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Chapter VII

Physical properties
and
Chemical properties of substances
●Physical properties
are properties that can be observed directly without
changing the composition of the substance

Examples: shape, color, smell, boiling point,

point
melting, and solubility
●Chemical Properties

is a property that can be observed after a

substance changes into another substance
Example: can rust (on iron)
can rot (in food) can be
burned
1.Change of form
2.Solubility and Solubility
a. Solution
is a homogeneous mixture.
consist of :
solute (solute) and solvent
(solvent)

Sugar Tea water

Sweet tea
(Solute) (solvent) (Solution)
b. Solubility
is the ability of a substance to dissolve
Factors that influence solubility:
- Temperature

The higher the temperature, the greater the solubility

- Solvent volume
The more solvent, the more solute that
dissolves
- Size of Substance
Separation Mixtures
1.Sifting
Is the separation of mixtures based on
differences in particle size
Example :
Builder
filter sand
SIFTING

Siftingis a separation process based on

difference in particle sizein the
mixture

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FILTRATION

Filtrationis the process of separating

fromheterogeneous mixturewhich
containfluidAnd
particlescongestedby using filter media
that only passes liquids and retains
solid particles.

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2.Filtering
Used to separate solids from liquids or
to simply purify water

Example :
a. Coconut milk filtering
b. Separation of water from tea
c. Filter the guava juice
with the seeds
FILTRATION

Separation by means
Separation with filter paper without increase pressure
pressure (presence of gravity)

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CRYSTALLIZATION

Separation by techniquecrystallization based on

solvent releasefromthe dissolved substancein a
homogeneous mixtureorsolution, so that crystals
form from the dissolved substance.

Example :
❖ Separation by forming crystals through an
evaporation process such as in the process of
making salt.

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DESTILLATION

Distillationis a separation technique

based on differenceboiling pointor
melting pointof each constituent
substance of the mixture

homogeneous

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PICTURE OF DISTILLATION EQUIPMENT

Simple distillation equipment Gradual distillation of

petroleum

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CENTRIFUGATION

Centrifugation Technique
namely the method for
speed up the process
depositionwith
provide style
centrifugation on
the particles.

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d. Water filtration e. Solution filtering
simple salt use
filter paper
Saline solution

Residual substances resulting from filtering

called residue
The filtered substance is called
filtrate
4.Crystallization

Used to separate solids from liquids by

evaporation
Example :
Salt making (sea water + salt)
Making granulated sugar from sugar cane (water + te sugar
5.Distillation (Distillation)
is the separation of mixtures based on
differences in boiling points
●Distillation can be used in processing crude
oil and is called Distillation
Graded
Distillation example:
Separation of water + salt in sea water into
pure water
Making eucalyptus oil
6.Sublimation

is the separation of a mixture between

substances that sublimate easily and
substances that cannot sublimate
Examples of substances that sublimate
easily: Camphor, iodine, and caffeine

Iodine sublimation
7. Chromatography

is the separation of mixtures based on the difference

in the absorption capacity of the absorbent substance
and the constituent substances
Example :
- on ink
- colored chalk
- colored markers
Separation mixtures based on
chemical properties
●Example :
- Cleans water from hard water
calcium magnesium salts
- Adding alum to water purification. Alum
is used to coagulate dirt in the form
of fine mud
●Chemical changes
isChanges in substances that produce new types of
substances
Example :
1. Burning
2. Fermentation/fermentation
3. Corrosion / rusting 4. Weathering
• Characteristics of chemical changes:
● 1. A color change occurs.
Examples: fruit becomes ripe, iron rusts,
the bread burnt
● 2. There is a change in temperature
Example: cassava becomes tape, soybeans
become
tempeh
● 3. Gas is formed
Examples: burning paper, burning stove,
carbide
doused with water, and the rubbish
rots
● 4. Precipitate is formed
Example: milk becomes stale, oil becomes
● Physical Changes
isThe changesNoproduces a type of substance
new

Characteristics of Physical Changes:

1. does not produce new substances

2. Can return to original form
3. change of form
4. solubility
Changes in the phase of a substance:

Gas

Melt/melt

Congested
Liquid
Freeze
Melting / Melting: Change in the form of a substancecongested
become a substanceliquid

Example :

Freezing: Change of state of a substanceliquid

become a substancecongested

Example :
Condensation: change of formgasbecomeliquid
Example :

Yawning: change of formliquidbecomegas

Example :
Sublimation: a change in the form of a substancecongestedbecomegas

Example :

Crystallize: change of formgasbecomecongested

Example: 1. 2.