LAW ENFORCEMENT Organization

and ADMINISTRATION
(Inter-Agency Approach)

By:
JIMMY II MADULARA SONAJO,
RCRIM,.S.O
THE EVOLUTION OF POLICING SYSTEMS
 A. PERIOD OF RVOLUTION
OF THE POLICING
SYSTEMS
Basic Concepts
Police – “Politeia” Greece, government of a city
“Politia” Russia, same meaning above
“Polizei” German, Safe keepers (territory)
“Police” France, persons to enforce law
**borrowed by the English and Americans to
refer to LAW ENFORCER.
** constable, patrol, F in origin
 HISTORICAL
BACKGROUND
2300 B.C – Sumerians Lipithstar & Eshumma – set
standards on what constituted an offense against
society – the Sumerian Code
2100 B.C – Babylonians – Code of King Hammurabi –
Principle LEX TALIONES – oldest harsh code.
1500 B.C – Egyptians – Court system presided by
judges appointed by the Pharoah; Marine patrol &
custom house officers protecting commerce started;
first use of dog patrol; Medjays – civilian police under the
command of a military.
Ancient Greece – Ephori – law enforcers
Ancient Rome – 12 Tabulae (12 Tables) – the first written laws,
Emperor Augustus – created the
Praetorian Guard, Urban Cohorts (City Patrol),
and the Vigiles (fire fighters); Emperor Justinian – Justinian Code
became known as
Corpus Juris Civilis (Body of Law)

**Vigiles –first civilian police force which keep the

peace very ruthlessly, hence the word vigilantes
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Anglo-Saxon (England: (600-1006 Ad) -Time of King Alfred

** Tun Policing – Tun (Town); Frankpledge system - 10 male
residents as guardians of the town known
as tythings (10 families).
** Hue and Cry – Complainant shouts for the
mandatory assembly of men to catch the culprit,
horn – oldest known warning device
** Royal Judge – investigates and punishes
** Trial by Ordeal – painful test of guilt/innocence
 7

Normal Period of Policing

**Shire-Rieve – shire (district/country) rieve (ruler)
later called Sheriff– England was divided into 55
military districts under the control of a rieve.
**Travelling Judge – renders judgment and gives
punishment
** Leges Henri – Law of King Henri I – policemen
were considered public officials
** Magna Carta – laws with the demand of the
Knights of the Round Table – beginning of national/local government
and legislation
 8

Winchester Period
**Statute of Winchester- 1285 – Watchmen
(16 heads) - **Statute of 1295 – gate of London
close at sundown – curfew system adopted
** Justice of the Peace – a position with power to arrest, pursue and
impose punishment
**Star Chamber Court – special court to try
offenses against the state.
 9

**Keepers of the Peace – time of King Richard

appoint – Knights to keep the King’s Peace
** The Charlies – time of King Charles – appoint – night watchers
known as Bellmen - on duty from sunset to sunrise
** Bow Street Runner – time of Henry Fielding,
appointment of foot patrol, horse patrol
(mounted patrol).
 10

Modern Period of Policing

**Metropolitan Police Act of 1829 –
modernize the police system of England; creation of Scotland
Yard – Robert Peel
“Father of Modern Policing”
 11

In France
 16th Century - Paris had two patrols: Citizen Night Guard;
and the Royal Guard for the king’s protection. The Guard
motto that even today is on the French police emblem
“Vigilat ut Quiescant” - “He watches that they may sleep”
They were also called GENDARMIE – slang for police officers
 1791 - The position of “Officers de Paix” was formed
(origin of “Peace Officer”)
 The first French Police Officers - Sergent de Ville’ - servant of the city
In Italy and Spain
 Italian – Carabinieri
 Spanish – Guardia Civil
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In the United States

 Boston, 1636 – formed the first “Night Watch” – they were

called “Leathermen”

 Philadelphia, 1833 – instituted the first daytime,

paid police service

 New York, 1844 – organized the first modern

American police force based on the English
Metropolitan police.
 DEVELOPMENT OF POLICING IN THE 13
PHILIPPINES

Pre-Spanish – policing is tribal in nature

1712 – Carabineros de Seguridad Publico –
the mounted police
1836 – Guardrilleros – rural police
1852 – Guardia Civil – town police
1901 - Organic Act # 175 – Phil. Constabulary under Capt. Henry
T. Allen – first Chief
1917 – PC Filipinization – Brig. Gen. Rafael
Crame – First Filipino Chief of PC
 14

1935 – PC Personnel were absorbed by the

Philippine Army
1936 – Commonwealth Act #88 created the State Police
1938 – Commonwealth Act #343 – reconstituted
the Philippine Constabulary – PC became an
independent National Police Force
1939 - The Manila Police Department introduced
the bicycle patrol.
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Japanese Occupation
1941 - The Japanese Military Police (Kempetai)
took over MPD.

Liberation Period
1945 - The MPD was reconstituted and placed
under American control. Col. Marcus Ellis Jones became the Chief of
Police of the MPD.
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• Aug. 1966 – RA 4864 – Police Act of 1966 –

Creation of the Police Commission - POLCOM
• 1975 – PD 765 – integration of the
national police - the PC/INP became the nucleus of a united police
force in the country
• 1990 – R.A. 6975 – Creation of the Philippine
National Police (PNP) that is civilian in character and national in scope
(Constitution)
 17

 1998 – RA 8551 – PNP Reform & Reorganization Act

dubbed as the “PNP Professionalization”.

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