Research Instrument

• collect data
 What is research?
• Is a systematic, controlled, empirical and
critical investigation of a hypothetical
proposition related to natural
phenomenon. (Kerlinger)
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

• described as a device used to collect

data on a topic of interest
RESEARCH INSTRUMENT

• described as a device used to

collect data
Types of Research Instrument

• 1. Questionnaire
• 2. Interview
• 3. Observation
• 4. Experiment
Questionnaire

• A series of questions designed to elicit

information, which is filled in by all
participants.
Advantages of Using Questionnaire

• Simple method of obtaining data

• Less time is consumed
• Researcher is able to gather data from a widely
scattered sample.
Disadvantages of a Questionnaire
•responses lack depth
•respondents may omit or disregard any item he
chooses
•some items maybe misunderstood
•length of the questionnaire is limited
The Questionnaire

•Clarity of language
•Singleness of purpose
•Relevant to the objective of the study
•Correct grammar
Guidelines in Constructing the
Questionnaire
•use simple terms
•define or qualify terms that could easily
be misinterpret
Guidelines in Constructing the
Questionnaire
•beware of double negative
•underline the word if you wish to indicate special
emphasis
• when asking for rating or comparisons a point of
reference is necessary
•design question that will give a complete answer
Interview
• this involves either structured or
unstructured verbal communication
between the researcher and the subject,
during which information is obtained for
the study
• The purposes of interview are :
- to verify information gathered from written
sources
- to clarify points of information
- to update information and to collect data
Advantages
 clarification is possible
no items overlooked
 greater amount of flexibility
Disadvantages
time consuming
prone to biases
Observation
• perceiving data through the senses: sight,
hearing, taste touch and smell
• most direct way used in studying individual
behavior
Advantages
• produce large quantities of data
• observation can be stopped or begun at any time
• subjects are easily available
• may be recorded at the time they occur,
eliminating bias because of the recall
Disadvantages
• the presence of an observer gives the
subjects a quality normally absent
• observed events are subject to biases
Experiment
• A procedure undertaken scientifically and
systematically to make a discovery and/or to
test a hypothesis.