Unit III – Part B

Quality Control Charts

Prof. Vijay Kr. Khurana
Professor, MAIMS
vijaykhurana.faculty@maims.ac.in
What is SQC – Statistical Quality Control?
● Statistical quality control, the use of statistical methods in the
monitoring and maintaining of the quality of products and
services.
● It can be divided into three broad categories:

1. Descriptive statistics: These are used to describe quality

characteristics and relationships. This group includes the
mean, standard deviation, range and distribution of data.
What is SQC – Statistical Quality Control?
2. SPC: This involves inspecting a random sample of the output
from a process and deciding whether the characteristics of the
products in the sample fall within a predetermined range. SPC
uses graphical displays known as control charts to determine
whether a process should be continued or should be adjusted
to achieve the desired quality.

3. Acceptance sampling: This involves random inspection of a

sample of goods. Based on the results of the sample, a
decision is made as to whether a batch of goods should be
accepted or rejected.
Quality Control
Techniques
STATISTICAL PROCESS CONTROL CHARTS

Process gone out of control?

x
Mean + 3sigma Upper control

Mean x Central line

x
x
Mean-3sigma Lower control
x

Process under control

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● If one of the periodic readings of the process
output falls within the UCL or LCL, the process is
considered to be ‘under control.

● If a reading falls outside the UCL or LCL, the

process needs to be checked and corrected if
necessary.

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Different kinds of deterioration in the process
may present themselves differently

Diagnostic value of Control Charts

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Important notes on statistical control charts:
● In university exams, if loose/ wide control limits are + / - 3 sigma, i.e. + /
- 3 Std. Dev, i.e. + / - 3 σ ,, then you should use the normal formula for
control charts with + / - 3 Std. Dev.
● However if control charts have confidence intervals of 95% or z = 1.96,
then + / -3 should be replaced by + / - 1.96 in these formulas; i.e. now
tighter control limits are + / - 1.96 sigma, i.e. + / - 1.96 Std. Dev, i.e. + / -
1.96 σ should be used.
● A = A2 Mean Value Factor ; B = D4 Upper Range factor ; C = D3 Lower
Range Factor as different authors use different smbols
● Whenever lower control limits get calculated as negative, then it should
MOSTLY be rounded off to zero. Physical parameters are not USUALLY
negative. Though in few cases, these may be negative.
Acceptance Sampling
● Acceptance sampling is done on lots of inputs or outputs to check for
quality parameters as decided by the organization covering both
attributes as well as variables.
● If the sample does not meet the required parameters of quality than that
given lot is rejected, and further analysis can be done to identify the
source and rectify the defects.
● The advantages and disadvantages of the sampling technique are
summarized as follows:
Acceptance Sampling
Acceptance Sampling
● Acceptance sampling can be conducted both for variables and
attributes. In case of attributes, Single acceptance sampling plan is as
under:
Operating Characteristics Curve (OCC)
● The operating characteristic (OC) curve depicts the discriminatory
power of an acceptance sampling plan. The OC curve plots the
probabilities of accepting a lot versus the fraction/ percent defective.
When the OC curve is plotted, the sampling risks become obvious.
Operating Characteristics Curve (OCC)