context before presenting new information can help
them better understand and retain the new material.
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Feedback Principle: Frequent and timely feedback on learners' performance can

enhance their understanding and motivation. Feedback should be specific and
constructive.

Personalization Principle: Customizing learning materials to match the learner's

interests, needs, and prior knowledge can increase engagement and motivation.

Practice and Interactivity Principle: Active learning and interactive exercises (e.g.,
quizzes, simulations, and problem-solving activities) can enhance retention and
comprehension by engaging learners in the learning process.

Spacing and Retrieval Practice: Spacing out learning sessions over time and
incorporating periodic retrieval practice (quizzing or testing) can improve long-term
retention and recall.

Metacognition and Self-Regulation: Encouraging learners to reflect on their own

learning processes, set goals, and monitor their progress can promote metacognition
and enhance learning outcomes.
Symbolic Learning:

• Text and Symbols: In symbolic learning, the primary mode of

conveying information is through written text and abstract symbols.
Learners rely heavily on reading, writing, and interpreting symbols to
grasp concepts and acquire knowledge.

• Cognitive Focus: Symbolic learning tends to emphasize cognitive

processes, including analysis, logical reasoning, and memorization. It's
often associated with traditional classroom settings and formal
education systems.

• Limited Sensory Engagement: Symbolic learning primarily engages

the visual sense (reading) and, to some extent, auditory sense (listening
to lectures or reading aloud). Other sensory modalities are typically
underutilized.
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Multisensory Learning:
• Multiple Sensory Modalities: Multisensory learning involves engaging multiple sensory
modalities, including visual, auditory, kinesthetic (movement), and tactile (touch). This
approach recognizes that individuals have diverse learning styles and preferences.

• Experiential Learning: Multisensory learning often emphasizes hands-on experiences,

interactive activities, and real-world applications of knowledge. It encourages learners to
actively engage with the material.

• Enhanced Retention: By appealing to multiple senses, multisensory learning can lead to

improved retention and comprehension. Concepts become more tangible and memorable.

• Individualization: This approach recognizes the need to tailor instruction to individual

learners' strengths and preferences. Some learners may benefit more from visual aids, while
others may excel with hands-on activities or discussions.

• Flexibility: Multisensory learning can be applied in various educational settings, from

traditional classrooms to online courses, and it can benefit learners of all ages.