B.TECH.

FIRST YEAR
ACADEMIC YEAR: 2023-2024

Course Name: Engineering Materials and Mechanics

Course code : CV1001
Credits : 04
Mode of delivery : OFFLINE
Faculty : Dr. Gaurav Sancheti
Email-id : gaurav.sancheti@jaipur.manipal.edu
MODULE : 2
DATE OF DELIVERY : August 2023
1
Module_2:
Fibers, and polymers, Polymerization and condensation. Engineering
properties and uses of PVC, polyethene, Polystyrene - nylon, rayon, and
polyesters

• Relevant Course Outcome

To know various types of fibers, and polymers, their engineering properties
and applications.

2
 Fiber or fibre
• It is a substance that is significantly
longer than it is wide.

• The strongest engineering

materials often incorporate fibers,
for example carbon fiber, steel fiber, Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete Steel fiber
glass fiber and ultra-high-
molecular-weight polyethylene.

• On the basis of their origin, fibres

are classified as natural
fibres and man-made fibres.
Source: https://www.fiberglass-tape.org
https://theconstructor.org/concrete/fiber-reinforced-concrete/150/
Classification

Fiber Optic Internet Connections

What are these fibers made up of..?
• Different types of fibers are made up of different types of molecules.

• Most animal fibers are made of proteins.

• Synthetic fibers, such as nylon andpolyester, are made of long chains

of hydrocarbons, usually manufactured from crude oil.

• Cotton, like most other plant fibers, is made of a carbohydrate called

cellulose

Fiber Optic Internet Connections

Synthetic Fibers
 These are man-made fibers designed to make a fabric.

 The main fabrics are as given below.

Synthetic Fibers
• Synthetic fibres can either be completely synthetic or semisynthetic.

 Synthetic : Nylons, Polyesters, Acrylics

- made from chemicals

 Semisynthetic: Rayons
- from natural polymers as raw
material.

• These are made by the process of polymerization.

Synthetic Fibers
Advantages of Synthetic Fibres:

 They can be washed and dried quickly.

 They are easy to maintain.

 They are cheaper than natural fibres.

 Easily available.

 Do not wrinkle easily and are very durable

Rayon
• Rayon is a generic term that includes several cellulose-derived fibres
produced by different methods.
• It is infused with cotton or wool to prepare bedsheets and carpets respectively.

• It is also known as artificial silk and can be dyed in a wide variety of colours.

• Rayon has properties similar to those of silk.

• It is a man-made fibre and cheaper than silk.

• It is obtained from wood pulp.

Uses of Rayon

• Rayon is used for a wide range of fabrics for household textiles as well as
fine and utilitarian fashions.
• Rayon is indeed very soft, cool, pleasant, and has excellent absorption
capabilities, but it cannot effectively trap body heat and should not be
utilised in humid, hot climates.

1. It is used in textile industry for making textiles.

2. Rayon is used for making tyre cords.

3. It is also used for making carpets and surgical dressings.

Nylon
Any synthetic plastic material composed of polyamides of high molecular
weight and usually, but not always, manufactured as a fibre. Nylons were
developed in the 1930s by a research team headed by an American chemist,
Wallace H. Carothers.

• These are strong, elastic, light, lustrous and

easy to wash fibres made from water, coal,
and air initially.

• The fibre is completely synthetic and

stronger than steel wire.
Uses of Nylon

Nylon is a fabric that has many applications in our daily lives. Some of
them are:
• The fabric is used for car components that are close to the engine
• It is used for making toys and many other plastic utilities
• The fabric is used for making swimwear as it is known for its
waterproof nature
• The resins of the Nylon fabric are used for perfect food packaging
• Used for tents, ropes, tires and various other military supplies
• Used to make ropes for rock climbing and parachutes.
Polyester
• Polyester is a synthetic or man-made fiber material.

• Polyester is made up of many units of an ester.

• It is suitable for making dress material because it is easy to wash

and stays crisp and wrinkle-free.

• Terylene is a known polyester.

 Uses of Polyester
Since polyester is strong wrinkle
resistant and water resistant it has
several uses. it can be used to:
• Make a variety of textile
(including saree, curtains dress
material etc.) It be blended with
natural fibres (like cotton and
wool)
• Make films magnetic recording
tapes (as Mylar).
• Make sails of sailboats
• Make water houses for fighter
fighting purpose
Engineering properties
Types of Fiber Tensile Young’s Ultimate Specific
Strength Modulus Elongation (%) Gravity
(MPa) (GPa)

Rayon 420-630 7 10-25 1.5

Nylon 770-840 4.2 16-20 1.1
Polyester 735-875 8.4 11-13 1.4
Acralic 210-420 2.1 25-45 1.1
 POLYMER
• A polymer is a compound having very high
molecular weight
• It is formed by covalent linkage with hundreds
of small simple chemical units called
Long Liner Polymer Structure
monomer.
• Process of formation of polymer is called
polymerization.
• The properties of polymer are different from
the monomer.
• Molecule weight of polymer is equal to the
molecular weight of monomer multiplied by
number of monomers.
• Polymers are also known as macromolecules. Bulky Complex Polymer Structure
Polymer can also be understood

The word polymer is derived from the two greek words

poly and mers

many parts or units

e.g.
mer mer mer
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C
H H H H H H H Cl H Cl H Cl H CH 3 H CH 3 H CH 3
Polyethylene (PE) Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) Polypropylene (PP)

Polymers are macro molecules formed by linking smaller

molecules repeatedly, called monomers.
 Examples:
Polyethylene is formed by linking a large number of
ethylene molecules
H H
H H
n C C Polymerisation
C C
H H n
H H
Ethylene polyethylene

polystyrene is formed by linking styrene molecules

H H H
H
n C C Polymerisation
C C
H n
H
styrene polystyrene
Free Radical Polymerization
 Examples:

Free Radical Polymerization

Condensation Polymerization
 It is a form of a step-growth polymerization where smaller molecules
or monomers react with each other to form larger structural
units (usually polymers) while releasing by-products such as water or
methanol molecule. The by-products are normally referred to as
condensate.

 Sometimes also referred to as step-growth polymerization. There are

instances where molecules of some substances react as condensation
polymerization, but they follow the chain growth pattern as seen in
additional polymerization.
Classification of Polymer
 • Natural Polymers
These occur in nature in plants and animals and are very essential
for life. For e.g., proteins, nucleic acids, Starch, cellulose, protein, silk,
wool and natural rubber are some natural polymers.

• Semisynthetic Polymers
These are the cellulose acetate and nitrocellulose

• Synthetic Polymers
Synthetic polymers are man-made polymers which include fibers
like teflon and dacron, synthetic rubbers, Polyethylene, Polystyrene,
polyvinylchloride, nylone, polyester
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)

 Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) is one

of the most widely used polymers
in the world. Due to its versatile
nature.

 PVC is used extensively across a broad range of

industrial, technical and everyday applications
including widespread use in building, transport,
packaging, electrical/electronic and healthcare
applications.
Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)
POLYVINYL CHLORIDE (PVC) PROPERTIES
 PVC is the most widely used member of
the vinyl family.
 PVC offers excellent corrosion and
weather resistance.
 It has a high strength-to-weight ratio and
is a good electrical and thermal insulator.
 PVC is also self-extinguishing per UL
flammability tests.
 PVC may be used to temperatures of
140°F (60°C) and is readily available in
sheets, rods, and tubing.
 PVC may be cemented, welded,
machined, bent and shaped readily. Sourse of Image: https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.semanticscholar.org%2Fpaper%2FApplications-and-Market-of-
PVC-for-Piping-Industry-Martins-Freire
%2Fac07a93765a6cec801b3d4a259e8d65567d41386&psig=AOvVaw0tfYaRgKty_ICyrPdcgPUO&ust=1692671804388000&source=images&cd=vfe
&opi=89978449&ved=0CBAQjRxqFwoTCNDahf_b7IADFQAAAAAdAAAAABAE
ADDITIONAL POLYMER

POLYETHYLENE
• It is an important thermoplastic raising
expensively used in very large
quantity.

• It can be prepared in two forms

 low density polythene
 high density polythene

• It is manufactured by the addition

polymerisation of ethylene gas.

• Ethylene gas is subject of high pressure

of 1500 to 3000 atmospheres 250 °
HDPE Pipe
centigrade.
ADDITIONAL POLYMER

POLYSTYRENE

• Polystyrene (PS) is a synthetic polymer made from monomers of the

aromatic hydrocarbon styrene.
• It is naturally transparent, but can be coloured with colorants.
• It is one of the most widely used plastics, with the scale of its production
being several million tonnes per year.
• It is a poor barrier to oxygen and water vapor and has a relatively low
melting point.
• General-purpose polystyrene is clear, hard, and brittle
• It is an inexpensive resin per unit weight.
• It can be solid or foamed.
POLYSTYRENE

At room temperature, PS is
normally a solid thermoplastic
but can be melted at higher
temperature for moulding or
extrusion, then resolidified.
THANK YOU..