PRESENTED BY: MENDOZA. BENJO F.

Backgound of the Disease

 Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder characterized by the

development of numerous fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys. These cysts can
interfere with normal kidney function, leading to various complications. The two
main types of PKD are autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD)
and autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease (ARPKD).
 Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is a genetic disorder, meaning it is caused by
mutations in certain genes.
Backgound of the Disease
Polycystic Kidney Disease

 Polycystic kidney disease (PKD) is an inherited disorder in which clusters of cysts

develop primarily within your kidneys, causing your kidneys to enlarge and lose
function over time. Cysts are noncancerous round sacs containing fluid. The cysts
vary in size, and they can grow very large. Having many cysts or large cysts can
damage your kidneys. Cystic Kidney Disease
Anatomy and Physiology

 Kidneys are two bean-shaped organs in the lower back, with nephrons filtering
and processing blood. They perform filtration, reabsorption, and secretion,
concentrating urine, controlling blood pressure, producing erythropoiesis,
activating vitamin D, and removing waste. They also regulate blood pressure,
stimulate red blood cell production, and eliminate waste through urine, which is
sent to the bladder and expelled.Spine Anatomy and Functions
 A kidney contains over 1 million functioning units called nephrons. Each nephron
is composed of a glomerulus and tubule. The glomerulus acts to filter the blood
free of cells and large proteins, producing an ultrafiltrate composed of the other
smaller circulating elements.
Anatomy and Physiology
Normal Functions of the Kidney:
1. Filtration:The kidneys filter blood to remove waste products and excess substances,
forming urine.
2. Fluid and Electrolyte Balance: They regulate the balance of electrolytes (sodium,
potassium, etc.) and fluid in the body to maintain homeostasis.
3. Blood Pressure Regulation: The kidneys help regulate blood pressure by adjusting the
volume of blood and releasing the enzyme renin.
4. Erythropoiesis Regulation: They produce and release erythropoietin, a hormone that
stimulates the production of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
5. Acid-Base Balance: The kidneys maintain the body's pH balance by excreting hydrogen
ions and reabsorbing bicarbonate. Functions of Kidneys with Polycystic Kidney Disease
(
PKD): Polycystic Kidney Disease is a genetic disorder leading to the formation of
fluid-filled cysts in the kidneys, affecting their normal functions.
1. Cyst Formation: PKD causes the growth of multiple cysts in the kidneys, which
can interfere with normal tissue and impair kidney function.
2. 2. Reduced Filtration: Cysts can obstruct normal filtration, reducing the kidney's
ability to effectively filter waste products from the blood.
3. 3. Hypertension: PKD can contribute to high blood pressure, partly due to the
activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system within the kidneys.
4. 4. Kidney Enlargement: The kidneys may enlarge as cysts develop, potentially
leading to discomfort and affecting surrounding structures.
5. 5. Compromised Erythropoiesis: Disruption in normal kidney function can impact
the production of erythropoietin, potentially leading to anemia.
Sign And Symptoms

 High blood pressure

 Back or side pain
 Blood in your urine
 A feeling of fullness in your abdomen
 Increased size of your abdomen due to enlarged kidneys
 Headaches
 Kidney stones Kidney failure
 Urinary tract or kidney infections
1. PKD gene defect: A mutation in one of the PKD genes leads to the formation of cysts.
2. Cyst growth: The cysts grow and compress the surrounding blood vessels.
3. Vascular compression: The compressed blood vessels become narrower, increasing the resistance to blood
flow.
4. Hypertension: The increased resistance to blood flow causes blood pressure to rise.
 Other factors that can contribute to hypertension in PKD include:
• Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS)
• Increased sympathetic nerve activity
• Volume overload (due to fluid retention in the cysts)
 Hypertension is a serious complication of PKD and can lead to cardiovascular disease, stroke, and kidney
failure. Early detection and treatment of hypertension are essential for people with PKD.
 Here is a simpler explanation for the image:
 PKD gene defect causes cysts to grow on the kidneys. These cysts compress blood vessels, making it
harder for blood to flow. This leads to high blood pressure.