Molar solution and normal

solution
Lecture 4
Molar solution or Molarity:

The molarity (M) of a solution is the number of moles of solute per

litre of solution.

M = moles of solute / litres of solution

• A solution containing one gram- formula weight, or mole, of the
solute in one litre of solution is a One-molar solution.

• Note that a litre of solution rather than a litre of solvent is

specified in this definition.

• Because gram-formula weights of different molecular

substances contain the same number of molecules, (Avogadro's
number: 6.022 x 1023). it follows that equal volumes of one-
molar solutions will contain the same number of molecules of
the solute.
Problems and questions:

a- Question:
Calculate the molarity of a solution, 2.0 litres of which
contain 2.6 moles of solute.
Answer:
M = moles of solute / litres of solution
M = 2.6 moles / 2.0 litres
M = 1.3 M
Normal solution:

Normality :
• A 1-NORMAL (1N) solution contains one gram-equivalent weight of
solute per litre of solution.
• The Gram-equivalent weight of a substance may defined as:
The weight of a mole of the substance divided by the total positive
valence of the compound.
• It should be evident that a 1M solution of hydrochloric acid (HCl)
is also 1N because a gram-equivalent weight of HCl is equal to
one mole of it.

• However, a 1M solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) is 2N because

the gram-equivalent weight (49 grams) is one-half its gram-
formula weight (98 grams).

• One mole of NaCl is 58.5 grams; its total positive valence is 1.

Therefore, its equivalent weight is also 58.5 grams.
• One mole of calcium sulfate (CaSO4) is 136 gram/mol; its total
positive valence is 2. Therefore, its equivalent weight is one-half
(68 grams) its formula weight.
• One mole of bismuth hydroxide (Bi(OH)3) is 260 gram/mol its
total positive valence is 3. Therefore, its equivalent weight is 87
grams.
• One mole of aluminium sulfate (Al2(SO4)3) is 342 gram/mol its
total positive valence is 6. Therefore, it has an equivalent weight
of 57 grams.
• Al(OH)3 is 78 gram/mol and its total positive valence is 3.
Therefore, it has an equivalent weight of 26 grams.
Problems and questions:
Convert the following Molarities to
Normalities:
2.5M HCl =……………… N (2.5N)
1.4M H2SO4 =………….. N (2.8N)
2.0M PbCl3 =…………… N (6.0N)
1.0M NaOH =…………....N (1.0N)
0.5M Ca(OH)2 =…………N (1 N) o
Thank you