HUMAN ANATOMY

AND PHYSIOLOGY
Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body
1. It is the study of body
structures

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

2. It is the smallest
independently functioning
unit of a living organism

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

3. What body system responsible for
structural support and movement?

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

4.It is scientific study of the
functions of the structures of the
body

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

5. A collection of similar tissues that
performs a specific
function is an _____________

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

6. Which of the following is the
largest bone in the human body?

a. Stapes
b. Femur
c. Ulna
d. Tibia

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

7. What is the largest organ of the
human body?

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

8. How many bones are there in the
human body?

a. 500
b. 250
c. 206

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

9. The DNA molecule looks like a
spiral staircase. It is known as
what?

a. Helix
b. Chromosomes
c. Double Helix

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

10. What is the largest muscle in the
human body?

a. Tongue
b. Gluteus Maximus
c. Sartorius

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Answer Key:

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

1. It is the study of body
structures
Anatomy

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

2. It is the smallest independently
functioning unit of a living organism

Cell

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

3. What body system responsible for
structural support and movement?

Skeletal System

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

4.It is scientific study of the
functions of the structures of the
body

Physiology

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

5. A collection of similar tissues that
performs a specific function is an
_____________

Organ

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

6. Which of the following is the
largest bone in the human body?

a. Stapes
b. Femur
c. Ulna
d. Tibia

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

7. What is the largest organ of the
human body?

Skin

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

8. How many bones are there in the
human body?

a. 500
b. 250
c. 206
The skeleton of an adult human consists of 206 bones. It is
Composed of 270 bones at birth, which decreases to 206 bones by
adulthood after some bones fused together
Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body
9. The DNA molecule looks like a
spiral staircase. It is known as
what?

a. Helix
b. Chromosomes
c. Double Helix

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

10. What is the largest muscle in the
human body?

a. Tongue
b. Gluteus Maximus
c. Sartorius

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Class Rules

Attendance is a must

No sleeping when teacher is discussing

Kindly MUTE your mic always; UNMUTE it when you

are called

Comply everything that is required for this subject

Come on time
Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body
 HUMAN ANATOMY
AND PHYSIOLOGY
Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body
At the end of this module, you should be able to:
1. Distinguish between anatomy and physiology, and
identify several branches of each
2. Describe the structure of the body from the
simplest to most complex, in terms of the six
levels of organization
3. Identity the functional characteristics of human
life
4. Use appropriate anatomical terminology to
identify key body structures, body regions and
directions in the body
5. Compare and contrast at least four medical
imaging techniques in terms of their function and
use in medicine
Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body
Overview of Anatomy and Physiology

▪ Anatomy is the scientific study of the body’s structure.

The word anatomy came from a Greek word “anatome” that means “to
cut apart”.
Areas of Specialization:

▪ Gross Anatomy or Macroscopic

Anatomy is the study of the larger
structures of the body, those visible
without the aid of magnification.

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

General Approaches to the Study of the Body’s Structures:
• Regional anatomy is the study of the interrelationships of all of the
structures in a specific body region.
Ex.: how muscles, nerves, blood vessels and other structures work
together to serve a particular body region (abdomen)

▪ Systemic anatomy is the study of structures that make up a

discrete body system.
Ex.: Muscular system

▪ Both systemic and regional approaches may be used to study

gross anatomy

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

▪ Microscopic Anatomy is the
study of structures that can be
observed only with the use of a
microscope or other
magnification devices.

▪ Example: cytology (the study of

cells), histology (the study of
tissues)
▪ Physiology is the scientific study that deals with the functions of the
structures of the body.

▪ Neurophysiology is the study of the brain, spinal cord, and

nerves and how these work together to perform functions such as
vision, movement, and thinking.

▪ Hence, Anatomy and Physiology are studied together to give

students a full appreciation and understanding of human body.

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Structural Organization of the Human Body

1. Chemical Level
2. Cells
3. Tissue
4. Organ
5. Organ System
6. Organism

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

1. Chemical Level

All matter in the universe is composed of one or

more unique pure substances called elements.
The smallest unit of an element is an atom. Two
or more atoms combine to form molecules
(water, protein, sugars).

Elements → Atom → Molecules

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

2. Cells
▪ A cell is the smallest unit of a
living organism.

▪ All living structures of human

anatomy contain cells, and
almost all functions of human
physiology are performed in the
cells or are initiated by cells.

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

3. Tissue
Tissue is made up of many similar
cells that perform a specific function.

▪ The various tissues of the body are divided in to four groups. These are
epithelial, connective, nerve and muscle tissue.

▪ Epithelial tissue - Found in the outer ▪ Nerve tissue - Found in the brain,
layer of skin, lining of organs, blood spinal cord and nerves. It responds to
and lymph vessels and body cavities. various types of stimuli and transmits
▪ Connective tissue - Connects and
nerve impulses.
supports most part of the body. They ▪ Muscle tissue - Produces movement
constitute most part of skin, bone and through its ability to contract. This
tendons. constitutes skeletal, smooth and
cardiac muscles
Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body
 4. Organ

▪ Organ is a distinct structure of the

body composed of two or more
tissue types that work together to
perform a specific function.

5. Organ System
▪ Organ System is a group of
organs that work together to
perform major functions
▪ Ex.: Urinary System

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

6.Organism

▪ Many organ system work

harmoniously together to perform
the functions of an independent
organism.

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Organ Systems of the Body

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Organ Systems of the Body

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Functions of Human Life

1. Organization – in a way that maintains distinct internal compartments

2. Metabolism – is the sum of all of the body’s chemical reaction
Anabolism – assembly of more complex molecules from simpler molecules
Catabolism – breaking down of two or more complex molecules into simpler molecules
3. Responsiveness – is the ability of an organism to adjust to changes in
its internal and external environments
4. Movement – includes not only actions at the joints of the body but also
the motion of individual organs and even individual cells.
5. Development is all of the changes the body goes through in life.
6. Growth – the increase in body size
7. Reproduction – the formation of a new organism from parent organisms

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Anatomical Terminology
▪ Anatomical terms are made up of roots, prefixes, and suffixes.
The root of a term often refers to an organ, tissue, or condition,
whereas the prefix or suffix often describes the root.

Ex.: hypertension, the prefix ‘hyper’ means “high” or “over” and

the root word “tension” refers to pressure so the word
“hypertension” refers to abnormally high blood pressure.

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Directional Terms

▪ Anterior (or ventral) – describes the front or direction toward the front of
the body
▪ Posterior (or dorsal) – describes the back or direction toward the back
of the body
▪ Superior (or cranial) – describes the position above or higher than
another part of the body proper.
▪ Inferior (or caudal) – describes a position below or lower than another
part of the body proper, near or toward the tail (in humans, the coccyx, or
the lowest part of the spinal column
▪ Lateral – describes the side or direction toward the side of the body

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Directional Terms

▪ Medial – describes the middle or direction toward the middle of the body
▪ Proximal – describes a position in the limb that is nearer to the point of
attachment or the trunk of the body
▪ Distal – describes a position in the limb that is farther from the point of
attachment or the trunk of the body
▪ Superficial – describes a position closer to the surface of the body
▪ Deep – describes a position farther from the surface of the body

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Body Parts Regions
The body can generally be described to have areas of:

1. Axial body part - It is the part of the body near the axis of
the body. This includes head, neck, thorax (chest), abdomen,
and pelvis

2. Appendicular body part - It is the part of the body out of the

axis line. This includes the upper and lower extremities.

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Directional Terms Applied to the Human Body

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Body planes
▪ Body planes are imaginary surfaces or planes lines that divide
the body in to sections. This helps for further identification of
specific areas.
1. Sagittal Plane – divides the body or an organ vertically into right
and left .
*Midsagittal plane - divides body into equal left and right halves.
*Parasagittal plane - divides body into unequal left and right

2. Frontal Plane – divides the body or an organ into (anterior) portion

and a posterior portion, also referred to as coronal plane

3. Transverse Plane - divides the body or organ horizontally into

upper and lower portions

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Planes of the Body

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

 Body Cavities

The cavities of the body house the

internal organs, which
commonly referred to as the viscera.
The two main body
cavities are the larger ventral (anterior)
and the smaller, dorsal
(posterior) body cavity.

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Anterior (ventral) Cavity

▪ The ventral body cavity constitutes the thoracic cavity and the
abdominopelvic body cavity.

▪ The Thoracic cavity houses lung and heart. It is protected by the rib
cage & associated musculature and the sternum anteriorly. It consists
of the right and left pleural cavities and mediastinum (the portion of
tissues and organs that separates the left and right lung).

▪ Abdominopelvic Cavity extends from the diaphragm inferior to the

floor of the pelvis. It is divided into superior abdominal and inferior
pelvic cavity by imaginary line passing at upper pelvis.

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Posterior (dorsal) Cavity

The dorsal body cavity constitutes the cranial cavity containing

brain and the spinal or vertebral cavity containing the spinal
cord.

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

 Medical Imaging

1. X-Rays – is a form of high energy electromagnetic radiation with a

short wavelength capable of penetrating solids and ionizing gases.
- Discovered by Wilhelm Röntgen
- In 1895, Röntgen made the first record of the internal parts of a living
human; an X-ray image of his wife’s hand.
- Widely used to detect injuries and diseases in 1900
- In 1901, Röntgen was awarded the first Nobel Prize for physics for his
work in this field

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

 Medical Imaging

2. Computed Tomography (CT) is a non-invasive imaging technique

that uses computers to analyze several cross sectional X-rays in order
to reveal minute details about structures in the body.

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

 Medical Imaging

3. Magnetic Resonance Imaging – imaging technique in which a device

generates a magnetic field to obtain detailed sectional images of the
internal structures of the body
- Raymond Damadian – the inventor of the first MRI scanner in 1970
- Precise imaging especially to discover tumors
- Major advantage: not exposing patients to radiation
- Disadvantage: Much higher cost, patient discomfort with the procedure

4. Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) – detect the

concentration of blood flow in certain parts of the body, used to study the
activity in parts of the brain during various body activities

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

 Medical Imaging

5. Positron Emission Tomography – medical imaging technique in

which radiopharmaceuticals are traced to reveal metabolic and
physiological functions in tissues
- first introduced in 1961
- can illustrate physiologic activity – including nutrient metabolism and
blood flow of the organ being targeted
- used to diagnose heart disease, the spread of cancer, infections, brain
abnormalities, bone disease and thyroid disease.

6. Ultrasonography – application of ultrasonic waves to visualize

subcutaneous body structures such as tendons and organs
- first developed in 1940s and 1950s

Module 1: Introduction to the Human Body

Thanks!
See you next week!