‫بسم هللا الرحمن الرحیم‬

Wastewater Engineering and Sanitation

Kandahar University

Engineering Faculty

Water and Environmental Engineering Department

Chapter # 2 Collection and Conveyance of Refuse
2 Contents

Introduction

System of collection and conveyance of refuse

1. Conservancy system

2. Water carriage system

Types of sewerage systems or water carriage system

Patterns of refuse collection

 Introduction
The refuse or waste consisting of various items such as night soil,
garbage, rubbish, sullage, sewage, storm water, subsoil water, etc.
1. Solid waste and
2. liquid waste
The refuse should be rapidly and safely carried and formed in a
3
sanitary manner to it’s disposal site to maintain clean environment .
4 System of collection & Conveyance of Refuse

Based on type of refuse the following two system are

employed for collection and conveyance
1. Conservancy system
2. Water carriage system
5 1. Conservancy system or dry system

In this system different types of refuse or waste such as night soil,

garbage, rubbish, etc are collected separately and than each type is
carried and suitably disposed off.
• Night soil
• Garbage
• Rubbish
• Sullage and storm water
6 Disadvantages of Conservancy system

• Unhygienic and insanitary conditions

• Nuisance during transportation of night soil

• Disruption in working of system due to labour problem

• Compact design of building not possible

• Unsanitary conditions due to open drain

• Risk of outbreak of epidemic

7 Disadvantages of Conservancy system cont…

• Pollution of water

• Higher operational cost

• Larger requirement of land for the disposal of refuse

• Humiliation and social injustice

• Necessity of constant and proper supervision

8 2. Water carriage system

In this system, water is used as a medium to convey night soil from

its point of production to the point of its treatment or final disposal.
• Sufficient water quantity are used
• Water closets (WC) are used which are flushed with 5 to 10 liters
• The sullage or waste water from bath rooms, kitchens, wash basine, etc
is also led to the sewers.
9 2. Water carriage system cont…

• Sewer are underground closed conduits which are laid with suitable
longitudinal slope.

• Garbage in this system is collected and conveyed in the same

manner as in the case of conservancy system.

• The storm water maybe carried separately or may be allowed with

the sewage in the same sewer.
10
Advantages of water carriage system

• Free from unhygienic and insanitary condition

• No disruption in working of system due to the labour problem

• Compact design of building possible

• No risk of outbreak of epidemic

• No pollution of water

• Use of modern methods of sewage treatment

11 Advantages of water carriage system cont…

• Lower operational cost

• Lesser requirement of land for the disposal of refuse

• Free from humiliation and social injustice

12 Type of water carriage system

1. Separate system
2. Combined system and
3. Partially combined system
1. Separate system: In this system two sets of sewer line are
provided, one for carrying domestic, or sanitary sewage and
industrial sewage and the other one for carrying storm water or
rain water.
13 Figure of Separate system
14 Advantages of separate system

• The quantity of sewage is small to be treated and also the load on treatment units
will be less.

• The storm water or rain water can be discharged into natural stream with out any
treatment.

• If pumping is required for lifting of sewage at the treatment works the system
will be economical both from capital and running cost.

• The sewers will be small in size and economical, than the storm water may be
carried through open or closed drains at near the ground surface.
15
Advantages of separate system cont…

• Sewers of smaller section can be easily ventilated as compared to

larger section.

• Sewage of more or less uniform flows through the sewers which

will facilitate the treatment process.
16 Disadvantages of separate system

• The cleaning is difficult, because small size of sewers.

• The sewer are likely to get chocked.

• The system requires tow sets of sewer and hence it may prove to
be costly.

• Maintenance costs of two sets of sewer are greater than one.

17
Disadvantages of separate system Cont…

 The sewer or drains provided for carrying storm water use during

the rainy season. During other season of the year these may become

the dumping place for the garbage.

 Repairing process of two sewer lead greater obstruction to traffic.

18 Favorable Condition for separate system

The separate system is favorable under the following condition

• Uneven rainfall
• Subsoil condition
• Separate outlets for sewage and storm water
• Steep topography
• Pumping requirement
• Limitation of the available funds • Time of laying sewers
• Plat topography • Conversion of existing sewer
• Gradient of sewers
19 Combined system
In this system only one set of sewer is provided for carrying domestic, sanitary

sewage and industrial waste as well as storm water.

Advantages of combined system

• The system requires one set of sewers, the maintenance cost are reduced and
economical.
• The sewer being larger size and the chances of their choking are less and also
it is easy to clean.
20 Advantages of combined system cont…

 The strength of the sewage is reduced by dilution due to storm water.

 In this system automatic flushing is provided by storm water.

 This is a relatively simple system of collection of sewage, and also house

plumbing is economical.
21 Disadvantages of combined system

 The cost of construction will be high because of large size sewer

 Because of large size of sewer their handling and transportation will be difficult

 Due to the inclusion of storm water the treatment unit will be heavily loaded

 If pumping is required, the system will prove to be uneconomical from both

point of view capital cost and running cost

22
Disadvantages of combined system cont…

 Storm water is unnecessary polluted

 During heavy rains the sewer may overflow and may thus create unhygienic
conditions and causes pollution problem

 The large size sewer, if not properly designed, get easily silted

 Large sewer are more difficult to be ventilated than smaller ones

23 Condition Favourable for combined system

 Even rainfall

 Pumping requirement

 Restriction of space

 Conversion of existing storm water sewer

 Heavy and concentrated rainfall occurs during the monsoon period

24
Condition Favorable for combined system Cont…

 Poor economical and limited funds being available

 There are difficulties in operation and maintenance of the system due to

poor supervision of less qualified staff

25 Partially separate system

In this system domestic or sanitary sewage and industrial sewage, and the storm

water which is drain from back yards and roofs of house are carried in the same

set of sewer, while the storm water drained from house fronts as well as from

streets and roods is collected and conveyed in a separate set of open drains.
26 Advantages of partially separate system

 It combines the advantage of both separate system and combined system

 The sewer is reasonable size and their cleaning is not very difficult.

 The storm water eliminates the chance of their choking

27 Disadvantages of partially separate system

 The storm water increase the load of pumping.

 During dry weather the velocity of flow will be low.

 Storm water overflows may be required to be provided.

28 Choice of sewerage system

 Each type of sewerage system to be adopted should be carefully studied keeping in the view

the various factors before a final choice is made.

 Sufficient data regarding the factors affecting, should be collected, studied and analysed

while arrive to final decision

 A well balanced decision without prejudice to any particular system will be prove to be

economical and in the best interest

29 Patterns of refuse collection

For the collection of liquid waste the following five designs may
be adopted.
1. Fan pattern

2. Interceptor pattern

3. Perpendicular pattern

4. Radial Pattern

5. Zone Pattern
30
1. Fan pattern

In this pattern the sewage treatment plant is located at a certain point and the
entire sewage flow is directed towards this point. In this pattern a fanlike
network of converging main sewer is laid.

Disadvantage:
A. Main sewer of larger diameter is required which may increase the cost.
B. The development of the surrounding area will increase the load on the
sewage treatment unit.
31 Fan pattern Cont…

• This pattern is suitable for a city situated at one side of the natural water
body, such as river.
• The entire sewage flows to a common point where one treatment plant is
located.
32 2. Interceptor pattern
• Sewers are intercepted with large size sewers.
• Interceptor carries sewage to a common point, where it can be disposed off
with or without treatment.
• Overflows should be provided to handle very large flow.
33 3. Perpendicular pattern

 The shortest possible path is maintained for the rains carrying storm
water and sewage.

 It is suitable for separate system and partially separate system for

storm water drains.

 This pattern is not suitable for combined system, because treatment

plant is required to be installed at many places; otherwise it will
pollute the water body where the sewage is discharged.
34
4. Radial Pattern
• It is suitable for land disposal.

• In this pattern sewers are laid radially

outwards from the center, hence this
pattern is called as radial pattern.

• The drawback in this pattern is more

number of disposal works are
required.
35
5. Zone Pattern
 More numbers of interceptors are provided in this pattern.

 This pattern is suitable for sloping area than flat areas.

Perpendicular pattern
36

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