4) Reactant usually elements

having no charge.
Factors Affecting Lattice Energy:

● Ionic charge - increasing the ionic charge increases the attraction between
the positive and negative ions meaning a larger, more negative lattice
formation enthalpy.

Bigger charge the bigger LE

● Ionic radius - decreasing the ionic radius means the ions are closer together
in the lattice so the attraction between the ions is stronger meaning a larger,
more negative lattice formation enthalpy.

The smaller Ionic radius the larger LE

• Polarizability of the Ions:
Lattice energy generally decreases with the polarizability of the ions.

• Ionization Energy:
The ionization energy of the ions is often correlated with the lattice
energy. This is so that the ion will be more stable and have a higher
lattice energy as a greater ionization energy

• Electron Affinity:
Lattice energy often rises in direct proportion to the ions’ electron
affinities.
Lattice : Is the enthalpy change that takes place when one mole of a substance is formed from its gaseous ions.

Lattice energy: is the energy that is released when gaseous ions react during the formation of one mole of a solid ionic compound;
however, it is also the energy that describes the energy that facilitates the dissociation of one mole of a solid ionic compound into its
constituent gaseous ions.

Enthalpy: a thermodynamic quantity equivalent to the total heat content of a system. It is equal to the internal energy of the
system.

Mole: in the unite of measurement for amount of substance.

Kj/mol: is the amount of energy in kilojoules that is put into a number of moles of atoms

The standard enthalpy change of atomisation, ΔH at, : is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of gaseous atoms is
formed from its element under standard conditions.

The first electron affinity, ΔH e a1: is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of electrons is added to 1 mole of
gaseous atoms to form 1 mole of gaseous 1– ions under standard conditions.

The enthalpy change of solution, ΔH sol: is the energy absorbed or released when 1 mole of an ionic solid
dissolves in sufficient water to form a very dilute solution.

The enthalpy change of hydration, ΔH hyd: is the enthalpy change when 1 mole of a specified gaseous ion dissolves
in sufficient water to form a very dilute solution.

The Solubility of Substance: is the maximum amount of the substance that can dissolve in a liquid.