LA Prediction Dec 10th To Dec 16th 2022 PDF

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Table of Contents
SPEAKING.........................................................................................................................................4
READ ALOUD ................................................................................................................................ 4
REPEAT SENTENCES .................................................................................................................... 45
DESCRIBE IMAGE ........................................................................................................................ 55
RETELL LECTURE……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………151
ANSWER SHORT QUESTIONS .................................................................................................... 201
WRITING ............................................................................................................................... 210
SUMMARIZE WRITTEN TEXT..................................................................................................... 210
WRITING ESSAY ........................................................................................................................ 233
READING ............................................................................................................................... 237
RE-ORDER PARAGRAPHS .................................................................................................... 237
READING FILL IN THE BLANKS................................................................................................... 260
READING AND WRITING FILL IN THE BLANKS ........................................................................... 296
LISTENING .................................................................................................................................... 336
SUMMARIZE SPOKEN TEXT ....................................................................................................... 336
LISTENING FILL IN THE BLANKS ................................................................................................. 357
WRITE FROM DICTATION ......................................................................................................... 366
SPEAKING:
READ ALOUD
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1. LULLABY:
A lullaby or cradle song, is a soothing song or piece of music that is usually played for
children. The purposes of lullabies vary. In some societies they are used to pass down
cultural knowledge or tradition. Lullabies can be found in many countries, and have
existed since ancient times.
2. OZONE POLLUTION:
China’s war on particulate air pollution is causing more severe ozone pollution. According
to the new research, there was so much particulate matter in the smog around Chinese
cities that it helped to quell ozone production by acting as a sponge that collected chemical
radicals.
3. STATIONARY BIKE:
A stationary bike workout is a low-impact workout that uses smooth movements to
strengthen bones and joints without putting much pressure on them. Because your feet
don't lift off the pedals with a stationary bike, this option is kinder to your joints, but it
still provides a challenging and effective workout.
4. RESTAURANTS:
The popular trend of revolving restaurants and bars began sometime in the early Sixties
after the successful launch of such towering creations as the Space Needle. But as the
novelty wore off, the mechanical upkeep and maintenance of such ventures proved to be
too costly for some entrepreneurs over time and many once-famous icons like Encounter
Restaurant have since closed.
5. EIFFEL TOWER:
Since the beginning, the Eiffel Tower drew attention and served as the theatre for
numerous events in the life of Paris and France. The Tower can be seen from many and
various points around Paris and its suburbs. It is photographed, filmed and replicated in
all kinds of circumstances. It naturally slipped into the role of symbolizing France in the
collective imagination and in literature and poetry.
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6. CONSTRUCTION OF DAMS:
The construction of dams is labour intensive. Before construction begins, water is diverted
or prevented from moving through the construction site. After water is diverted, the
foundation area is excavated, and sediments that will act as the foundation are repaired.
This is done to ensure the sediments won't shift or fail as a result of the load of the dam
and reservoir.
7. BLACK SWAN:
Before the discovery of Australia, people in the old world were convinced that all swans
were white, an unassailable belief as it seemed completely confirmed by empirical
evidence. The sighting of the first black swan might have been an interesting surprise for a
few scientists, but that is not where the significance of the story lies.
8. MICROSCOPIC INVADERS:
We all know about bacteria, viruses and microscopic protozoa. We can watch the way that
these tiny agents move into our bodies and damage our organs. We have a growing
understanding of how our body mounts defensive strategies that fight off these invaders,
and have built some clever chemical that can help mount an assault on these bio-villains.
9. SELF-MOTIVATION:
Research on motivation has suggested that a strong sense of autonomy is the key to
developing the healthy self-motivation that allows children and teens to pursue their goals
with passion and to enjoy their achievements. But what we see in many of the kids we test
or tutor is motivational patterns that are at the extremes of one, an obsessive drive to
succeed and two, seeing little point in working hard.
10. NEUROTRANSMITTER:
A ubiquitous neurotransmitter that carries signals between brain cells, dopamine, among
its many functions, is involved in multiple aspects of cognitive processing. The chemical
messenger has been extensively studied from the perspective of external cues, or
"deterministic" signals.
11. WOLF:
Over time a split would have appeared in wolf populations, he says: those wolves that
feared humans, and those that didn’t. "So this would have facilitated, I think, the
domestication process." At which point humans deliberately took wolves as pets. But that
domestication process, Frantz says, may have happened more than once: first in the west,
in Europe. And again in the far east, in Asia.
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12. FASTER COMMUNICATIONS:
As we progress into the 21st century, communications are becoming faster and faster.
Think of the millions of different media images you are bombarded with every day. It is
as important now to be able to read and make sense of those images, as it has been to be
able to read ordinary text.
13. BLOOD SUGAR:

Most of the food you eat is broken down into sugar and released into your bloodstream.
When your blood sugar goes up, it signals your pancreas to release insulin. When there
isn’t enough insulin or cells stop responding to insulin, too much blood sugar stays in your
bloodstream. Over time, that can cause serious health problems, such as diabetes.
14. ROOFING:
Roofing your house rarely rates high on the list of fun and exciting home remodeling
projects. But when your home develops a leak, your attitude might take a sharp turn.
Suddenly, the prospect of a dry, tightly sealed house begins to look very attractive. A
beautiful new roof can also improve the curb appeal of your house.
15. CYCLONE:
A tropical cyclone is a generic term used by meteorologists to describe a rotating,
organized system of clouds and thunderstorms. The weakest tropical cyclones are called
tropical depressions. If a depression intensifies such that its maximum sustained winds
reach 39 miles per hour, the tropical cyclone becomes a tropical storm.
16. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:

The solid waste management issue is the biggest challenge to the authorities of both small
and large cities’ in developing countries. This is mainly due to the increasing generation
of such solid waste and the burden posed on the municipal budget. In addition to the high
costs, the solid waste management is associated with lack of understanding over different
factors that affect the entire handling system.
17. ATOMS:
Physicists thought they had a solid grasp on what made up matter. They knew that atoms
contained electrons surrounding a positively charged nucleus. They also knew that each
nucleus contained a number of protons and positively charged particles. Combinations of
those two particles made up all of the matter in the universe.
18. WELFARE:
Most societies throughout history employed some strategies to help people in poverty meet
basic needs. Before the 20th century, religious groups and private charities often led such
initiatives. Today, these are called welfare programs, and they usually take the form of
government-provided subsidies for housing and healthcare.
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19. PHANTOM RIVERS:
For two summers in Pioneer Mountains, the roar of rushing white water filled the air. But
where the loud sounds prevailed, only gentle streams flowed by. These phantom rivers
were part of an experiment led by ecologist Dylan. He and colleagues were testing a
hypothesis that the sounds of nature influence where animals lived and how they forage.
20. CULPRIT FUNGI:

As climate change brings more wildfires to the western United States, a rare fungal
infection, valley fever, has also been on the rise. It causes coughs, fevers and chest pain
and can be deadly. The culprit fungi thrive in soils in California and the desert Southwest.
Wildfires appear to stir up and send the soil-loving fungi into the air, where they can enter
people's lungs.
21. KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION:

Surgeons in New York City successfully attached a pig kidney to a human patient and
watched the pinkish organ function normally for 54 hours. Such procedures have been
done in nonhuman primates. However, this is the first time that a pig kidney has been
transplanted to a human body and not been immediately rejected.
22. MENTAL ILLNESS:
One of the great contributing factors to mental illness is the idea that we should at all costs
and at all times be well. We suffer far more than we should because of how long it can
take many of us until we allow ourselves to fall properly and usefully ill.
23. MOVIES:
Movies are an integral part of us; they mirror what we believe and how we coexist as
people. It is easier to see our concerns, attitudes, flaws and strengths in films than it is to
decipher them from our daily interactions. When our prevalent beliefs and ideologies are
challenged in films, we are sometimes able to interrogate ourselves and embrace change.
24. HEART DISEASE DIAGNOSIS:

Before a heart disease diagnosis is made, your healthcare provider will gather a full
medical history and perform a physical exam. If your doctor suspects heart disease, blood
tests will be ordered to check your cholesterol and triglyceride levels, as well as look for
proteins that could signal heart failure or plaque in your arteries.
25. BIRTH RATES:

Since its founding, America has enjoyed population growth famously fueled by high
immigration rates, but Americans have historically had large families compared to other
countries as well. Birth rates today have fallen to their lowest point in history. While birth
rates have historically been connected to economic cycles, the present decline is happening
during good economic times.
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26. IMPORTANCE OF RECYCLING:
The idea behind recycling is simple. By breaking old products down and converting them
into something usable again, we conserve natural resources. Sadly, it’s not that simple.
Recycling is deeply entwined with our economic system, and right now doesn’t make
much economic sense. It often costs more to recycle than it does to just throw things away,
which is bad news for the environment.
27. KINDNESS AND MATURITY:

For noble and very understandable reasons, we've come to associate maturity and kindness
with a capacity not to give up on people. But this broad and generous truth can be in danger
of missing out on an important caveat that health and maturity may also require a subtle
capacity to give up on one or two people.
28. COMPETENCE OF CORE:

The term core competence described a diversified corporation as a large tree. The core
products are the trunk and major limbs. The business units are smaller branches, and the
end products are the leaves. The core competence is the root system that provides
nourishment and stability. It's essentially what your organization knows about
coordinating production and technology.
29. BUSY PEOPLE:

Someone who looks extremely active, whose diary is filled from morning till night, who
is always running to answer messages and meet clients may appear the opposite of lazy,
but secretly, there may be a lot of avoidance going on beneath the outward frenzy. Busy
people can evade a different order of undertaking.
30. YOGA:
But like other low-impact exercises, yoga reliably improves fitness and flexibility in
healthy populations. The practice has also been shown to be a potentially powerful
therapeutic tool. In studies involving patients with a variety of skeletal disorders, yoga was
more helpful at reducing pain and improving mobility than other forms of low-impact
exercise.
31. LION AND LIONESSES:

Lions and lionesses play different roles in the life of the pride. The lionesses work together
to hunt and help rear the cubs. This allows them to get the most from their hard work,
keeping them healthier and safer. Being smaller and lighter than males, lionesses are more
agile and faster.
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32. SURROUNDING’S ROLE:
For as long as society has existed, we’ve understood the role of surrounding influences on
our decision-making. With idioms like” It takes a village to raise a child” and “You are
the product of your environment,” we understand that to a great extent our upbringing, our
parents and the society we grew up in influence our decision-making process.
33. CARBON:
The blame for over-consumption should not and cannot be placed solely on individuals.
Companies and corporations have a vested interest in making you buy more stuff because
if they don’t, they go bankrupt. This is why they slap green labels onto their products and
advertise everywhere. Indeed, the whole idea of a personal carbon footprint is a
propaganda campaign created by a fossil fuel giant.
34. PLASTICS:
If you walk into your kitchen, almost everything has encountered plastic in one way or
another: the plastic bags you stuff into a drawer, your favorite cup, and even the packaging
keeping those blueberries fresh. Despite plastic’s ubiquity, we often forget where it comes
from. Indeed, when it comes to plastic, our efforts seem much more focused on what
happens after rather than before we use it.
35. MAJOR LAYOFFS:

As of Friday, Musk and Twitter had given no public notice of the coming layoffs,
according to a spokesperson for California's Employment Development Department.
That’s even though the Worker Adjustment and Retraining Notification statute requires
employers with at least 100 workers to disclose layoffs involving 500 or more employees,
regardless of whether a company is publicly traded or privately held.
36. LUNAR ECLIPSE:

For a lunar eclipse to occur, the Sun, Earth, and Moon must be roughly aligned in a line.
Otherwise, the Earth cannot cast a shadow on the Moon's surface and an eclipse cannot
take place. When the three bodies are aligned in a way that the Moon is partly covered by
the Earth's umbra, a partial lunar eclipse is the result.
37. IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGY:

Psychology is both an applied and academic field that benefits both individuals and society
as a whole. A large part of psychology is devoted to the diagnosis and treatment of mental
health issues, but that is just the tip of the iceberg when it comes to the impact of
psychology.
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38. RESERVE BANK:
Most people do not realize that some banks literally make money by giving loans without
having money on deposit. The system is called fractional reserve banking and is used in
most economies. It sounds as though it is safe because it says that banks have to keep a
fraction of their deposits with the Reserve Bank.
39. ALMONDS:
Eating a handful of almonds a day significantly increases the production of butyrate, a
short-chain fatty acid that promotes gut health. Whole-almond eaters had an additional 1.5
bowel movements per week compared to the other groups. Eating almonds could also
benefit those with constipation.
40. ESSENTIAL CARBON:

The carbon is essential to life on earth, but scientists still struggle to grasp its complexities.
Most research to date has focused on major sources of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide,
and the use of fossil fuels. A new study has come to the counter-intuitive conclusion that
plants might accumulate more carbon in the presence of predators and herbivores.
41. SUBJECT OUTLINES:

Your subject outlines are a good place to go to find information about which textbooks to
buy. You will usually be given one of these for each subject in the first lecture, but if you
are missing one or need one earlier then you should contact the subject coordinator.
42. BEAUTY CONTESTS:

Beauty contests, whether it's Miss Universe or Miss Teen International, are demeaning to
women and out of sync with the times. Opponents say that they are nothing more than
symbols of decline. Since Australians Jennifer Hawkins and Lauryn Eagle were crowned
Miss Universe and Miss Teen International respectively, there has been a dramatic increase
in interest in beauty pageants in this country.
43. AVI LOEB:

The situation is similar to a pregnant woman that has twin babies in her belly, says Avi
Loeb of the Harvard - Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. He's proposing the idea in a
paper that's been accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
44. TURBINE BLADE:

It's not easy to make a wind turbine blade. Conventional blades require a lot of labor. They
are a sandwich composed of fiberglass, sheets of balsa wood and a chemical called an
epoxy thermoset resin. A heat oven is required to give blades the proper shape, strength,
smoothness and flexibility to catch the wind and turn the turbine.
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45. THESIS:
It is normally expected that the final version of your thesis which must be submitted to the
university library in both hardcopy and electronic form will be freely available to the
public. Once in the library, your thesis may be consulted, borrowed and copied in
accordance with the regulations.
46. CONTRIBUTION TO BOOKS:

Many individuals have unwittingly contributed to this book through sharing ideas with us
as colleagues, students, practitioners, tourists, and residents of destination areas. They are
too numerous to thank individually. And indeed, it is not possible to isolate exactly their
specific contributions.
47. MACROECONOMICS:
This report includes a huge swath of macroeconomics, such as the effects of tax reform, a
new industrial policy, and understanding how to deal with the uncertainty inherent in
global financial market. But it also covers key areas of microeconomic policies, such as
boosting laggardly rates of productivity.
48. FLOOD CONTROL:

We have spent a lot of money over the last 70 years on flood control and it has protected
millions of people and has saved us billions of dollars. We have built dams to hold back
the waters. We have built levees to keep the water off the people, and we have raised the
ones that were originally started in 1718.
49. WHAT WE WANT:

We want a recreation in adulthood of what it felt like to be administered to and indulged.
In a secret part of our minds, we picture someone who will understand our needs, bring us
what we want, to be immensely patient and sympathetic to us, act selflessly, and make it
all better.
50. FROGS:
Frogs have excellent night vision and are very sensitive to movement. The bulging eyes
of most frogs allow them to see in front, to the sides, and partially behind them. When a
frog swallows food, it pulls its eyes down into the roof of its mouth, to help push the food
down its throat.
51. RACCOONS:
Environmental, individual and social traits of free-ranging raccoons influence
performance in cognitive testing. Shy raccoons are better learners than bold ones, a result
that has implications for our relationship with urban wildlife.
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52. MARRIAGE SATISFACTION:
Researchers found that couples with higher satisfaction in relationship had greater neural
synchronization while watching marriage-related clips, but they don't know whether there is
selection-based behaviors arising from similar brain activity, or whether couples evolve over
time to develop it.
53. COMMITTEE GRATITUDE:

The committee would also like to express its gratitude to the independent assessors who
joined the committee for consideration of each case. Their expertise and advice play a vital
role in our work. A list of independent assessors who attended meetings during this
reporting year is included at Appendix D.
54. WINDOW IN PAINTING:

We can see from the X-rays that at an early stage of painting, a window was painted at the
left of the portrait. It seems that there may have been two windows in the initial design for
the portrait or that the window was moved at an early stage.
55. UNDERGRADUATES:
The most obvious change is that 46% of college undergraduates are now women. When I
went there, it was only the third year that women had been admitted, and then seemingly
grudgingly: about 70% of students were male, and if there was a woman tutor she must
have been a male impersonator.
56. GLOBAL CHANGES:

Globalization refers to a set of changes rather than a single change. Many of these changes
are social, cultural and political rather than purely economic, and one of the main drivers
in addition to the global marketplace is the communication revolution.
57. WAR AND COMMODITY:

In the past, wars have led to inflation and higher commodity prices. Fighting disrupts trade
and prevents raw materials from being shipped from one country to another. In second-
world-war Britain, a banana was the highest of luxury.
58. TOURISM:
Tourism is a challenging sector that divides statistics since businesses serve tourists, also
serve local people. Therefore, it is not straightforward to estimate how much business
sectors’ revenues and how many jobs are due to tourist expenditures.
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59. MATURE TREES:
The wonderful framework of mature trees creates a secluded implants atmosphere that
unites a great variety of plantings to inspire visitors in all seasons. Spring in the garden is
marked by flipping up and flowering of trees and the eruption of the flowers in the pulp
of needle, and woodland understorey.
60. RECYCLE:
When we recycle, used materials are converted into new products, reducing the need to
consume natural resources. If used materials are not recycled, new products are made by
extracting fresh, raw material from the Earth, through mining and forestry. Recycling
helps conserve important raw materials and protects natural habitats for the future.
61. SHRIMP:
Shrimp farmers used to hold animals in nursery ponds for 30 to 60 days; now they try to
move them into grow-out ponds in less than 30 days. This reduces stress on the animals
and dramatically increases survivals in the grow-out ponds. Many farms that abandoned
nursery ponds have gone back to them, and the results have been surprisingly positive.
They're using the old, uncovered, earthen, nursery ponds.
62. AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH:

Australians speak English of course. But for many tourists and even some locals,
Australian English has only tenuous links with the mother tongue. Our speech is peppered
with words and phrases whose arcane meanings are understood only by the native speaker.
It is these colorful colloquialisms that Australian slang is yet to truly explain.
63. PRIVATE EQUITY:

It isn't rare for private equity houses to hire graduates fresh out of business schools, but
nine times out of ten, the students who nab these jobs are the ones who had private equity
experience before even starting their MBA program.
64. AUGUSTUS:
Augustus was given the powers of an absolute monarch, but he presented himself as the
preserver of republican traditions. He treated the Senate, or state council, with great
respect, and was made Consul year after year. He successfully reduced the political power
of the army by retiring many soldiers, but giving them land or money to keep their loyalty.
65. MOODS:
Moods may also have an effect on how information is processed, by influencing the extent
to which judges rely on pre-existing, internal information, or focus on new, external
information. Positive moods promote more holistic and top-down processing style, while
negative moods recruit more stimulus-driven and bottom-up processing.
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66. US STUDENT DEBT:
The numbers on US student debt, after all, are truly staggering. The average two thousand
and fifteen US university graduate who took out loans to help pay for tuition enters the
workforce with thirty-five thousand dollars in student debt. In the US, total student debt
exceeds one point one five trillion dollars, dwarfing, for instance, the nation's credit card
debt.
67. FLOODS:
Many floods take hours to come into full effect so they provide people with time to
evacuate safely while salvaging as many of their valuable possessions as they can.
Sometimes, however, floods generate in minutes and give little warning to their formation.
These are known as flash floods, and can be extremely dangerous. Flash floods are the top
one weather-related cause of death in the United States.
68. NUCLEAR SAFETY:

The prime responsibility for nuclear safety must rest with the person or organization
responsible for these activities. Regulating safety is a national responsibility. However,
radiation risks may transcend national borders, and international cooperation serves to
promote and enhance safety globally by exchanging experience and by improving
capabilities to mitigate any harmful consequences.
69. MEATLESS DIET:

Association between meatless diet and depression: participants who excluded meat from
their diet were found to have a higher prevalence of depressive episodes as compared to
participants who consumed meat. This association is independent of socioeconomic,
lifestyle factors, and nutrient deficiencies.
70. SUMMARY AND ABSTRACT:

The terms summary and abstract are often used interchangeably resulting in some
confusion. This problem arises because there are two distinct types of abstracts descriptive
and informative. The informative abstract is another name for a summary; the descriptive
is not. The descriptive abstract is usually only two or three sentences in length, hence it is
not a summary or very informative.
71. DEAF CHILDREN:

Deaf children learning a sign language could certainly pursue the development of listening
and spoken language skills if desired, and doing so would carry much less risk knowing
the child would have mastery in at least one language. If a child does not succeed in
mastering either a spoken language or a sign language, we must then ask how much benefit
the child derived from interventions in each language relative to the amount of time and
resources dedicated to those interventions.
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72. DRUG OVERDOSE DEATHS:
The slight decline in drug overdose deaths in 2018 coincides with Chinese regulations on
the powerful opioid carfentanil, rather than the result of domestic U.S. efforts to curb the
epidemic, a new analysis reveals. What many including President Donald Trump -
perceived as a decline in overdose deaths in 2018, appears to be a return to the historic
exponential curve.
73. EUROPEAN WILDCATS:

European wildcats, thought to be extinct 50 or so years ago in the Jura mountains, have
since recolonized part of their former territory. This resurgence in an area occupied by
domestic cats has gone hand-in-hand with genetic crosses between the two species. A team
of biologists modeled the interactions between the two species to predict that hybridization
will entail the irreversible genetic replacement of wildcats.
74. X-RAY:
Using an X-ray laser, a research team has investigated how water heats up under extreme
conditions. In the process, the scientists were able to observe water that remained liquid
even at temperatures of more than 170 degrees Celsius. The investigation revealed an
anomalous dynamic behavior of water, which is of fundamental importance for the
analysis of sensitive samples using X-ray lasers.
75. AROMATIC SUBSTANCE:

Researchers have found a way to convert the aromatic substance vanillin into a redox-
active electrolyte material for liquid batteries. The technology is an important step towards
ecologically sustainable energy storage.
76. BARLEY GRAINS:

University of Adelaide researchers have uncovered fundamental new information about
the malting characteristics of barley grains. They say their finding could pave the way to
more stable brewing processes or new malts for craft brewers. Published in the Nature
publication Scientific Reports, the researchers discovered a new link between one of the
key enzymes involved in malt production for brewing and a specific tissue layer within
the barley grain.
77. HYDROGEN FUEL:

The power of the sun, wind and sea may soon combine to produce clean-burning hydrogen
fuel, according to researchers. A team integrated water purification technology into a new
proof-of-concept design for a seawater electrolyzer, which uses an electric current to split
apart the hydrogen and oxygen in water molecules.
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78. ORGANIC MOLECULES:
New research identifies a process that might have been key in producing the first organic
molecules on Earth about 4 billion years ago, before the origin of life. The process, which
is similar to what might have occurred in some ancient underwater hydrothermal vents,
may also have relevance to the search for life elsewhere in the universe.
79. INJURY OR DISEASE:

Injury or disease that afflicts a relatively small number of brain cells causes a chain
reaction that stops activity across a vast network of neural circuits, according to new
research. The study may help to explain why people can suffer from temporary but severe
loss of cognitive function in cases of traumatic brain injury or disease.
80. THERMOMETER:
Researchers have discovered a brain molecule that functions as a ‘thermometer’ for the
presence of others in an animal's environment. Zebrafish ‘feel’ the presence of others via
mechanosensation and water movements which turns the brain hormone on.
81. PROTEIN TAU:

Researchers have found a novel form of the Alzheimer's protein tau in the fluid
surrounding the brain and spinal cord. This form of tau known as MTBR tau -- indicates
what stage of Alzheimer's a person is in and tracks with tangles of tau protein in the brain.
82. PUBERTY:
Covid-19 pandemic is linked to early onset of puberty in some girls. Several studies
suggest that the number of girls starting puberty early has more than doubled amid the
coronavirus outbreak, and experts are unsure about exactly why.
83. BLUE COLOR:

While blue is one of the most popular colors, it is one of the least appetizing. Food
researchers say that when humans searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or spoiled
objects, which were often blue, black or purple. When food dyed, blue is served to study
subjects, they lose appetite.
84. CARBON EMISSION:

When countries assess their annual carbon emissions, they count up their cars and power
stations, but bush fires are not included - presumably because they are deemed to be events
beyond human control. In Australia, Victoria alone sees several hundred thousand hectares
burn each year; in both 2004 and more recently, the figure has been over one million
hectares.
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85. PRODUCTIVITY AND INNOVATION:
The core of the problem was the immense disparity between the country's productive
capacity and the ability of people to consume. Great innovations in productive techniques
during and after the war raised the output of industry beyond the purchasing capacity of
U.S. farmers and wage earners.
86. TESLA:
Tesla's theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating current electric power
systems. Thomas Edison promised him almost one million dollars in today's money to
undertake motor and generator improvement. How- ever, when Tesla, the ethical Serb,
asked about the money, Edison’s reportedly reply was "Tesla, you don't understand our
American humor." The pair became arch-rivals.
87. YELLOW:
Yellow is considered as the most optimistic color, yet surprisingly, people lose their
tempers most often in yellow rooms and babies will cry more. The reason may be that
yellow is the hardest color for eyes to take in, so it can be overpowering if overused.
88. ELEPHANT:
The elephant is the largest living land mammal. During evolution, its skeleton has greatly
altered from the usual mammal, designed for two main reasons. One is to cope with the
great weight of huge grinding cheek teeth and elongated tusk, making the skull particularly
massive. The other is to support the enormous bulk of such a huge body.
89. GRAND CANYON:

Few things in the world produce such amazement as one's first glimpse of the Grand
Canyon; it took around more than 2 billion years to create this vast wonder in some places.
17 miles wide, largely through the relentless force of the Colorado River, which runs 277
miles along its length and a mile beneath its towering rims.
90. GLOBAL WARMING:

Global warming is defined as an increase in the average temperature of the earth's
atmosphere. This trend began in the middle of the 20th century and is one of the major
environmental concerns of scientists and governmental officials worldwide. The changes
in temperature result mostly from the effect of increased concentrations of greenhouse
gasses in the atmosphere.
91. LINCOLN:
Lincoln's apparently radical change of mind about his war powers to emancipate slaves
was caused by the escalating scope of the war, which convinced him that any measure to
weaken the Confederacy and strengthen the Union war effort was justifiable as a military
necessity.
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92. MODERN BUILDINGS:
Modern buildings have to achieve certain performance requirements, at least to satisfy
those of building codes, to provide a safe, healthy, and comfortable environment.
However, these conditioned environments demand resources in energy and materials,
which are both limited in supply, to build and operate.
93. BLINKING EYES:

Every few seconds, our eyelids automatically shutter and our eyeballs roll back in their
sockets. So why doesn't blinking plunge us into intermittent darkness and light? New
research shows that the brain works extra hard to stabilize our vision despite our fluttering
eyes. When our eyeballs roll back in their sockets during a blink, they don’t always return
to the same spot when we reopen our eyes.
94. CIRCUMCISION:
The role of women in promoting voluntary medical male circumcision uptake: research
reveals the important role played by women in influencing men to undergo circumcision.
Women are also motivated to convince men to undergo male circumcision because of the
benefits associated with them such as reduction of HIV transmission and cervical cancer.
95. CULTIVATED LANGUAGE:

In every cultivated language there are two great classes of words which, taken together,
comprise the whole vocabulary. First, there are those words with which we become
acquainted in daily conversation, which we learn from the members of our own family
and from our familiar associates, and which we should know and use even if we could not
read or write.
96. CENTRAL IDEA:

The central idea of this book concerns our blindness with respect to randomness,
particularly the large deviations: why do we, scientists or nonscientists, hotshots or regular
Joes, tend to see the pennies instead of the dollars? Why do we keep focusing on the
minutiae, not the possible significant large events, in spite of the obvious evidence of their
huge influence?
97. EATING DISORDER:

The most significant difference between an eating disorder and disordered eating is
whether or not a person's symptoms and experiences align with the criteria defined by the
American Psychiatric Association. The term "disordered eating" is a descriptive phrase,
not a diagnosis.
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98. LOCUSTS:
Titanic swarms of desert locusts resembling dark storm clouds are descending ravenously on
the Horn of Africa. They're roving through croplands and flattening farms in a devastating
salvo; experts are calling an unprecedented threat to food security. On the ground, subsistence
planters can do nothing but watch - staring up with horror and at their fields in dismay.
99. PARTICLE ACCELERATOR:

Particle accelerators produce and accelerate beams of charged particles, such as electrons,
protons and ions, of atomic and sub-atomic size. They are used not only in fundamental
research for an improved understanding of matter, but also in plethora of socioeconomic
applications related to environmental monitoring, food quality, energy and aerospace
technologies.
100. WASHING MACHINE:

Programs, such as delicate wash or color wash, are one of the features of washing
machines, particularly fully-automatic washing machines, which gives you the choice
when it comes to how you want to wash your clothes. If you’re washing with a certain
fabric, then programs help you find the optimal washing conditions for your laundry needs
from selecting the right wash temperature to setting up your washing timing.
101. POCKET MONEY:

Giving pocket money to children as young as four or five years helps them start learning
about the value of money and money management. When children get pocket money, they
have to make choices about spending or saving. Pocket money can also help children learn
about consequences, including the consequences of losing money or spending it unwisely.
Letting your children make a few mistakes is part of the learning process.
102. BLACK HOLE:

Astronomers announced that they have finally assembled an image of the supermassive
black hole at the center of our galaxy. This image shows a bright ring surrounding the
darkness, the telltale sign of the shadow of the black hole. It reveals the turbulent, twisting
region immediately surrounding the black hole in new detail.
103. HOME FENCING:

The benefits of home fencing are not only as a barrier between the area of the house and
the surrounding environment. In simple words, a fence is a formation or structure that is
above the ground and is generally vertical, with the intention of limiting an area or area,
protecting everything inside the fence, from threatening danger from outside the fence.
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104. STUDY OF MIND:
Psychology is the study of cognitions, emotions, and behavior. Psychologists are involved
in a variety of tasks. Many spend their careers designing and performing research to
understand how people behave in specific situations, how and why we think the way we
do, and how emotions develop and what impact they have on our interactions with others.
105. ANIMAL FIGHTING:

When someone commits a criminal act, we always hope the punishment will match the
offense. But when it comes to one of the cruelest crimes, animal fighting, things rarely
work out that way. Dog-fighting victims are tortured and killed for profit and “sport”, yet
their criminal abusers often receive a minimal sentence for causing a lifetime of pain.
106. ADDICTIVE GAMES:

Bolstered by the result of laboratory experiments, researchers dare to say that gaming
might be mentally enriching. These scholars are the first to admit that games could be
addictive, and indeed part of their research explores how games connect to the reward
circuit of human beings.
107. LITERATURE:
Despite many similarities with literary-political debates in other nations, there are also
ways in which the cultural and political situation in Scotland has left the study of Scottish
Literature in a significantly different condition from that of literary studies in many other
parts of the world.
108. RAPID CHANGE:

An environment of rapid change, technological innovations and increasing business
competitiveness has highlighted the growing importance of management development. In
particular, the general movement towards great employee involvement and making things
happen through people has emphasized an integrating rather than a controlling style of
management.
109. EFFICIENCY:
Efficiency is not your friend when it comes to cognitive growth. In order to keep our brains
making new connections and keep them active, you need to keep moving on to another
challenging activity as soon as you reach the point of mastery in the one you were engaging
in.
110. CANNABIS USERS:

Adult and adolescent cannabis users are no more likely than non-users to lack motivation
or be unable to enjoy life’s pleasure, new research has shown, suggesting there is no
scientific basis for the stereotype often portrayed in the media.
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111. INTANGIBLE ASSETS:
Intangible assets perform a number of distinctive functions in the life of each company.
Firstly, they witness the prosperity of the firm in its good name. Such a position allows
human resource management to employ professional workers and increase labor
productivity. Moreover, intangible assets guarantee future value for the firm. And
although it is difficult to destroy intangible assets, they can lose their importance in case
of carelessness or business failure.
112. MEDITERRANEAN DIET:

Countries bordering the Mediterranean have built up a solid reputation for sunshine, great
tasting food as well as impressive health statistics, featuring some of the lowest rates of
heart disease, and increased life expectancy. This has created a lot of attention towards the
Mediterranean diet, which is not a typical weight loss diet, but more of a set of habits.
113. EXECUTIVE RESIDENCE:

The Executive Residence in the White House in the United States of America, where the
president resides, is divided into several wings. It also includes the vice-president's and
president's staff's offices. This government building is a national heritage.
114. AMPHIBIANS:
Whether salamander frog or toad, amphibians are some of the most diverse and far-flung
animals on the planet. However, they're disappearing, and experts are worried since frogs
are considered bellwethers for the environment. Their double life makes them unique. It's
through their skin that they breathe and drink water because their skin is so permeable.
115. JAPAN:
Japan is the world's calculator superpower. Japanese manufacturers have led sales of
calculators for over 30 years in many countries. Even in the age of personal computers,
calculators are still essential in accounting jobs. In addition, calculators with graphing
capabilities have begun to be used in education.
116. CLOUD SEEDING:

Cloud seeding, a form of weather modification, is a way of attempting to change the
amount of precipitation that comes from clouds. Cloud seeding is carried out by dispersing
substances into the air, but it also occurs due to ice nucleates in nature, most of which are
bacterial in origin.
117. CLOCK GENES:

What produces these effects are familiar to neuroscientists: external light and dark signals
that help set our daily, or circadian, rhythms, “clock” genes that act as internal
timekeepers, and neurons that signal to one another through connections called synapses.
But how these factors interact to freshen a brain once we do sleep has remained enigmatic.
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118. FIREWORKS:
A dramatic fireworks display can be the highlight of a summer. It also can provide a feast
for the senses. Bright colors delight the eye. Thunderous booms and whistles surprise the
ear. If you’re close to the show, you can feel the pressure waves that ripple from each
exploding shell. And folks downwind of the action can smell the burnt gunpowder that
fueled each rocket and perhaps even taste it in the air.
119. ELECTRIC VEHICLES:

Electric vehicles have arrived. With technology led by Tesla, and all of the world's major
car manufacturers following along behind, electric vehicles are now a common sight on
the roads of most developed countries. Yet the situation in less developed countries is
rather different; the only African country to have started the change to electric vehicles is
South Africa.
120. INTAKE OF CARBOHYDRATE:

Based on the results from this study, we hypothesized that a high-protein diet coupled with
low carbohydrate intake would be beneficial for prevention of bone loss in adults.
121. VALUES OF LITERATURE:

Certainly, one of the important values of literature is that it nourishes our emotional lives.
An effective literary work may seem to speak directly to us especially if we are ripe for it.
The inner life that good writers reveal in their characters often gives us glimpses of some
portion of ourselves. We can be moved to laugh, cry, tremble, dream, ponder, shriek, or
rage with a character by simply turning the page instead of turning our lives upside down.
122. MBA:
Exhilarating, exhausting and intense. There are just some of the words used to describe
doing an MBA. Everyone’s experience of doing MBA is, of course, different through
denying that it’s hard and a demanding work whichever course you do. MBA is one of the
fastest growing areas of studying in the UK so that must be a sustainable benefit against
form in one pain.
123. ACTOR TRAINING:

Training to become an actor is an intensive process which requires curiosity, courage and
commitment. You’ll learn how to prepare for rehearsal, how to rehearse and how to use
independent and proactive processes to achieve your best work possible for stage and
screen.
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124. LIVING ROOM:
Living room is the most used part that withholds most of the traffic coming in and out of
the house. It is highly recommended that the flooring should be strong enough that it can
endure all such amendments done with your furniture or to the increasing and decreasing
ratio of visitors. For this purpose, you can opt for hardwood flooring. Being classy and
sophisticated in look it is the perfect choice for your living room whenever you are
remodelling your home.
125. FORD COMPANY:

The Ford Company provides plenty of opportunities for its employees. It guarantees not
only comfortable and appropriate working conditions, but also many other advantages.
Therefore, becoming a part of the Ford Motor company is always profitable and beneficial.
Moreover, it is important to mention that Ford Motors provides its employees with
effective and useful services and takes care of their well-being.
126. RURAL POPULATION:

Thus, a country might possess a sizeable rural population, but have an economic system
in which the interests of the voters were predominantly related to their incomes, not to
their occupations or location; and in such a country the political system would be unlikely
to include an important agrarian party.
127. MAGNETAR:
The best comparison is likely a magnetar, a young neutron star with a powerful magnetic
field, the researchers said. Magnetars also produce bright X-ray flares. While magnetars
are thought to be young stars, the two flaring objects in this study reside near elliptical
galaxies, which contain older stars. So, the objects are likely too old to be magnetars, the
researchers said.
128. FATHER:
Every morning, no matter how late he had been up, my father rose at five-thirty, went to
his study, wrote for a couple of hours, made us all breakfast, read the paper with my
mother, and then went back to work for the rest of the morning. Many years passed before
I realized that he did this for a living.
129. HIMALAYAS:
Although it hails from a remote region of the western Himalayas, this plant now looks
entirely at home on the banks of English rivers, and colonized river banks and damp
woodlands. In the Himalayas the plant is held in check by various pests, but take these
away and it grows and reproduces unhindered. Now it is spreading across Europe, New
Zealand, Canada and the US.
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130. COMPANY-ORIENTED REFORMS:
The climate for doing business improved in Egypt more than in any other country last
year, according to a global study that revealed a wave of company-oriented reforms across
the Middle East. The World Bank rankings, which look at business regulations, also
showed that the pace of business reforms in Eastern Europe was overtaking East Asia.
131. REHABILITATION:
The primary application we're targeting at first is to give people a decision aid during
rehabilitation, following an acute knee injury, to help them understand when they can
perform particular activities, and when they can move to different intensities of particular
activities. A useful thing to take a crack at.
132. MITIGATION:
As far as politics go, the responses are just as varied. Mitigation is common and calls for
a reduction of emissions and less reliance on fossil fuels. Coal burning power plants are
now replaced with hydraulic power plants and electric cars are replacing some gasoline
efficient cars. Many people, however, feel that this is not enough.
133. SUCCULENT PLANTS:

Most succulent plants are found in regions where there is little rainfall, dry air, plenty of
sunshine, porous soils, and high temperatures during part of the year. These conditions
have caused changes in plant structures, which have resulted in greatly increased thickness
of stems, leaves, and sometimes roots, enabling them to store moisture from the infrequent
rains.
134. MAYAN ERA:

The Classic Era of Mayan came to an end around 900 AD. Why this happened is unclear;
the cities were probably over-farming the land, so that a period of drought led to famine.
Recent geological research supports this, as there appears to have been a 200-year drought
around this time.
135. SYMPTOMS OF DEPRESSION:

Symptoms of depression decrease with improvements in sense of smell, particularly
among patients with dyssomnia. New research published in the journal Scientific Reports
highlights the intricate relationship between depression and sense of smell. The study
found that participants’ symptoms of depression dropped as their odor identification
improved, particularly among those with an impaired sense of smell.
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136. SOCIOLOGICAL THOUGHTS:
Written by ten eminent professors, it had been updated to reflect the shifts of sociological
thought in the last five years, making it the most comprehensive, authoritative, and
contemporary dictionary available. It was essential reading for all students and teachers of
sociologies and other related courses, and also for the general reader.
137. TYPES OF METHODOLOGY:

Certain types of methodology are more suitable for some research projects than others.
For example, the use of questionnaires and surveys is more suitable for quantitative
research whereas interviews and focus groups are more often used for qualitative research
purposes.
138. PLANETS:
Pluto was one of the nine planets recognized to our solar system. But in 2021, it was
relegated to the official status of dwarf planet by the international astronomical union
(IAU). It will bring into clear focus once more what is, and what isn’t, meant by the term
planet.
139. SUSTAINABILITY:
This finding is understandable in certain cases in spite of its high significance; that is
because energy efficiency of building operation just represents a single aspect of
sustainability.
140. MARKET RESEARCH:

Market research is vital part of the planning of any business. However, experienced you
or your staff may be in a particular field, if you are thinking of introducing a service to a
new area, it is important to find out what the local population thinks about it first.
141. RESEARCHERS:
Researchers gathered 160 uncaffeinated adults, people who consumed less than 500
milligrams of caffeine a week. These decaf subjects looked at pictures of various objects,
then took either a placebo or a pill containing 200 milligrams of caffeine. That’s roughly
the amount you’d get from two cups of coffee.
142. FUNDS FOR STUDIES:

Studies funded by the soft drink industry are more likely to mask links to obesity and type
two diabetes, according to a new report. He added that biases in industry funded studies
were not usually due to poor methodology, but due to inherent problems in their design,
including poor choice of comparators and problems with the way data is analysed and
reported.
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143. POLITICAL SCHOLARS:
Political scholars had historically recognized the social love of the mass media. The impact
of the mass media on the electric and governing process has greatly increased over the last
fifty years. Tomorrow, the mass media will become the “central nervous system” for your
society and the major source of public information.
144. SCHOLARSHIPS OF SUMMER RESEARCH:

Summer Research Scholarships offer a unique opportunity for external organizations,
academics, and students to work together in research. Working with globally recognized
researchers in a local setting, students gain valuable real-world experience as well as an
insight into what research is all about.
145. EFFECTS OF CLIMATE:

Changes in climate affect, for example, the plant and animal life of a given area. The
presence of coal beds in North America and Europe along with evidence of glaciation in
these same areas indicates that they must have experienced alternately warmer and colder
climates than they now possess.
146. DESIGNING HOME:

One of the major factors influencing future home design will be the probable change in
climate, with hotter summers, colder winters, and the possibility of floods. Consequently,
houses will be built with better insulation and will also need ways of keeping cool in hot
weather, whether that’s air conditioning or more shading of windows.
147. IMMUNE VIGILANCE:

The problem is, that increased immune vigilance has a side effect: allergies. Our
speculation is that this is some kind of trade-off. In the past you needed to resist some kind
of pathogen, and the trade-off or sacrifice you have to make is increased responsiveness
to nonpathogenic allergens. So next time some of you get the springtime sniffles, blame
your distant ancestor-the one with the heavy brow ridge.
148. NIKOLA TESLA:

As the inventor of alternating-current technology, Nikola Tesla played a paramount role in
the electricity used to power the entire world. Tesla also worked diligently on a dream of
supplying electrical power without wires. Thomas Edison was also instrumental in shaping
society today with his inventions. Edison's design of the inside of the light bulb was the
crucial key to making a light that would stay lit for hours instead of going out almost
immediately.
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149. NEUTRON STARS:
Neutron stars -- the compressed remains of massive stars gone supernova -- are the densest
"normal" objects in the known universe. (Black holes are technically denser, but far from
normal.) Just a single sugar-cube worth of neutron-star material would weigh 100 million
tons here on Earth, or about the same as the entire human population.
150. LIVING STANDARD:

Research has found we pursue more rewards when we become ‘habituated’ to a higher
standard of living and compare ourselves to various standards. What it takes to be happy
depends on our prior expectations, but these expectations can change over time.
151. MICROBIOME:
Research has shown that the gut microbiome is important for human physiology and
health. Disturbances to the composition of the gut microbiome can be associated with
chronic diseases such as gastrointestinal inflammatory disorders, neurological,
cardiovascular and respiratory illnesses. The human body has evolved strategies to ensure
that a symbiotic relationship exists between the microbes in our gut and our cells.
152. CHRONIC DISEASE:

If you have a chronic disease such as heart disease, diabetes, asthma, or back or joint pain,
exercise can have important health benefits. However, it is important to talk to your doctor
before starting an exercise routine. He or she might have advice on what exercises are safe
and any precautions you might need to take while exercising.
153. PLUTO:
Pluto lost its official status as a planet yesterday, when the International Astronomical
Union downsized the solar system from nine to eight planets. Although there had been a
passionate debate at the IAU General Assembly Meeting in Prague about the definition of
a planet, and whether Pluto met the specifications, the audience greeted the decision to
exclude it with applause.
154. DOMESTIC DIVISION:

Traditional divisions of domestic work are understood to persist because of the strong
association of the home with femininity and paid work with masculinity - to challenge
who does what in the home is arguably tantamount to challenging what it is to be a woman
or a man.
155. TEA CEREMONY:

The Japanese tea ceremony is a ritual tour influenced by Buddhism in which green tea is
prepared and served to a small group of guests in a peaceful setting. The ceremony can
take as long as four hours and there are many traditional gestures that both the server and
the guest must perform.
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156. TOURISM:
Tourism is a challenging sector on which divides statistics since businesses serving
tourists, also service local people. Therefore, it is not straightforward to estimate how
much business sectors' revenues and how many jobs are due to tourist expenditures.
157. AUSTRALIAN MINING INDUSTRY:

Australia has one of the world's most important mining industries. It is a major exporter
of coal, iron ore, gold and copper and is self-sufficient in all minerals bar petroleum. Since
the first discoveries, the coal in 1798, mineral production has risen every year. In the
decade to 1992 it doubled.
158. BUSINESS COMMUNICATION:

Much of today's business is conducted across international borders, and while the majority
of the global business community might share the use of English as a common language,
the nuances and expectations of business communication might differ greatly from culture
to culture.
159. TIDAL ENERGY:

Tidal energy, also known as tidal power, is a renewable source of energy and a form of
hydropower used to generate electricity from the energy of the tides. Though not currently
widely utilized, due to high costs and limited availability, it can be called the energy
resource of the future given the current rate of depletion of energy resources.
160. POOR BACKGROUND:

The survey found that the statistical chances of someone from a poor background being
accepted at one of the country's most respected universities are far lower than those of a
student from a wealthy family. This means that the inequalities in society are likely to be
passed down from one generation to the next.
161. DYES AND PIGMENTS:

The dyes and pigments available in any particular period in which a specific color
photographic process was invented, manufactured and used have profound effects on the
quality of color that defines most of the style and particular historical period.
162. MICE AND TEMPERATURES:

Cool room temperature inhibited cancer growth in mice: mice acclimatized to
temperatures of 4°C had significantly slower tumor growth and lived nearly twice as long
compared with mice in rooms of 30°C because they were burning more brown fat.
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163. MUTUAL POLITICS:
In order to achieve the free flow of goods and services, with work and capital between the
member countries, they needed to establish mutual politics in areas as diverse as
agriculture, transport, and when they were concerned with a far wider range of issues.
164. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE:

Behavioral and social sciences research helps predict, prevent, and manage illness - in
individuals and in whole populations. This research also helps people change their
behaviors, understand treatments, and learn how to stick with them. Society's role is
significant, too: access to health care affects decision- making and behavior.
165. UNDERGRADUATES EDUCATION:

Undergraduates may choose to major in any one of 125 academic majors. The universities
distinguished faculty includes internationally known scientists, authors and teachers who are
committed to continuing the university's tradition in providing one of the highest quality
undergraduate educations available.
166. CLEAN WATER:

Many people are under the impression that the water which comes out of a plant is clean.
This is a common misconception: the function of a plant is to make the water cleaner, but
it's not clean enough to drink. It could be used in irrigation. What a plant is trying to do is
simply speed up a process that would naturally occur given more time. This means that a
plant can create water that is safe to enter back into the water system as it's so heavily
diluted. The river then continues the water purification, acting as a form of the fourth stage.
167. MOTORCYCLE CRASH:

If you do experience a motorcycle crash, be aware the other driver will most likely blame
you for the accident. This includes the road, road conditions, any skid marks, road signs,
construction, and anything else that may have contributed to the accident. Not every
accident requires an attorney but a knowledgeable local attorney can help you make sense
of the process, as well as ensure that the other driver's insurance doesn't unfairly blame
you for the accident.
168. ENGLISH REVOLUTIONS:

There are three main interpretations of the English Revolution. The longest lasting
interpretation was that the Revolution was the almost inevitable outcome of an age-old
struggle between parliament and crown. The second sees it as a class struggle, and a lead
up to the French and other revolutions. Finally, the third interpretation sees the other two
as too fixed, not allowing for unpredictability, and that the outcome could have gone either
way.
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169. TSUNAMIS:
The tsunamis could provide crucial information about the habitability of ancient Mars.
The first one occurred when the planet must have been relatively warm and amenable for
life, because it carved out backwash channels as it returned to the sea. By contrast, the
planet had become much cooler by the time the second tsunami hit the waters apparently
flash froze after flowing the surface.
170. THOMPSON:
Thompson recognized and exploited all the ingredients of a successful amusement ride.”
writes Judith A. Adams in The American Amusement Park Industry. “His coasters
combined an appearance of danger with annual safety, thrilled riders with exhilarating
speed, and allowed the public to intimately experience the Industrial Revolution’s new
technologies of gears, steel, and dazzling electric lights.
171. HISTORIAN:
As a historian, if you really want to understand the sensibilities of those who lived in the
past, you must be like a novelist and get into the skin of your characters and think and feel
as they do. You are asked to imagine what it’s like to be a peasant in medieval times,
asking the sort of questions a peasant might ask. What the writer is saying is that a historian
needs imaginative sympathy with ordinary people in the past.
172. USAGE OF ENERGY:

Humans needs to use energy in order to exist. So, it is unsurprising that the way people
have been producing energy is largely responsible for current environmental problems.
Pollution comes in many forms, but those that are more concerning, because of their
impact on health, result from the combustion of fuels in power stations and cars.
173. STUDYING ENGLISH:

In the past naming English as a separate subject seemed relatively easy. The textbook
selected and graded items of language which were put into content and then practices
intensively. New items were carefully controlled so that the student could cope quite
easily. Now that English is used as a medium of instruction, however, all this has changed.
Unknown items of grammar and vocabulary appear in texts which attempt to explain new
and often difficult information.
174. INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY:

IT may well change the way you live, yet again. Welcome to the world mobile commerce,
where your hand-held device, be it a mobile phone, a personal digital assistant (PDA) or
any other wireless application will soon be used for commercial transactions. Sceptical?
Consider these facts – In Japan, mobile phones are used for location-based services where
the mobile service provider ties up with a host of other players such as restaurants, car
rental companies etc.
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175. BOOK STORE:
Any writer must decide upon an order and a structure for a book in keeping with the
reflexive nature of the work. There are strong currents of reiteration in the book, with each
iteration developing understandings of research, theory, and practice as the story continues
to unfold.
176. MAJOR CONCLUSION:

Our major conclusion is that the current measure needs to be revised. It no longer provides
an accurate picture of the differences in the extent of economic poverty among population
groups or geographic areas of the country, nor an accurate picture of trends over time.
177. UNIVERSITY TERMS:

An industry or workplace often has its own terms for certain items, places, or groups of
people, and university is no different. Here we have attempted to explain some of the terms
you may come across on our websites that are specific to higher education.
178. NOISE RESTRICTIONS:

The noise restrictions are based on measurements on animals in captivity exposed to noise
levels that induce a temporary threshold shift (TTS) in hearing. The TTS onset threshold
is the lowest noise exposure capable of inducing a small temporary reduction of hearing
sensitivity, also known as auditory fatigue, with full recovery shortly after exposure.
179. INFORMATION OFFICE:

Our information office on campus provided resource and support to help you make the
right choices about childcare – whether you're a student, staff, or member of the local
community. The office provides information about the five centres closest to our
campuses, relevant government agency, and other daycare centre in the surrounding areas.
180. DISTANCE LEARNING:

We understand that not everyone can put their job and other responsibilities on hold to
study. That's why our healthcare ethics and law master's courses are available to study by
distance learning, so you can fit gaining an academic qualification around your work and
family.
181. MAXIMUM YIELD OF PLANTS:

The maximum yield of plants, determined by their genetic potential, is seldom achieved
because factors such as insufficient water or nutrients, adverse climate conditions, plant
diseases, and insect damage will limit growth at some stage. Plants subjected to these
biotic and abiotic constraints are said to be stressed.
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182. EAGLES:
Neither golden eagles nor bald eagles are endangered species. The US bald eagle
population has more than quadrupled since 2009, from around 72,000 to 317,000 birds.
But the US golden eagle population is still relatively small – around 30,000 birds – and at
risk of declining.
183. BUSINESS SCHOOL ADMISSIONS:

Business school admissions officers said the new drive to attract younger students was in
part the result of a realization that they had inadvertently limited their applicant pool by
requiring several year's work experience. Talented students who might otherwise have
gone to business school instead opted for a law or policy degree because they were
intimidated by the expectation of work experience.
184. TRANSPORTATION:
Not a lot is known about how the transportation of goods by water first began. Large cargo
boats were being used in some parts of the world up to five thousand years ago. However,
sea trade became more widespread when large sailing boats travelled between ports,
carrying spices, perfumes and objects made by hand.
185. MARINE BIOLOGIST:

The speaker is a marine biologist who became interested in the Strandlopers, an ancient
people who lived on the coastline, because of their connection to the sea. Their way of life
intrigued him. As a child he had spent a lot of time by the sea, exploring and collecting
things – so he began to study them, and discovered some interesting information about
their way of life, how they hunted, what tools they used, and so on.
186. GALAXY:
One of the unidentifiable objects in this study lies just outside Centaurus A, an elliptical
galaxy located about 12 million light-years from Earth. The other is in a globular cluster
of stars found just outside NGC 4636; another elliptical galaxy located 47 million light-
years from Earth in the constellation Virgo.
187. STATISTICAL INFORMATION:

The provision of accurate and authoritative statistical information strengthens our society. It
provides a basis for decisions to be made on public policy, such as determining electoral
boundaries and where to locate schools and hospitals. It allows businesses to know their market,
grow their business, and improve their marketing strategies by targeting their activities
appropriately.
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188. ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY COURSE:
Along with customary classes on subjects such as finance, accounting, and marketing,
today's MBA students are enrolling on courses for environmental policy and stewardship.
Indeed, more than half of business schools require a course in environmental sustainability
or corporate social responsibility, according to a survey of 91 US business schools,
published in October 2005.
189. BOOKKEEPERS:
A national study into fraud by bookkeepers employed at small and medium-sized
businesses has uncovered sixty-five instances of theft in more than five years, with more
than thirty-one million dollars stolen. Of the cases identified by the research, 56 involved
women and nine instances involved men. However, male bookkeepers who defrauded
their employers stole three times, on average, the amount that women stole.
190. GRADUATE ADMISSION SCHOOL:

Since our graduate admission school is not centralized, each of the university 6 schools
and colleges admits students to its own programs. For information about specific program
degrees, graduate applications, graduate admission requirements and procedures, graduate
scholarships and status of your application, visit the individual school websites.
191. CENTRAL AIM:

Our central aim is to enable you to develop knowledge and attitudes and skills that are
conducive to constructive involvement, cooperation and teamwork with others and will
serve you well in future endeavors. To succeed, the process demands all of us a serious
exercise in civic responsibility.
192. REGULAR EXERCISE:

Regular exercise releases brain chemicals key for memory, concentration, and mental
sharpness at the same time as lifting your mood, and lowering stress and anxiety all of
which contribute to brain health. Studies show that regular exercise helps you manage
complex tasks, organize and razor-sharpen your focus which is great for those long
revision sessions or particularly complex exam questions.
193. DIGITALIZATION OF MEDICAL RECORDS:

In medicine, the application of information technology means the digitalization of medical
records and the establishment of an intelligent network for sharing those records. Other
benefits flow from these technological changes. In the past medicine has taken a
paternalistic stance, with the all-knowing physician dispensing wisdom, but that is
becoming increasingly untenable.
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194. WALKING TOUR:
The information session is a 45-minute presentation conducted by an admission
representative. Immediately following the session is a 90-minute walking tour of the
campus led by a student ambassador. Walking tours of the campus generally include
classroom buildings, a residence hall room, a dining hall, the library, athletic facilities,
performing art facilities, and the student union.
195. INFANT BRAIN:

Along with all that they have in common, infants also show unique individual traits. Some
are more active than others, some are more sociable and some are more interested in the
world around them. Infants earlier on show consistent differences in friendliness and
anxiety level which form part of their early character.
196. JOB HOURS:

Most of us spend on average 18 hundred hours per year in our jobs, and will work for
about 40 years before retirement. When you consider the amount of time spent in the
office, you soon realize how important it is to feel a sense of achievement at the end of the
day, rather than just meeting financial objectives.
197. POSSIBLE UNDERSTANDING:

The question is asked: "How is understanding possible?" The technique for thinking of
this approach is that, while Scripture is "something past a standard substance," Scripture
is in the principle examination "content" which individuals endeavor to appreciate; in this
sense, the benchmarks of seeing any substance applied to the Bible additionally paying
little regard to whatever other additional, especially philosophical gauges are considered.
198. GATOR HUNTER:

Nell and his colleagues took to the Everglades at night, hunting for gators near and far
from nests.' You have to use a spotlight and you see the little demon eyes shining out of
the marsh.' They lassoed the gators, pulled them into the airboat, and took blood samples
and body measurements.
199. CHAPLIN AND SYDNEY:

Charlie Chaplin and his brother Sydney were placed in an orphanage at a very early age.
Becoming a vaudeville performer, he joined Fred Karno's company in 1906. He made his
film debut in Making a Living (1914) and introduced the famous seedy and soft-hearted
gentleman-tramp routine, which became his hallmark. Numerous films for various studios
brought him world fame, all based on his mastery of pathos and slapstick acrobatics.
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200. INTERDISCIPLINARY STUDIES:
Interdisciplinarity or interdisciplinary studies involves the combination of two or more
academic disciplines into one activity (e.g., a research project). It draws knowledge from
several other fields like sociology, anthropology, psychology, economics etc. It is about
creating something by thinking across boundaries. It is related to an interdiscipline or an
interdisciplinary field, which is an organizational unit that crosses traditional boundaries
between academic disciplines or schools of thought, as new needs and professions emerge.
201. EDUCATIONAL DEMAND:

Public demand for education has remained strong, reflecting the importance of education
as a means of social progress. Aware of the social value of education to the world of the
work, the government continues to innovate and update the education system in order to
produce a qualified and competent work force.
202. ABSTRACT PREPARATION:

The preparation of abstracts is an intellectual effort, requiring general familiarity with the
subject. To bring out the salient points of an author’s argument calls for skills and
experience. Consequently, a considerable amount of qualified manpower that could be
used to advantage in other ways must be diverted to the task of facilitating access to
information.
203. SLANG:
Australians do speak English. However, for some tourists and travelers, it can be difficult
to understand the slang. Also, the links between Australian and American English were
seen to be very tenuous. At least some colloquialisms in Australian English do not exist
in other types of English.
204. ELECTRIC CAR:

First-year university students have designed and built a groundbreaking electric car that
recharges itself. Fifty students from the University of Sydney's Faculty of Engineering
spent five months cobbling together bits of plywood, foam and fiberglass to build the
ManGo concept car. They developed the specifications and hand built the car. It's a pretty
radical design: a four-wheel drive with a motor in each wheel.
205. DECEMBER SALES:

Weakness in electronics, auto and gas station sales dragged down overall retail sales last
month, but excluding those three categories, retailers enjoyed healthy increases across the
board, according to government figures released Wednesday. Moreover, December sales
numbers were also revised higher.
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206. DIFFICULT CONVERSATIONS:
Surprisingly, despite what appear to be infinite variations, all difficult conversations share
a common structure. When you’re caught up in the details and anxiety of a particular
difficult conversation, this structure is hard to see. But understanding that structure is
essential to improve how you handle your most challenging conversations.
207. TOOL USER:

The human animal's status as the only clever tool-user who can talk about our feelings is
crumbling. Prairie dogs can make up words for new animals. Crows are born with the
ability to make tools. Elephants recognise and stroke the bones of a lost family member.
As biologists delve into these subjects, they're demonstrating that we're not nearly as
unique as we once thought. It's the perfect time, scientifically speaking, to reassess our
place in the animal kingdom.
208. NONPROFIT UNIVERSITY:

A university is not a business. More precisely, a not-for-profit college or university is
significantly different than a for-profit business. A university has no owners it is a public
trust. Without owners it has no one to pay dividends to, and no one for whom it must
maximize its profits. A business has a single over-riding goal: the maximization of return
for the owners. A university has a multiplicity of goals: to foster learning, to create
knowledge, and to serve its community.
209. GRAND CANYON:

The Grand Canyon is 277 miles long, up to 18 miles wide and attains a depth of over a
mile. While the specific geologic processes and timing that formed the Grand Canyon are
the subject of debate by geologists, recent evidence suggests the Colorado River
established its course through the canyon at least 17 million years ago.
210. TESLA AND EDISON:

Tesla actually worked for Edison early in his career. Edison offered to pay him the modern
equivalent of a million dollars to fix the problems he was having with his DC generators
and motors. Tesla fixed Edison's machines and when he asked for the money he was
promised, Edison laughed him off and had this to say, "Tesla, you don't understand our
American humor."
211. UNIVERSITY:
A university is a lot more than just classes and exams. University is a concept that offers
you a host of possibilities to develop both academically and personally. Find out about the
different projects, clubs and societies that are in your university. You will definitely find
something you are interested in.
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212. CD-QUALITY SOUND:
Reiss took a stab at settling the argument with a meta-analysis, a study of studies, on
whether people can really perceive better-than CD-quality sound. He analyzed data from
18 studies, including more than 400 participants and nearly thirteen thousand listening
tests. Overall, listeners picked out the better-than CD-quality track fifty-two point three
percent of the time. Statistically significant, if not all that impressive.
213. HUNTED SPECIES:

It's not that human activities didn't impact wildlife at all of course. Heavily hunted species,
like white-tailed deer, grey squirrels, and raccoons, were photographed somewhat less
often in hunted areas. Coyotes showed up more often in hunted areas. While most species
didn't avoid hiking trails, the predators actually preferred them.
214. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:

As to the Industrial Revolution, one cannot dispute today the fact that it has succeeded in
inaugurating in a number of countries a level of mass prosperity which was undreamt of
in the days preceding the Industrial Revolution. But, on the immediate impact of Industrial
Revolution, there were substantial divergences among writers.
215. STRESS:
This study tracked about one thousand adults in the United States, and they ranged in age
from thirty-four to ninety-three, and they started the study by asking, "How much stress
have you experienced in the last year?" They also asked, "How much time have you spent
helping out friends, neighbors, people in your community?" And then they used public
records for the next five years to find out who died.
216. TEACHER’S INSTRUCTIONS:

In classes, your teachers will talk about topics that you are studying. The information that
they provide will be important to know when you take tests. You must be able to take good
written notes from what your teacher says.
217. ONLY FAMILY:

Imagine living all your life as the only family on your street. Then, one morning, you open
the front door and discover houses all around you. You see neighbors tending their gardens
and children walking to school. Where did all the people come from? What if the answer
turned out to be that they had always been there, you just hadn't seen them?
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218. JACOBSON:
It was found that while many companies express interest in Jacobson's use case approach,
actual scenario usage often falls outside what is described in textbooks and standard
methodologies. Users therefore face significant scenario management problems not yet
addressed adequately in theory or practice, and are demanding solutions to these problems.
219. FUNDING:
The most important issue is concerned with the problem of funding. Social services
receive different donations or grants from the government. However, these sums are not
sufficient for the solution of all problems. The second most important issue consists of
huge spending. The money social services achieve is not enough for normal functioning.
The third problem, affecting human services, is the lack of skilled and experienced
employees.
220. THESIS:
A thesis is a claim that you can argue for or against. It should be something that you can
present persuasively and clearly in the scope of your paper, so keep in mind the page count.
If possible, your thesis should also be somewhat original.
221. IMPORTANCE OF FOOD:

Food is one of the most important things you'll ever buy. And yet most people never bother
to think about their food and where it comes from. People spend a lot more time worrying
about what kind of blue jeans to wear, what kind of video games to play, what kind of
computers to buy.
222. DEMOGRAPHIC CHANGE:

How quickly this occurs depends on the dynamics of fertility, mortality and overseas
migration. While a moderate pace of demographic change allows for gradual adjustment
of the economy and policies to the changing population demographics, rapid changes are
more difficult to manage. As a result, governments and society as a whole may need to
take actions to address these issues.
223. BIOLOGY:
Biology is the natural science that studies life and living organisms, including their
physical structure, chemical processes, physiological mechanisms and evolution. Certain
unifying concepts consolidate it into a single and coherent field that recognizes genes as
the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels creation and extinction.
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224. PRIMITIVE MEN:
The findings of modern research support the view that the evolution of primitive men and
its culture should be regarded as “unity". Yet this unity is exceedingly complex, and future
research will doubtless enable us to make finer distinctions between the periods that people
composed it.
225. FISCAL YEAR:

At the beginning of each fiscal year funds are allocated to each State account in accordance
with the University's financial plan. Funds are allocated to each account by object of
expenditure. Account managers are responsible for ensuring that adequate funds are
available in the appropriate object before initiating transactions to use the funds.
226. SHAKESPEARE:
A young man from a small provincial town, a man without independent wealth, without
powerful family connections and without a university education, moves to London in the
fifteen eighties, and becomes a remarkable playwright of all time. How is an achievement
of magnitude made? How does Shakespeare become Shakespeare?
227. DOMESTICATION:
Domestication is an evolutionary, rather than a political development. They were more
likely to survive and prosper in an alliance with humans than on their own. Humans
provided the animals with food and protection, in exchange for which the animals
provided the humans their milk and eggs and, yes, their flesh.
228. OZONE ASCENTS:

A total of five ozone ascents were taken at Indian mission Antarctica from April to June
2016 (two thousand and sixteen). As stratospheric temperatures reduced to -82.24℃
(negative eighty-two-point twenty-four degree Celsius) on the twentieth of June 2016 (two
thousand and sixteen) indicating the formation of stratospheric clouds, leading scientists
feared that Montreal Accord has not succeeded to control the emission of ozone- depleting
gases in the atmosphere.
229. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY:

Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's health
and wellbeing. Regular physical activity is important in reducing the risk of chronic
diseases, such as heart disease and stroke, obesity, diabetes and some forms of cancer. The
National Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults recommends at least 30 minutes of
moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of the week, to obtain health
benefits.
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230. EXAMINATION CANDIDATES:
The department determines whether or not the candidate has passed the examination. In
cases where an appearance for the final public oral examination would constitute a
substantial financial hardship for the candidate, the director of graduate studies, may
recommend to the dean of the Graduate School for a virtual, video-conferenced
examination of the candidate.
231. ELECTRONIC DISCOURSE:

Electronic discourse is one form of interactive electronic communication. In this study,
we reserve the term for the two-directional texts in which one person using a keyboard
writes language that appears on the sender's monitor and is transmitted to the monitor of
a recipient, who responds by a keyboard.
232. ORIENTALISTS:
Orientalists, like many other nineteenth-century thinkers, conceive of humanity either in
large collective terms or in abstract generalities. Orientalists are neither interested in nor
capable of discussing individuals; instead, artificial entities predominate. Similarly, the
age-old distinction between "Europe" and "Asia" or "Occident" and "Orient" herds
beneath very wide labels of every possible variety of human plurality, reducing it in the
process to one or two terminal collective abstractions.
233. BREEDING AREAS:

Major breeding areas and breeding islands are shown as dark green areas or darts. Open
darts show no-breeding records on islands and are also used for offshore sightings that are
from ships or boats. Other areas where species are not meant to be seen are pale green,
with pale green hatching where records are usually sparse.
234. WATER TOWERS:

Global water consumption has increased almost fourfold in the past 100 years, and many
regions can only meet their water demand thanks to essential contributions from mountain
regions. In 30 years, almost a quarter of the world's lowland population will strongly
depend on runoff from the mountains. Only sustainable development can ensure the
important function of mountain areas as Earth's 'water towers'.
235. SCIENTISTS:
Scientists make observations, have assumptions, and do experiments. After these have
been done, they get their results. Then there is a lot of data from scientists. The scientists
around the world have a picture of the world.
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236. HEALTHCARE:
In the fast-changing world of modern healthcare, the job of a doctor is more and more
like the job of a chief executive. The people who run hospitals and physicians' practices
don't just need to know medicine. They must also be able to balance budgets, motivate
a large and diverse staff and make difficult marketing and legal decisions.
237. FURNITURE:
There are perhaps three ways of looking at furniture: some people see it as purely
functional and useful, and don't bother themselves with aesthetics; others see it as essential
to civilized living and concern themselves with design and how the furniture will look in
a room. In other words, function combined with aesthetics; and yet others see furniture as
a form of art.
238. ENERGY AND POLLUTION:

Humans need to use energy in order to exist. So, it is unsurprising that the way people
have been producing energy is largely responsible for current environmental problems.
Pollution comes in many forms, but those that are most concerning, because of their impact
on health, result from the combustion of fuels in power stations and cars.
239. NO ORDINARY BOOK:

This book is no ordinary book and should not be read through from beginning to end. It
contains many different adventures, and the path you take will depend on the choices you
make along the way. The success or failure of your mission will hinge on the decisions
you make, so think carefully before choosing.
240. SEMICONDUCTOR:
The semiconductor industry has been able to improve the performance of electronic
systems for more than four decades by making ever-smaller devices. However, this
approach will soon encounter both scientific and technical limits, which is why the
industry is exploring a number of alternative device technologies.
241. RUSSIA:
Long isolated from Western Europe, Russia grew up without participating in the
development like the Reformation that many Europeans taking pride in their unique
culture, find dubious value. Russia is, as a result, the most unusual member of European
family, if indeed it is European at all. The question is still open to debate, particularly
among Russians themselves.
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242. FAST FOOD:
Hundreds of millions of American people eat fast food every day without giving it much
thought, unaware of the subtle and not so subtle ramifications of their purchases. They just
grasp a hamburger and unwrap it and tossed the wrap into the bin. The whole experience
is transitory and soon forgotten.
243. ONLINE SHOPPING ENVIRONMENTS:

A unique characteristic of online shopping environments is that they allow vendors to
create retail interfaces with highly interactive features. One desirable form of interactivity
from a consumer perspective is the implementation of sophisticated tools to assist
shoppers in their purchase decisions by customizing the electronic shopping environment
to their individual preferences.
244. HAZARD ASSESSMENT:

A Hazard Assessment should be performed for work involving distillations of organic
liquids and should thoroughly address issues relating to residual water and possible
decomposition of the solvent in question, as well as the physical placement of the
distillation apparatus and heating equipment to be employed.
245. SOIL SAMPLES:

Investigators also compared those microbes with those living in fifty-two other soil
samples taken from all around the planet. The Park had organisms that also exist in deserts,
frozen tundra, forests, rainforests, and prairies. Antarctica was the only area that had
microbes that did not overlap with those found in Central Park. Only a small percentage
of the park's microbes were found to be already listed in databases.
246. TRAINING OF ACTOR:

The training of an actor is an intensive process which requires curiosity, courage and
commitment. You will learn how to prepare for rehearsal, how to rehearse and how to use
independent and proactive processes that inform you to do the best work possible for both
stage and screen.
247. COMPANIES:
Companies will want to be known not just for the financial results they generate, but
equally for the imprint they leave on society as a whole. First, ensuring that their products
contribute positively. Second, operating in a way that approaches a net-neutral impact to
the natural environment. And third, cherishing their people.
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248. PUBLICATION:
For the first two or three years after the Second World War, a new title would often sell
out within a few months of publication. However, unless public demand for the book was
unusually high, they were rarely able to reprint it. With paper stocks strictly rationed, they
could not afford to use up precious paper or tie up their limited capital with a reprint.
249. CHASING THE FLAME:

Yet it is precisely in observing the intertwinings of success and failure that Chasing the
Flame makes its greatest mark. With piercing insight and relentless logic, it reveals the
pitfalls of international politics and details an intricate struggle between individual and
institution. It haunts us with the poignant truth that even a great man can do only so much
to reinvent the world.
250. SCIENTISTS:
Conservation scientists have long tried to map how much of the planet remains undegraded
by human activity. Previous estimates using satellite imagery or raw demographic data
found anywhere from 20 to 40 percent of the globe was free from obvious human
incursions, such as roads, light pollution or the gaping scars of deforestation. But an intact
forest canopy can hide an emptied-out ecosystem below.
251. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY:

Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's health
and wellbeing. Regular physical activity is important in reducing the risk of chronic
diseases, such as heart disease and stroke, obesity, diabetes and some forms of cancer. The
National Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults recommends at least 30 minutes of
moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of the week, to obtain health
benefits.
252. VANILLA:
The uniquely scented flavor of vanilla is second only to chocolate in popularity on the
world’s palate. It’s also the second most expensive spice after saffron. But highly
labor-intensive cultivation methods and the plant’s temperamental life cycle and
propagation mean production on a global scale is struggling to keep up with the
increasing demand for the product.
253. CLIMATE CHANGE:

This is what needs to happen on climate change: the world needs to put a price on
carbon emissions and let the market respond. If politicians pretend this can be done
without pain, it will probably result in another five to ten years of pretending to take
action.
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254. FILMS:
Films can be compelling when used well. They have the power to change people’s
perspectives and outlook on life. When we consider it in education, it has become one of
the ideal teaching methods for various reasons. It helps to motivate learners to be more
productive and look on a positive side of life.
255. LOCOMOTION:
Locomotion underpins a limitless array of animal behaviors and can be a rich source of
inspiration for the design of modern machines. Movement requires mechanical interaction
with the physical environment to monitor and control musculoskeletal systems that may
be complex with many degrees of freedom. Recent advances in robotics have proven to
be powerful in broadening our understanding of how animals run in a controlled manner.
256. BEAUTY:
Beauty is subjective, and as such it of course cannot be defined in absolute terms. But we
all know or feel when something is beautiful to us personally. And in such instances,
methods of physics and network science can be used to quantify and help us better
understand what it is that evokes that pleasant feeling.
257. CANCELED FLIGHTS:

New York, North Carolina and lowa were some of the intended destinations of canceled
flights that were supposed to leave from Southern California. Those areas are in the path
of a winter storm that covered some neighborhoods with over a foot of snow and drenched
others with freezing rain on Monday.
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SPEAKING
REPEAT SENTENCES
Expert Advice
1. He's showing his work at the London Gallery of Art.

2. New technology has a role to play in innovation.
3. In most cases, quality products don't need much advertising.
4. The research looked at the neighborhood cooperative schemes such as community gardens.
5. Market research surveys might be given by telephone, the internet or in person.
6. I don't like cheese and tomato sandwiches on white bread and orange juice.
7. Children can share their lunch at around noon.
8. Negative discourse continues to be predominant in discussions about gender.
9. Our capacity to respond to national needs will determine our ability to flourish.
10. In this library, the reserve collection of books can be borrowed for up to three hours.
11. The United States has developed a coffee culture in recent years.
12. You can only choose one subject from biology and chemistry.
13. You can pay by cash or using a credit card.
14. A thorough bibliography is needed at the end of every assignment.
15. Robert Frost thinks the rural area is livable for people in New England.
16. The geographic assignment should be submitted by the midday of Friday.
17. All applications of internship are available in the office.
18. Ideally, free trade is beneficial to both trading partners.
19. The technician left the new microscope in the biology lab.
20. The cafeteria closes soon but the snack machine is accessible throughout the night.
21. This teaching method provides the opportunity for students to learn by completing tasks.
22. He studies and observes the behavior of babies and has written many articles about it.
23. Regular servicing can guarantee the smooth operation of the engine.
24. The job encompasses a wide range of responsibilities, so it is very challenging.
25. Have you talked to your parents about the problems you're having?
26. A moderate earthquake struck the United States early on Saturday.
27. The patients were observed over a period of several months.
28. We know that dolphins use sound to communicate with each other.
29. They are collecting information in preparation for the future talk.
30. Most supermarkets in this country sell a range of organic products.
31. The free banking system has been in operation since the early eighties.
32. The prospect of living in a city does not appeal to me.
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33. Most adults require between seven and nine hours of nightly sleep.
34. Biodiversity is essential for the processes that support all life on Earth, including humans.
35. History gives us the tools to analyze and explain problems in the past.
36. Mental health is important at every stage of life, from childhood through adulthood.
37. A good education not only teaches you skills but also helps you broaden your horizons.
38. During the childhood development, the importance of education is stronger than ever.
39. A good education helps you recognize yourself and your strengths.
40. Researchers have observed that family plays a crucial role in the success of individuals.
41. Children enjoy a healthy lifestyle when they live in a healthy family.
42. Accommodations on campus are limited but there are more options nearby.
43. The quality is needed by a successful business manager similar to those of the school.
44. There are many people in the USA who are critical of the voting system.
45. The renowned economist is slated to speak this evening.
46. There is only one conclusion to this line of thought.
47. There will be no classes scheduled during the exam week.
48. I would never feed my dog with commercial dog food.
49. My mom made a milkshake with frozen bananas and chocolate sauce.
50. Students can download the lecture handouts from the course website.
51. Being a vegan means not consuming any animal products.
52. Students should take advantage of the internet before attending the lecture.
53. I would like an egg and tomatoes on white sandwich bread with orange juice.
54. Applicants for the course preferably have a degree in English or journalism.
55. Any textual references you make should be cited appropriately in the bibliography.
56. Since the problems we face are global, we need to find the global solutions.
57. Companies are aiming to earn the money not to change the society.
58. We need to read the first five chapters to prepare for next week's tutorial.
59. Politicians can make better decisions if they listen to the public opinion.
60. In Europe, the political pressure is similar regarding globalization.
61. If you forgot your student number, you should contact Jenny Brice.
62. This part of the story is the story of my father.
63. The problems that science solves far outweigh the problems that it may bring.
64. A new report outlines ways in which cities should address transport issues.
65. They can tutor other students who need help for the preparation of the course and the test.
66. Advertisements are all around us wherever we go, whatever we do.
67. I really don't think so. Scientists should be free to do what they like.
68. There are many welcoming activities for new undergraduate and postgraduate students.
69. The media have had a great influence on people's beliefs and attitudes.
70. The temporary library will be closed in the winter break.
71. The first assignment is due on the fourteenth of September.
72. Next time, we'll discuss the influence of the media on public policy.
73. There is a lot of sugar in many fast foods.
74. There are lots of opportunities to make people in this course.
75. All faculty members contribute to the discovery and dissemination of new knowledge.
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76. In Canada, children prefer to go to public schools instead of private ones.
77. In order to achieve the educational goals, tutors often have to encourage students.
78. A team of teachers is trying to come up with an innovative curriculum.
79. This summer program has been illustrated with many photographs of activities.
80. Schools have to play their full part in promoting the welfare of children.
81. For many years, the schools attempted to neutralize controversies over race.
82. Animal science can be applied to a wide variety of careers and industries.
83. There is widespread concern that new houses will be built on protected land.
84. Improving the quality of air and water is important to human beings.
85. You will get a broad foundation in the technology of machine systems.
86. They're discussing the most efficient strategy to manage the risks facing the business.
87. We have been trained to investigate how cultural systems matter in this situation.
88. Agriculture is more than just farming; it's also about energy and conservation.
89. You can join us to apply knowledge to make this world a better place.
90. Before these papers are issued, make sure they are formally reviewed.
91. This website can help users to tackle a typical domestic issue.
92. You must include a statement that you are taking all courses through distance education.
93. The lecture on how to keep plants healthy will be hosted next week.
94. He used to take a walk in a small garden after dinner.
95. There are a variety of opportunities to get involved with undergraduate research.
96. Extension is only available under special circumstances.
97. The bus right out in the front will take you to the station.
98. Please visit individual department websites to explore more research options.
99. Plant pathology is the study of plant diseases, their causes and effects.
100. Through quality teaching, the university is committed to develop the knowledge.
101. We are committed to quality programs and responsive to a rapidly changing world.
102. We want to improve the quality of life and the standard of living.
103. The university embraces diversity and is committed to the discovery of knowledge.
104. The impact of public policy on gender and aging needs to be addressed.
105. Children need to be provided with an appropriate learning environment.
106. The school has developed a creative partnership with parents.
107. As a parent you need to choose the school that best suits your child.
108. Aboriginal people have a long tradition of teaching and learning in their own method.
109. Children of compulsory school age must be enrolled in school and attend every day.
110. No one is suggesting that any health risks attach to this product.
111. Right now, we have the ability to tackle these global issues.
112. The householder has a duty to take good care for the visitor's safety.
113. Transport has always been the key to developing international trade in this century.
114. The family business is now run as a cooperative.
115. The capacity to listen to colleagues is often considered a great skill.
116. He had been carrying on his business until he retired last year.
117. There will be an opportunity to ask questions at the end of the meeting.
118. Drinking and driving is one of the most common causes of traffic accidents.
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119. The family has sold most of its shares and will lose control of the company.
120. He had managed to cover a lot of topics in a short talk.
121. Now most of the young people are unable to do manual labor.
122. We did not receive any news during his long absence.
123. She is a social scientist with a background in urban design and planning.
124. Open access means making research publications freely available online.
125. The professor regards this research as fundamental to our environment.
126. We work with partners throughout the world in healthcare and business.
127. The lecture gives information about common career paths for economics students.
128. The doctor is also a creative writing tutor and author.
129. A talk will be given by a leading expert from the local government.
130. You can join our virtual open day to learn more about the campus.
131. Fruit and vegetables grow in abundance on this small island.
132. The exhibition has told us the fascinating story of the steam age.
133. The earthquake has resulted in many thousands of deaths since last week.
134. The company has to deal with huge losses resulting from its latest investment.
135. The court had absolved him of all responsibility for the accident.
136. There is absolutely nothing more the medical team can do.
137. Parents should set a good example to their children.
138. The students will have enough time to ask questions after the talk.
139. The company hopes the cost can be cut through reducing employment.
140. The team has made some minor changes to the new program.
141. Some of these churches date from even earlier than the last century.
142. The worker had absented himself from the office for the day.
143. I have made an appointment to see the doctor this morning.
144. This office is for students who want to study abroad.
145. The beggar was laughed at by the children.
146. Please register your student email account at your earliest convenience.
147. Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic electives clash on my timetable.
148. Humans need to use energy in order to exist.
149. No more than four people can be in the lab at once.
150. Students are not allowed to take journals out of the library.
151. Please do not bring food into the classroom.
152. You can pay using cash or a credit card.
153. We know that sleep is essential for a normal life.
154. I've had a very happy childhood so I sometimes forget that others haven't.
155. Adverts might use humor, drama or catchy slogans to grab people's attention.
156. When we talk, we use tone and expressions to understand.
157. The information you need for this meeting is on the website.
158. Training covers a range of scenarios that an actor might encounter.
159. Becoming a good actor requires persistence and motivation.
160. You are recommended to only use footnotes when they are necessary.
161. This type of butterfly travels to a country with a warmer climate in winter.
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162. A company may have the same legal rights as a person.
163. The aim is to increase the speed of the processes.
164. The new tools are being tested by senior specialists.
165. Junior hospital technicians have to work very long hours.
166. The doctor examined her and said she had a chest infection.
167. I would like to make an appointment to see the professor.
168. Languages are an essential part of the school curriculum.
169. Lower speed limits are part of a new road safety campaign.
170. What he’s bringing to the company is financial expertise.
171. Tests should be administered by a medical expert.
172. Collecting the raw materials proved a long and laborious task.
173. The company will arrange a taxi to meet you at the airport.
174. Organizational failure is considered from various perspectives in academic literature.
175. It’s time to finalize the work before the Wednesday seminar.
176. Meeting with tutors could be arranged for students who need additional help.
177. Most of the assignments should be submitted on the same day.
178. Sport is the main cause of traumatic brain injuries in the United States.
179. The author expressed an idea that modern readers inevitably cannot accept.
180. The course registration is open in early March for new students.
181. The office said Dr. Smith will arrive later today.
182. The visiting professor is going to give a lecture on geology.
183. The wheelchair lift has been upgraded this month.
184. There are lots of people competing for places in computer courses.
185. To receive the reimbursement, you must keep the original receipts.
186. You should include your name and identification number on the registration form.
187. Would you pass the material text book on the table?
188. Physics is a detailed study of matter and energy.
189. Student loans are now available for international students.
190. Spiritualism is defined as a system of belief or religious practice.
191. Newspapers across the world are reporting stories of presidents.
192. The trial is to increase the interest of the issue and the jurisdiction.
193. She is an expert of the eighteenth-century French literature.
194. This Thursday is the last day for students to withdraw subjects without any penalty.
195. Students are encouraged to think carefully about their accommodation needs.
196. The amount of time spent on configuration varies considerably.
197. Students are recommended to read new books by professor Johns.
198. An essay should use evidence from both primary and secondary sources.
199. The art course has been cancelled due to the new policy.
200. This lecture was meant to start at ten.
201. She doesn't even care about anything but what is honest and true.
202. The first few sentences of an essay should capture the reader's attention.
203. I have lectures on Tuesdays from nine o’clock until two o’clock.
204. Please register your student email account at your earliest convenience.
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205. Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic electives clash on my timetable.
206. Humans need to use energy in order to exist.
207. No more than four people can be in the lab at once.
208. Students are not allowed to take journals out of the library.
209. Please do not bring food into the classroom.
210. You can pay using cash or a credit card.
211. We know that sleep is essential for a normal life.
212. I've had a very happy childhood so I sometimes forget that others haven't.
213. Adverts might use humor, drama or catchy slogans to grab people's attention.
214. When we talk, we use tone and expressions to understand.
215. The Romans left in 410 at the beginning of the fifth century.
216. Essays should be typed with double space in white paper.
217. Just wait a minute, I will be with you shortly.
218. Students are afraid of writing an essay, because they have learned nothing about it.
219. Even with the permit, finding a parking spot on campus is still impossible.
220. I could not save my work as my computer got crashed.
221. Mobile phone chargers vary enormously from one place to another.
222. We are considering all candidates' backgrounds and identities.
223. Students can choose graduate certificate, graduate diploma and master course.
224. The lecture tomorrow will discuss the educational policy in the United States.
225. Next year I'm planning to take a sabbatical so that I can travel to South America.
226. I won't be able to attend the lecture because I have a doctor appointment.
227. Please explain what the author means by sustainability.
228. The study of archaeology requires intensive international fieldwork.
229. The US ranks twenty-second in foreign aid, given it as a percentage of GDP.
230. Organic food is grown without being applied chemicals or artificial additives to.
231. Today, we will be discussing the role of government in preventing injustice.
232. We will study the following two pictures in the next lecture.
233. Newspapers across the world reported stories of presidents.
234. In my free time, I would like to read current affairs and newspapers.
235. The number of company bankruptcy skyrocketed in the third quarter.
236. The students were instructed to submit their assignments before Friday.
237. The library offers group study rooms, so you can work with other students.
238. Children are not allowed to be in the laboratory at any time.
239. We should focus on innovation, and if we don’t, we are bound to lose out.
240. We are constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture close together.
241. To get further extension, you need to call the education executive on 401.
242. Please make sure you filled in all your details before submitting.
243. The main sports on campus are rugby, soccer, and tennis.
244. We can meet in my office after the lecture.
245. Lack of sleep can lead to changes in behavior.
246. Fatigue is a factor in a significant proportion of road accidents.
247. The verdict depends on which side was more convincing to the jury.
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248. Many students are so scared of writing essays, because they never learned how.
249. Residence Hall is closed prior to the academic building closing time in the semester.
250. Reserve collection of books can be borrowed for up to three hours.
251. Number the beakers and put them away.
252. He was constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture together.
253. Arteries carry blood from heart to the other parts of the body.
254. A renowned economist is selected to have a speech tonight at eight.
255. Many species have not yet been discovered by biologists.
256. Companies are to earn money but not change society.
257. The cafeteria closes soon, but snack machines are accessible throughout the night.
258. Fishing is a sport and a means for surviving.
259. Contemporary critics dismissed his idea as eccentric.
260. I think your watch is fast. You need to reset it.
261. There is not enough space for me in the car.
262. Animals grow larger and stronger to help them hunt better.
263. Professor Gordon just called me a few minutes ago.
264. By clicking this button, you agree with the terms and conditions of this website.
265. The content of the book on the cover must be in capitals.
266. He told me it was the most important assignment of all.
267. We’ve been doing research in that area for probably 25 years.
268. The media have had great influence on people’s beliefs and attitudes.
269. You realize that you can deal with a lot of situations.
270. Marks will be awarded for a bibliography in the correct format.
271. The campus car park will be closed next weekend.
272. Understanding the historical context will help you appreciate the art in this era.
273. She's doing a master's degree by distance learning.
274. Numerous courses devoted to life sciences are listed in the prospectus.
275. You can drop or add your courses online during the registration week.
276. It's obviously vital that companies should fully understand their customers.
277. I took everything to the copy center this morning before class.
278. The results of the study challenge previously held assumptions.
279. A computer virus destroyed all my files.
280. Don't forget to hand in your assignments by the end of next week.
281. Most assignments need to be submitted on the same day.
282. We are delighted to have professor Robert to join our faculty.
283. We offer a broad range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses.
284. You should raise your concern with the head of school.
285. Student loans for higher education are now available for international students.
286. The brain can be called the central computer of the body.
287. The health centre is situated at the corner of the university behind the library.
288. Remember your essay should be less than two thousand words.
289. Please make an appointment before attending the next meeting.
290. Please make sure you have filled in all your details before submitting.
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291. We support the research on tropical dynamics and forecasting.
292. There was no correlation between drug use and cure rates.
293. Our group meeting will be held tomorrow in the library conference room.
294. The curriculum is described in the course syllabus.
295. The qualification is assessed in criteria reference book.
296. Conferences will always be scheduled two weeks in advance.
297. Experts believe that industry development will help economy.
298. The history of the movement was recorded by several promoters.
299. All staff must leave from the fire hydrant exit.
300. Career opportunities in this field are quite limited.
301. The dining hall will be under renovation during the fall break.
302. The main concepts of these events were not fully understood.
303. The solar energy department is highly regarded worldwide.
304. Teaching assistants will receive monthly fees for housing.
305. The most important process of farming is weeding.
306. Free campus tour runs daily during summer for prospective students.
307. Please work with each other to build monolithic status.
308. Your task is to create the demand for the product.
309. Students who wish to apply for an extension should approach their tutors.
310. Computer failure is not an excuse for not submitting assignments on time.
311. The rules on breaks and lunch hours vary from company to the next.
312. The investigation aims to find the stand of the problem.
313. All students must return the books to the college library before the end of the term.
314. Restricted scholarships target principally at the students with specific goals.
315. You can retake the module if your marks are too low.
316. Expertise in particular areas distinguishes you from other graduates.
317. That country's economy is based primarily on tourism.
318. Companies exist to make money, not to change society.
319. You have to submit projects by the end of this week.
320. Soil erosion can be caused by increasing rainfall and changes in plant growth.
321. This paper is the best one to look at first.
322. The main issue is to decide how we want to launch the new product.
323. The mock trial aims to increase the interest in the law and traditional process.
324. The rising inflation rate indicates a decrease in demand for consumer product.
325. He studied for many years with an expert painter.
326. The tutor is there for help, so do ask if you don't understand anything.
327. Many health workers think that pensioners are too old to understand.
328. A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry.
329. A preliminary bibliography is due the week before the spring break.
330. The clear evidence between brain events and behavioral events is fascinating.
331. The law library is closed on Sundays and public holidays.
332. You can download all lecture handouts from the course website.
333. Our class is divided into two groups, you can join any of those.
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334. Students will not be given credits for assignments submitted after the due date.
335. The first person in space was from the Soviet Union.
336. The study of archaeology requires extensive international fieldwork.
337. He would yell if he was interrupted while painting.
338. Please come to the next seminar properly prepared.
339. Street lighting allows people to walk home safely at night.
340. A new cafe is opening in the library's basement.
341. Advertisements can occur in unusual places, even in the sea or in the sky.
342. The university celebrated the Earth Day by planting trees.
343. A study skill seminar is on for the students who require assistance.
344. To understand its entity, we need to go back to its origin.
345. People with an active lifestyle are less likely to die early or to have a major illness.
346. Most universities have libraries with digital and physical copies of journals.
347. Would you pass me the textbook on that table?
348. You may use your student identification card to borrow books at the library.
349. We heard the argument against from several perspectives.
350. Making a profit and protecting the environment needn't be separate aims.
351. Keeping organized class notes will make study time more efficient.
352. It is important to take gender into account when discussing the figures.
353. We should take gender into account when analyzing the data.
354. In eighteen thirty, periodicals appeared in large numbers in America.
355. I don’t understand what the comment on my essay means at all.
356. If she doesn't speak the language, she will not sit around and wait for a translator.
357. It's within the framework that we carry out our survey.
358. In Russia, my colleagues said my written language was hard to understand.
359. Meteorology is a detailed study of earth's atmosphere.
360. In this library, reserve collection books can be borrowed for up to three hours.
361. She is an expert in the eighteenth-century French literature.
362. The author expresses views that modern readers do not readily accept.
363. The Internet provides unusual opportunities for students and current events.
364. The contest includes both land living history and the human history.
365. The course registration opens in early March for new students.
366. The minimal mark for Distinction to be awarded is 75%.
367. The original Olympic Games were celebrated as religious festivals.
368. The part of the story is the story of my father.
369. On behalf of our department, thank you for your participation.
370. The real reason for global hunger is not the lack of food, but poverty.
371. The glass is not the real solid, because it doesn't have crystal structure.
372. All filed assignments should have a full list of bibliography.
373. Your enrollment information, results and fees will be available online.
374. The original Olympic game is one kind of original festival.
375. Rules about breaks and lunch time vary from one company to another.
376. Company exists for money, not for society.
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377. Acupuncture is a technique involved in traditional Chinese medicine.
378. Knives and forks should be placed next to the spoon on the edge of the table.
379. A periodical is a publication that is issued regularly.
380. New York City is famous for its ethnic diversity.
381. The diploma course would offer remote access to course materials via the Internet.
382. There is the potential to develop more flexible working practices.
383. We regret to inform you that your application has not been successful.
384. Our goods compete in terms of product quality, reliability and variety.
385. I met him on a flight from London to Paris.
386. They still haven't had any news about when they'll be able to go home.
387. I was inspired by the prospect of the new job ahead.
388. He was at the clinic recovering from an operation on his arm.
389. The picture shows six of the nine planets in the solar system.
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SPEAKING
DESCRIBE IMAGE
Expert Advice
Register on www.languageacademy.com.au for free AI powered practice portal and full
scored Mock-Test with Scorecard, Feedback and Analysis.
1. KITCHEN:
2. WASTED FOOD:
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3. MUSEUM VISITORS FROM 2007 TO 2012:
4. EDUCATION LEVELS BY AGE RANGE:
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5. ICELAND AGE BREAKDOWN:
6. VOLCANO ERUPTION:
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7. FAVOURITE SPORTS PERCENTAGE:
8. EDUCATION PAYS:
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9. VOLUNTEER EXPENSES:
10. COFFEE GUIDE:
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11. HOUSING DEAL:
12. FLOOR PLAN:
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13. PACKAGING AND DISPATCH:
14. WEB:
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15. BETTER HEALTH:
16. VEHICLE OWNERSHIP:
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17. HONEY PRODUCTION:
18. POINTS OF VIEW:
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19. INTERNET POPULATION:
20. OCEAN CURRENT AND TEMPERATURE:
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21. REHAB CENTER:
22. DIAMOND PRODUCTION:
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23. AIRLINE PASSENGER:
24. WORKING HOURS:
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25. CULTURAL WEBSITES:
26. FLU VACCINATION:
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27. ROCK CYCLE:
28. PAST vs PRESENT:
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29. STREET VIEW:
30. BUSINESS ECONOMY:
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31. CAR SPARE PARTS:
32. LEGOLAS’S MARKS:
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33. LESS DEVELOPED COUNTRIES:
34. COMPANY SALES STRATEGY:
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35. MAN AT DESK:
36. DEATH RATES:
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37. STRESS CURVE:
38. PLANT HEIGHT:
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39. ECOSYSTEMS:
40. ENERGY PYRAMID:
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41. TRAILING SALES:
42. DESALINATION EXPERIMENT:
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43. HEALTHY FOOD PYRAMID:
44. VEHICLE SALES:
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45. PLAYER’S SALARIES:
46. BLACKPOLL BIRDS MIGRATION:
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47. FOG:
48. RAIN:
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49. TABLES AND CHAIRS:
50. GREENHOUSE GAS:
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51. BLOOD FLOW:
52. NHS ENGLAND STAFF:
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53. SUICIDE IN ENGLAND:
54. CHOCOLATE CONSUMERS:
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55. LIFE CYCLE OF AN APPLE:
56. CLIMATE REGION:
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57. LEARNING PROCESS:
58. WORLDWIDE INCIDENCE:
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59. AVERAGE WAGES:
60. BUSINESS GROWTH:
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61. MUSIC SALES:
62. NZ HOUSE PRICE:
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63. DOMESTIC REVENUES:
64. FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE:
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65. ANTI-MALWARE MARKET:
66. NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS:
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67. EFFECTIVE SALES TAX:
68. RISK:
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69. BEAUTIFUL HOUSE:
70. PANDA HABITAT:
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71. BALANCE SHEET:
72. ELECTRICITY SOURCES:
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73. CORPORATE TAX RATE:
74. PROJECTED POPULATION:
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75. ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION:
76. AVERAGE YEARLY TEMPERATURE:
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77. INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS:
78. FLYOVERS:
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79. HIGHWAY:
80. NATURE:
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81. ELEPHANT:
82. STUDENT:
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83. PARK:
84. PICNIC:
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85. MORNING WALK:
86. SLIDES:
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87. CYCLING:
88. BUSY STREET:
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89. SEMINAR:
90. AGE GROUP:
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91. HOW TO GET A JOB:
92. HOUSEHOLD BUDGETS:
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93. VOLUNTEER WORK:
94. COUNTRY PERCENTAGE:
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95. EMERGING MARKETS:
96. CREATION AND IMPLEMENTATION:
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97. WORLD POPULATION DATA:
98. IDEA PROCESS:
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99. GOVERNMENT RECEIPTS:
100. JOURNALISTS IN PRISON:
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101. FUEL CONSUMPTION:
102. WOODEN PATH:
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103. GLOBAL LITERACY RATES:
104. RICE:
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105. FROG LIFE CYCLE:
106. GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE:
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107. LAKE:
108. ENERGY SECURITY:
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109. GOVERNMENT SPENDING:
110. STORM AND HURRICANE:
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111. BIG BEN:
112. CARBON DIET:
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113. TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION:
114. UNINSURED REASONS:
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115. RICHEST COUNTRIES:
116. DISADVANTAGED BACKGROUNDS OF STUDENTS:
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117. ECONOMIC SECTORS:
118. ECONOMIC BLOGGERS SURVEY:
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119. GRAPH CHART:
120. PROPOSED Vs IMPLEMENTED CO2 CAPTURE:
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121. NATIVE VEGETATION:
122. REGIONAL EXAM CENTRE:
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123. HOLY GARDEN OF EDEN:
124. FAST FOOD CONSUMPTION:
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125. CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX:
126. CLIMATE ZONES:
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127. JUMPS IN SALARY:
128. FLOODS:
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129. WORLD’S MOST POWERFUL PASSPORTS:
130. MOBILE BRANDS:
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131. ANIMALS RELATED DEATHS:
132. LEANING TOWER OF PISA:
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133. GNH:
134. BERMUDA TRIANGLE:
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135. FUTURE OF FOOD:
136. FLOOD:
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137. SOCIAL MEDIA:
138. GRAPH FOR A PSYCH EXPERIMENT:
123 | P a g e
139. CLAIMS MADE BY DONALD TRUMP:
140. PREMIUM, PAST AND FUTURE:
124 | P a g e
141. ANALYTIC THEOLOGY:
142. FISH MARKET:
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143. ORGANIC MARKET:
144. ANNUAL SUNSHINE HOURS OF FRANCE:
126 | P a g e
145. FAMILY:
146. LIBRARY:
127 | P a g e
147. GRADUATION:
148. CLASSROOM:
128 | P a g e
149. FRIENDS:
150. MEETING:
129 | P a g e
151. SCHOOL YARD:
152. ENGINEERING CONCEPTS:
130 | P a g e
153. RAJASTHAN:
154. GARDEN:
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155. INCOME DISTRIBUTION:
156. MEAT CONSUMPTION:
132 | P a g e
157. RAINFOREST IN SOUTH AMERICA:
158. DESKTOP BROWSER MARKET:
133 | P a g e
159. INCREASE IN NUMBER OF DWELLINGS:
160. ELECTRICITY GENERATION ACROSS AUSTRALIA:
134 | P a g e
161. NON-PSYCHOLOGY MAJOR:
162. AIDS CASES:
135 | P a g e
163. USE OF TRANSPORTATION:
164. RESPONDENT GENDER:
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165. HAND TOOL:
166. YEARLY LEISURE:
137 | P a g e
167. WATER CYCLE:
168. EASY TASKS:
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169. MOST USED TECHNOLOGY:
170. CHAIN MANAGEMENT:
139 | P a g e
171. CLOSED LOOP RECYCLING:
172. ISTANBUL PROMO:
140 | P a g e
173. FITNESS:
174. FITNESS MEMBERSHIP:
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175. ADULTS vs. TEENS:
176. TOMATO MANUFACTURING:
142 | P a g e
177. PLASTIC RECYCLING:
178. PERCENTAGE OF FOOD BUDGET:
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179. TYPES OF BULLYING:
180. DEADLY DIWALI:
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181. ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION:
182. WHAT KIND OF PET YOU OWN:
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183. DIFFERENT SHAPES OF MOON:
184. PLANTATION OF PAPER:
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185. PRODUCT MANUFACTURING:
186. LEVERAGE RATIO:
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187. WEIGHT LOSS:
188. MONEY SPENT ON TRANSPORTATION:
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189. INTERNAL AUDIT PROCESS:
190. DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCT LAUNCH:
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191. AZERBAIJAN:
192. HEN:
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SPEAKING
RETELL LECTURE
Expert Advice
1. SENSATION OF FULLNESS:
The sensation of fullness is set in motion as food moves from your mouth down your
esophagus. Once it hits your stomach, it gradually fills the space. That causes the
surrounding muscular wall to stretch, expanding slowly like a balloon. A multitude of
nerves wrapped intricately around the stomach wall sense the stretching. They
communicate with the vagus nerve up to the brainstem and hypothalamus, the main
parts of the brain that control food intake. But that’s just one input your brain uses to
sense fullness. After all, if you fill your stomach with water, you won't feel full for long.
Your brain also takes into account chemical messengers in the form of hormones
produced by endocrine cells throughout your digestive system. These respond to the
presence of specific nutrients in your gut and bloodstream, which gradually increase as
you digest your food. As the hormones seep out, they’re swept up by the blood and
eventually reach the hypothalamus in the brain. Over 20 gastrointestinal hormones are
involved in moderating our appetites. One example is cholecystokinin, which is
produced in response to food by cells in the upper small bowel. When it reached the
hypothalamus, it causes a reduction in the feeling of reward you get when you eat food.
When that occurs, the sense of being satiated starts to sink in and you stop eating.
2. EMERGENCE:
How do schools of fish swim in harmony? And how do the tiny cells in your brain give
rise to the complex thoughts, memories, and consciousness that are you? Oddly enough,
those questions have the same general answer: emergence, or the spontaneous creation
of sophisticated behaviors and functions from large groups of simple elements. Like
many animals, fish stick together in groups, but that's not just because they enjoy each
other's company. It’s a matter of survival. Schools of fish exhibit complex swarming
behaviors that help them evade hungry predators, while a lone fish is quickly singled
out as easy prey. So, which brilliant fish leader is the one in charge? Actually, no one
is, and everyone is. So, what does that mean? While the school of fish is elegantly
twisting, turning, and dodging sharks in what looks like deliberate coordination, each
individual fish is actually just following two basic rules that have nothing to do with the
shark: one, stay close, but not too close to your neighbor, and two, keep swimming. As
individuals, the fish are focused on the minutiae of these local interactions, but if enough
fish join the group, something remarkable happens.
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The movement of individual fish is eclipsed by an entirely new entity: the school, which
has its own unique set of behaviors. The school isn’t controlled by any single fish. It
simply emerges if you have enough fish following the right set of local rules. It’s like
an accident that happens over and over again, allowing fish all across the ocean to
reliably avoid predation.
3. RESTORATION PROJECTS:
In 2019, a study led by Zurich’s Crowther lab analyzed satellite imagery of the world’s
existing tree cover. By combining it with climate and soil data and excluding areas
necessary for human use, they determined Earth could support nearly one billion
hectares of additional forest. That's roughly 1.2 trillion trees. This staggering number
surprised the scientific community, prompting additional research. Scientists now cite
a more conservative but still remarkable figure. By their revised estimates, these
restored ecosystems could capture anywhere from 100 to 200 billion tons of carbon,
accounting for over one-sixth of humanity's carbon emissions. More than half of the
potential forest canopy for new restoration efforts can be found in just six countries.
And the study can also provide insight into existing restoration projects, like The Bonn
Challenge, which aims to restore 350 million hectares of forest by 2030. But this is
where it gets complicated. Ecosystems are incredibly complex, and it’s unclear whether
they’re best restored by human intervention. It’s possible the right thing to do for certain
areas is to simply leave them alone.
4. BIPOLAR DISORDER:
What is bipolar disorder? The word bipolar means two extremes. For the many millions
experiencing bipolar disorder around the world, life is split between two different
realities - elation and depression. Although there are many variations of bipolar
disorder, let’s consider a couple. Type 1 has extreme highs alongside the lows, while
Type 2 involves briefer, less extreme periods of elation interspersed with long periods
of depression. For someone seesawing between emotional states, it can feel impossible
to find the balance necessary to lead a healthy life. Type 1's extreme highs are known
as manic episodes, and they can make a person range from feeling irritable to invincible.
But these euphoric episodes exceed ordinary feelings of joy, causing troubling
symptoms like racing thoughts, sleeplessness, rapid speech, impulsive actions, and
risky behaviors. Without treatment, these episodes become more frequent, intense, and
take longer to subside.
5. COLOR:
One of the most striking properties about life is that it has color. To understand the
phenomenon of color, it helps to think about light as a wave. But, before we get to that,
let's talk a little bit about waves in general. Imagine you're sitting on a boat on the ocean
watching a cork bob up and down in the water. The first thing you notice about the
motion is that it repeats itself.
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The cork traces the same path over and over again... up and down, up and down. This
repetitive or periodic motion is characteristic of waves. Then you notice something
else... using a stopwatch, you measure the time it takes for the piece of cark to go over
its highest position down to its lowest and then back up again. Suppose this takes two
seconds. To use the physics jargon, you've measured the period of the waves that cork
is bobbing on. That is, how long it takes a wave to go through its full range of motion
once. The same information can be expressed in a different way by calculating the
wave’s frequency. Frequency, as the name suggests, tells you how frequent the waves
are. That is, how many of them go by in one second. If you know how many seconds
one full wave takes, then it’s easy to work out how many waves go by in one second.
In this case, since each wave takes 2 seconds, the frequency is 0.5 waves per second.
So enough about bobbing corks... what about light and color? If light is a wave, then it
must have a frequency. Right? Well... yes, it does. And it turns out that we already have
a name for the frequency of the light that our eyes detect. It’s called color. That's right.
Color is nothing more than a measure of how quickly the light waves are waving.
6. ALASKA WELLBEING:
One of the social issues faced by the state of Alaska is the lack of mental and emotional
well-being of the native Alaskans. It is very unfortunate that many of the Native
Americans are living under poor conditions throughout the country. In the cases of
native Alaskans, even virtually entire villages are suffering from a lack of mental and
emotional well-being, which includes continuing poor physical and mental health.
Alcohol abuse, domestic violence, homicides, and suicides are frequent among them,
which of course, lead to families falling apart. It is tragic to see that many children are
abused and not educated properly. As a matter of fact, the children themselves are
abusing alcohol and other chemicals, and the rate is increasing over the time. Since
parents are suffering from mental illnesses and alcohol abuse, they can't take care of
their children, so many children are being taken care of by others or simply neglected.
Therefore, we can conclude that Alaskan natives are losing hold of their communities,
cultural identities, and most importantly, their childhoods. So, you can see how serious
the issue is. Plus, rather than making a living for themselves, they are depending on
public services and subsidies. They have lost control of and responsibility for their
economy and governing institutions.
7. STRESS AND MEMORY:

Facts you read, hear, or study become memories through a process with three main
steps. First comes acquisition: the moment you encounter a new piece of information.
Each sensory experience activates a unique set of brain areas. In order to become lasting
memories, these sensory experiences have to be consolidated by the hippocampus,
influenced by the amygdala, which emphasizes experiences associated with strong
emotions. The hippocampus then encodes memories, probably by strengthening
synaptic connections stimulated during the original sensory experience.
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Once memory has been encoded, it can be remembered or retrieved later. Memories are
stored all over the brain, and it's likely the prefrontal cortex that signals for their
retrieval. So how does stress affect each of these stages? In the first two stages, moderate
stress can actually help experiences enter your memory. Your brain responds to stressful
stimuli by releasing hormones known as corticosteroids, which activate a process of
threat-detection and threat-response in the amygdala. The amygdala prompts your
hippocampus to consolidate the stress-inducing experience into a memory. Meanwhile,
the flood of corticosteroids from stress stimulates your hippocampus, also prompting
memory consolidation. But even though some stress can be helpful, extreme and
chronic stress can have the opposite effect.
8. ECOLOGICAL BALANCE:
Most of the world’s ecosystems are the result of millennia of coevolution by organisms,
adapting to their environment and each other until a stable balance is reached. Healthy
ecosystems maintain this balance via limiting factors, environmental conditions that
restrict the size or range of a species. These include things like natural geography and
climate, food availability, and the presence or absence of predators. For example, plant
growth depends on levels of sunlight and soil nutrients. The amount of edible plants
affects the population of herbivores, which in turn impacts the carnivores that feed on
them. And a healthy predator population keeps the herbivores from becoming too
numerous and devouring all the plants. But even minor changes in one factor can upset
this balance, and the sudden introduction of non-native organisms can be a pretty major
change. A species that is evolved in a separate habitat will be susceptible to different
limiting factors, different predators, different energy sources, and different climates. If
the new habitat's limiting factors fail to restrict the species growth, it will continue to
multiply, out-competing native organisms for resources and disrupting the entire
ecosystem. Species are sometimes introduced into new habitats through natural factors,
like storms, ocean currents, or climate shifts. The majority of invasive species, though,
are introduced by humans.
9. TIME PARADOX:
So maybe you're on vacation, you're in Athens for the first time. During the day you're
experiencing a bunch of new events and new sights and sounds, and as it’s going by
that is prospectively it seems to be flying by. In retrospect however, maybe the next day
or you're back from vacation looking back upon that, it seems to be a long day. So
retrospectively it seems that it was an extended period of time. And this is something
that was pointed out as far back as William James in his Principles of Neuroscience
over a hundred years ago. And the point is that retrospectively we're not so much telling
time but we’re rebuilding or estimating how much time has elapsed based on the number
of experiences we have in memory.
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So retrospectively you're more estimating how much time has elapsed, if there was a
period full of new memories then you're left with the impression that it was a long
period of time retrospectively. But prospectively as it was taking place you were paying
attention to some sort of internal clock in our brain, which you were looking at or
querying, that was telling you that not much time has elapsed, because you weren't
paying much attention to time. So, on the other hand when you're very bored or in an
anxious state people experience time as dragging or going slow (again, prospectively).
10. GENIE:
Genie spent the first 13 years of her life locked away in a small bedroom in her parents’
home. In 1970, her parents were charged with child abuse and Genie began
rehabilitation with a team of psychologists and linguists. And scientists were using her
experiences to answer the following question: if a person is deprived of language
throughout their childhood, can they ever learn enough to be able to communicate well?
At first, the answer appeared to be yes. Genie quickly began to learn new words for the
objects around her and even say phrases with two or three words similar to how toddlers
speak. However, from there, her ability to communicate verbally plateaued. This is
because she could not learn grammar, which linguist Noam Chomsky believes separates
human language from the communication of animals. It appeared that Genie had passed
the critical period of learning human language, which is thought to end around puberty.
Scientists have hypothesized that, after a restricted developmental period where the
nervous system is particularly sensitive to the effects of a certain experience, in this
case, language, it is nearly impossible to learn it. And the same effects have also been
shown when learning sign language after the critical period. Now you're probably
wondering why there is a critical period in the first place. According to Eric Lenneberg,
the linguist who popularized the critical period hypothesis, the function of language
tends to settle in the left hemisphere of the brain after the critical period. And it’s
thought that the brain loses some of its plasticity after this lateralization. So, if you
haven't learned language until after this point, it may be harder for your brain to learn
the new material. And sadly for Genie, she was already past that point. However, while
Genie would never be able to effectively use language, she was able to quickly learn
other things, such as how to use the toilet and dress herself.
11. OVER ACHIEVEMENT:

In other words, over-achievers are trying to solve a range of psychological problems
through material or worldly means. And this is why their efforts must, in a deep sense,
always be doomed to failure - even when it appears to most of the world as if over-
achievers are succeeding beyond measure. Because success is the moment when over-
achievers are likely to notice the doomed nature of their ambitions, it is a particularly
troubling and dangerous eventuality. Depression may set in just after the company is
sold; the star will fall into a crisis just after they finally gain worldwide recognition.
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At exactly the point when their work is acclaimed or finds its audience, over-achievers
are at risk of severe breakdown. So long as they are merely running, they can forget to
notice that their goal is misaligned with their true inner ambition. They must wait for
success to reveal the fateful nature of their life’s quest.
12. DIPLOMAS:
1.2 trillion dollars of debts for diplomas make it abundantly obvious that higher
education is a consumer product you can buy. All of us talk about education just as the
economists do now, as an investment that you make to improve the human stock by
training them for work. As an investment you make to sort and classify people so that
employers can hire them more easily. The U.S. News & World Report ranks colleges
just as the consumer report rates washing machines. The language is peppered with
barbarisms. Teachers are called “service providers,” students are called “consumers.”
Sociology and Shakespeare and soccer and science, all of these are “content.” Student
debt is profitable. Only not an you. Your debt fattens the profit of the student loan
industry. The two 800-pound gorillas of which - Sallie Mae and Navient - posted last
year a combined profit of 1.2 billion dollars. And just like home mortgages, student
loans can be bundled and packaged and sliced and diced, and sold on Wall Street. And
colleges and universities that invest in these securitized loans profit twice. Once from
your tuition, and then again from the interest on debt. With all that money to be made,
are we surprised that some in the higher education business have begun to engage in
false advertising, in bait and switch in exploiting the very ignorance that they pretend
to educate.
13. STOCK MARKET:

So how do companies and investors use the market today? Let's imagine a new coffee
company that decides to launch on the market. First, the company will advertise itself
to big investors. If they think the company is a good idea, they get the first crack at
investing, and then sponsor the company’s initial public offering, or IPO. This launches
the company onto the official public market, where any company or individual who
believes the business could be profitable might buy a stock. Buying stocks makes those
investors partial owners in the business. Their investment helps the company to grow
and as it becomes more successful, more buyers may see potential and start buying
stocks. As demand for those stocks increases, so does their price, increasing the cost for
prospective buyers, and raising the value of the company’s stocks people already own.
For the company, this increased interest helps fund new initiatives, and also boosts its
overall market value by showing how many people are willing to invest in their idea.
However, if for some reason the company starts to seem less profitable, the reverse can
also happen. If investors think their stock value is going to decline, they'll sell their
stocks with the hopes of making a profit before the company loses more value. As stocks
are sold and demand for the stock goes down, the stock price falls, and with it, the
company’s market value. This can leave investors with big losses unless the company
starts to look profitable again.
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14. LISTENING TO EMPLOYEES:
People wanna work at places that give ‘em free food, and swag, and it’s a prestigious
organization, or I have a prestigious title, where I can make a best friend at work - the
things that we are told over and over again go into making a good work culture. In
reality, those are some of the least prioritized things for the majority of workers in
America today. To the extent that leaderships of companies are under these illusions,
they will continue to incentivize and design environments that are no longer a very good
fit to the true trade-off priorities of the workforce. What people want is work to be a
positive part of the rest of their life. They wanna be trusted to be able to make decisions
about how they do their work, and they are expecting mare meaning and purpose in
their work. The thing that will hold us back from a good life, rather than just working
to work, are these illusions that keep pulling us back to conformity to something for
which the group no longer actually values. We all don’t have to quit our job and go
somewhere else to find fulfillment. That it is closer than we think, and a lot of it is just
subtle changes particularly, around giving more control to employees, trusting them
more, listening to the things they care about.
15. INFLATION AND DEFLATION:

So why doesn’t the Fed just decide to print infinite hundred-dollar bills to make
everyone happy and rich? Well, because then the bills wouldn't be worth anything.
Think about the purpose of currency, which is to be exchanged for goods and services.
If the total amount of currency in circulation increases faster than the total value of
goods and services in the economy, then each individual piece will be able to buy a
smaller portion of those things than before. This is called inflation. On the other hand,
if the money supply remains the same, while more goods and services are produced,
each dollar's value would increase in a process known as deflation. So, which is worse?
Too much inflation means that the money in your wallet today will be worth less
tomorrow, making you want to spend it right away. So, while this would stimulate
business, it would also encourage overconsumption, or hoarding commodities, like food
and fuel, raising their prices and leading to consumer shortages and even more inflation.
But deflation would make people want to hold onto their money, and a decrease in
consumer spending would reduce business profits, leading to more unemployment and
a further decrease in spending, causing the economy to keep shrinking. So, most
economists believe that while too much of either is dangerous, a small, consistent
amount of inflation is necessary to encourage economic growth.
16. SLEEP DISORDER:

You might think that most of the patients at sleep clinics are being treated for
sleeplessness, commonly referred to as insomnia, but that is not the case. The majority
of sleep-clinic patients suffer from disorders of excessive sleep, or "hypersomnia."
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While most insomniacs somehow manage to drag themselves through the day and
function at acceptable, although not optimal levels, this is not so for people who suffer
from hypersomnia. They are incapacitated by irresistible urges to sleep during the day,
often in inappropriate situations--at business meetings, in supermarkets, or at parties.
Even more dangerous is their failure to remain awake when driving or operating
machinery. Falling asleep in such situations could obviously be life- threatening. Many
hypersomniacs suffer from narcolepsy, for which the primary symptom is excessive
daytime sleepiness. Though not apparent in childhood, this symptom most often appears
for the first time during the teen years and continues throughout a person's life. The
sleep attacks may occur as many as fifteen to twenty times during the course of the day
and last for periods from fifteen minutes up to two hours. What can be done to help
those suffering from narcolepsy? There are certain drugs that can help, and specialists
suggest voluntary napping to decrease the frequency of such sleep attacks.
17. KIDS IN THE MUSEUM:

So, we were founded just over ten years ago, when I was in the Royal Academy, a
museum in the centre of London, with my three children, at the Aztec exhibition. I don't
know if any of you saw it. I had an older child and two younger children, twins, strapped
in a pushchair, and one of my children, three years old, shouted and I've never denied
he shouted he shouted, 'Monster, monster! 'at this statue which looked just like a
monster, had snakes for hair, a big beak for a nose. And, I thought, this is fantastic. I've
got a three-year-old that's appreciating art. How good can it get? So, I bent down and I
said, 'Yes, it looks just like a monster' And, at that moment, a room warden came over,
a gallery assistant came over and said we were being too noisy, and threw us out to the
wrong family. I was, at that time, a journalist with The Guardian newspaper, and two
days later wrote a big piece in The Guardian about being thrown out of the Royal
Academy. What was really interesting was, by the end of that day, we had had, at the
paper, over 500 emails from other families saying, museums aren't working for us. Let's
try and make it work. So, that's what we did. In the Guardian, we set up a campaign.
We called it the Kids in Museums campaign, but it didn't really exist. It was just a few
pages. We ran loads of stories on it; I began touring the country talking about how to
make your museum family-friendly.
18. VISUAL DESCRIPTION:

The comics I show you with lots of people chatting around in a room is a form of
description. We use different kinds of methods to describe a situation. Sometimes we
have to use visual description, particularly when we do not witness the scenario. I was
born during the Second World War and my hometown is X, for example when I asked
my mother about the war, I always ask her you have mentioned this or that when you
talked to me when asked her about the shelter, I asked her what the shelter looks like
and when did you go to the shelter. From her response I could get more visual evidence
as I can to write my book.
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19. CHILD BIRTH RATE:
The western countries women are becoming more and more reluctant to give birth to
babies. However, the male's status in society remains as strong as it ever has in recent
years. The birth rates increased during 20's century but it starts to decrease over these
last two decades. In the year 2000, as an example, the birth rate remained at around 1%.
There are even some negative birth rates in other countries. Birth rates dropped to its
lowest point that has never been seen in the society. It also has impacts on male in the
society especially young man, and it might have some connection with unemployment
rates as well.
20. INVENTION:
All of my research and that I conducted was my 60 plus graduate students, was
motivated by their need to learn, so that we can teach. Of course, in some inventions
happened along the way but I've always considered the end the result. And I always
consider that this invention to be byproduct, byproducts of the learning process. The
end product for me was always better understanding or when one really succeeded in
unifying theory that can help us in teaching the subject. I've also looked at teaching as
a vehicle to try new ideas, of new ways to doing things on an intelligent group of
learners. That is as the vehicle for the teaching research results. And in my experience,
this kind of teaching is the most stimulated and motivating to students. I am also
uncovered many interesting research problems is the cause of teaching assumption. It
is this unity of research and teaching their close connection and the benefits gathered
by exercising and the interplay that to me characterizes the successful professor.
21. INFLATION AND DEFLATION:

So why doesn’t the Fed just decide to print infinite hundred-dollar bills to make
everyone happy and rich? Well, because then the bills wouldn’t be worth anything.
Think about the purpose of currency, which is to be exchanged for goods and services.
If the total amount of currency in circulation increases faster than the total value of
goods and services in the economy, then each individual piece will be able to buy a
smaller portion of those things than before. This is called inflation. On the other hand,
if the money supply remains the same, while more goods and services are produced,
each dollar's value would increase in a process known as deflation. So, which is worse?
Too much inflation means that the money in your wallet today will be worth less
tomorrow, making you want to spend it right away. So, while this would stimulate
business, it would also encourage overconsumption, or hoarding commodities, like food
and fuel, raising their prices and leading to consumer shortages and even more inflation.
But deflation would make people want to hold onto their money, and a decrease in
consumer spending would reduce business profits, leading to more unemployment and
a further decrease in spending, causing the economy to keep shrinking. So, most
economists believe that while too much of either is dangerous, a small, consistent
amount of inflation is necessary to encourage economic growth.
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22. SARTRE'S THEORY:
How do we know that there are other subjects in the world? And how do we know
ourselves as selves? Sartre thinks that, in order to answer these two questions, we need
to think about the way that others structure our experiences through the scene that he
calls the look. So, imagine you're in a park and you're alone and you're walking along.
You're seeing grass, you're seeing benches, et cetera. And then suddenly you see another
person walking. Now for Sartre, the other person is fundamentally different from the
other things that you have encountered so far in the park. They’re different from the
grass, the benches, the trees, because they appear to you as a center of their own
experience. Sartre says in seeing the other person, I feel the world stolen away from me.
It’s almost as if there is a sink hole of being. Because as much as I like to think of myself
as the organizing center of the world, as it turns out, there’s somebody else who is the
center of their own world, and this, he thinks is a fundamentally threatening experience.
So, our first encounters with others for start are fundamentally the site of conflict. It’s
not a warm, fuzzy feeling of being together.
23. NIGHT LIGHT:

In 2012, after reviewing the evidence, the American Medical Association released a
major statement, night light can disrupt your sleep cycle. However, for whatever reason,
not many people have been since informed about it. So here is the basics of what you
need to know. When you’re exposed to a significant amount of light, specifically of the
blue wavelengths, your body suppresses melatonin production to make you feel more
awake. Normally this evolutionary design works pretty well. With the coming of night
and day, our melatonin levels waxes and wanes giving us a circadian rhythm. However,
since the invention of artificial lights, we're being exposed to more and more light at
night time and these effects can be pretty big. Here’s what happens when you place
participants in a room with similar brightness to your average household. This is where
their melatonin levels would normally be if they were sleeping in a dark room, and here
are their melatonin levels in that lit room. You can see the huge suppression of
melatonin and it doesn't take too much to see these effects either.
24. WATER THAT DISSOLVES:

We make our countertops with quartz, our clothes with cotton, our windows with glass,
and our streets with asphalt because water can’t dissolve these materials. They’re made
mostly of molecules with no charged parts. It would be silly to build, say, windows with
something that can dissolve in water, like sugar. Unless you're going to eat them. And
lots of the substances that water does dissolve, like washable markers, are things we
engineered so that they can be washed away. We've also engineered versions that aren't
dissolvable in water for when we don’t want them to be washed away. By making sure
water dissolves what we want it to and only what we want it to. We've been able to
adapt a life to a world in which water dissolves so much stuff. We humans also literally
adapted to a world in which water dissolves so much stuff.
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The outer layer of our skin is built in a way that makes it uncharged and therefore
undissolvable. And the membrane surrounding each of the cells inside us has a similar
undissolvable layer. The only reason we humans exist at all on this watery planet or that
trees, fish, bacteria, or anything else exists is that we evolved barriers that could keep
water from dissolving us into goo. Any life forms that didn't were simply dead in the
water.
25. APPLE CIDER VINEGAR:

But lowering your blood sugar after a meal is just about the only benefit of drinking
apple cider vinegar. Research does suggest that acetic acid can slow down the
accumulation of body fat and prevent metabolic disorders in mice and rats. But there’s
little evidence that it has the same effect on humans. In one weight-loss experiment, 30
volunteers drank two tablespoons of either apple cider vinegar, malt vinegar, or a
placebo drink, twice a day, for two months straight, and none of them lost weight. In an
older study with a similar design, participants did lose weight, but only about a third of
a pound each week, which McDonald says isn't much. But if not for weight loss, what
about using cider vinegar to whiten your teeth? I caution people against that. That’s
because cider vinegar is an acid. In fact, most brands have a pH between 2 and 3, which
is similar to stomach acid, so swishing it around in your mouth can over time wear down
the enamel around your teeth, leaving them feeling rough to the touch and more
susceptible to cavities and decay.
26. SLEEP DEPRIVATION:

How can sleep deprivation cause such immense suffering? Scientists think the answer
lies with the accumulation of waste products in the brain. During our waking hours, our
cells are busy using up our day’s energy sources, which get broken down into various
by products, including adenosine. As adenosine builds up, it increases the urge to sleep,
also known as sleep pressure. In fact, caffeine works by blocking adenosine’s receptor
pathways. Other waste products also build up in the brain, and if they are not cleared
away, they collectively overload the brain and are thought to lead to the many negative
symptoms of sleep deprivation. So, what’s happening in our brain when we sleep to
prevent this? Scientists found something called the glymphatic system, a clean-up
mechanism that removes this buildup and is much more active when we're asleep. It
works by using cerebrospinal fluid to flush away toxic byproducts that accumulate
between cells. Lymphatic vessels, which serve as pathways for immune cells, have
recently been discovered in the brain, and they may also play a role in clearing out the
brain’s daily waste products. While scientists continue exploring the restorative
mechanisms behind sleep, we can be sure that slipping into slumber is a necessity if we
want to maintain our health and our sanity.
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27. STEEL AND PLASTIC:
Steel and plastic. These two materials are essential to so much of our infrastructure and
technology. and they have a complementary set of strengths and weaknesses. Steel is
strong and hard, but difficult to shape intricately. While plastic can take on just about
any form, it’s weak and soft. So, wouldn't it be nice if there were one material as strong
as the strongest steel and as shapeable as plastic? Well, a lot of scientists and
technologists are getting excited about a relatively recent invention called metallic glass
with both of those properties, and more. Metallic glasses look shiny and opaque. like
metals, and also like metals, they conduct heat and electricity. But they’re way stronger
than most metals, which means they can withstand a lot of force without getting bent or
dented, making ultrasharp scalpels, and ultra-strong electronics cases, hinges, screws;
the list goes on. Metallic glasses also have an incredible ability to store and release
elastic energy, which makes them perfect for sports equipment, like tennis racquets,
golf clubs, and skis. They're resistant to corrosion, and can be cast into complex shapes
with mirror-like surfaces in a single molding step. Despite their strength at room
temperature, if you go up a few hundred degrees Celsius, they soften significantly, and
can be deformed into any shape you like. Cool them back down, and they regain the
strength.
28. WATER ON MARS:

There is a lot of water on Mars and there once was a lot of surface flowing water. You
don’t see it because most of it is mixed with the soil which we call regolith on Mars, So
the Martian soil can be anywhere from as little as one percent in some very dry desert-
like areas to as much as 60 percent water. So, one strategy for getting water when you're
on Mars is to break up the regolith which would take something like a jackhammer
because it’s very cold, it’s very frozen. If you can imagine making a frozen brick or a
chunk of ice that’s mostly soil and maybe half water and half soil that’s what you would
be dealing with. So, you need to break this up. put it in an oven. As it heats up it turns
to steam. You run it through a distillation tube and you have pure drinking water that
comes out the other end. There is a much easier way to get water on Mars. In this
country we have developed industrial dehumidifiers, and they're very simple machines
that simply blow the air in a room or a building across a mineral called zeolite. Zeolite
is very common on Earth, it's very common on Mars. And zeolite is kind of like a
sponge. It absorbs water like crazy. Takes the humidity right out of the air. Then you
squeeze it and out, comes the water.
29. BEST THOUGHTS:

The primary obstacle to good thinking is not a cramped desk or an uninteresting
horizon. It is, first and foremost, anxiety. Often the most profound thoughts we need to
grapple with have a potentially disturbing character. As these potential implications
start to come vaguely into view, our inner censor, motivated by a desire for calm rather
than growth, gets alarmed.
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A vigilant part of the self gets agitated; it distracts us, it makes us feel tired or gives us
a strong need to go online. Skillfully, it confuses and muddles our train of thought. It
blocks the progress we were starting to make towards ideas that - though important and
interesting - also presented marked threats to short-term inner peace. It’s in this context
that the shower emerges as so helpful to the way our minds work and earns the right to
be honored as one of the best places on earth in which to do any kind of serious
reflection. Amidst the crashing water and the steam and with a few minutes of respite
before the day starts, the mind is no longer on guard, we're not supposed to be doing
much inside our heads; we're mainly occupied with trying to soap our backs and
properly rinse our hair. The ideas that have been half-forming at the back of our minds,
ideas about what the true purpose of our lives might be and what we should do next.
keep up their steady inward pressure - but now there is a lot less to stop them reaching
full consciousness. We're not meant to be thinking and so - at last - we can think freely
and courageously.
30. OPEN BORDERS:

I believe our borders should be open. But if that is not politically acceptable for
now, Europe should at least open up a legal route for people from developing
countries to come work here. Over time, hopefully, we can move to a position
where borders are completely open. Persuading skeptics won't be easy. That’s
why I think the argument for free migration has to be made at several levels. A
principled case, it increases freedom and reduces injustice. A humanitarian case,
it helps people much poorer than us. An economic case, it makes us richer. And
a pragmatic case, it is inevitable, so it is in everyone’s interests to make the best
of it. Freedom of movement is not just a matter of human rights and international
solidarity. It is in our self-interest. Opening our borders may seem unrealistic. But
so too, once did abolish slavery or giving women the vote. Campaigning for
people’ right to vote freely is a noble cause for our time.
31. COSMIC CIVILIZATION:

How often does a civilization occur? By studying that, we could look at stars that
are suitable for the development of civilizations. How many new stars appear
every year? Seven, but some stars are too cold and some are too hot. Only about
20% can be considered as suitable. We all know that there are some factors for
species and animals to survive and reproduce, including environmental
conditions, temperature, tolerance range, body size, weight, diets, seasonal and
daily activity, behavior, and the altitude they live. Animals migrate to find a new
habitat because the change of environment and only species that have the
tolerance for new environment could survive and reproduce. Human beings are
the only organism that makes extensive use of technology to extend the limits of
its natural tolerance range.
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32. GOOD LOCAL GOVERNMENT:
One of the questions I guessed a lot is how do we get good local government,
good bureaucracy and how do we see these positive changes come forward. And
it's interesting because a lot of the time we pay attention to the pioneers, the
people coming with new ideas or sometimes we pay attention to the big bosses,
the politicians or the big civil servants, but it seems to me the really important
people in seeing kind of widespread change are people like Morak. Morak is a
manager for a council called North Funnish council, it's in Scotland. And what
Morak is done for many years now is constantly work away with her colleagues
to figure out how do we keep making the system better. When they see somebody
in the vein, they think what we can learn from them, what we can bring to our
council. And when they see problems occurring in the bureaucracy, in the
systems, they think how can we change these problems. And I think I suppose
Morak means, Morak for me is an image of a good public servant, passionate
about her own community and making that place as good as possible and able to
use government and work through government structures to deliver positive
change.
33. FORMER CIVILIZATION:

The main topic of the lecture is (former civilization). Firstly, the speaker
discusses the idea of (nature) and how it relates to (profound crisis). After that,
the speaker mentions one example of (climate change, CO2 emissions,
greenhouse gas emissions). In addition, the speaker also talks about the idea of
(the crisis in access to fresh water, crisis in access to food, biodiversity loss on a
huge scale, and human inequality). Finally, the speaker concludes with a
description of (an interconnected set of really deep profound crisis).
34. THE MELK:

The Melk is not typical of all monasteries for many reasons. Firstly, it is very
grand which most especially later foundations aren't. Secondly, it was founded in
the countryside, whereas in 17th and 18th centuries, a good proportion of
foundations were made in Towns. Thirdly, it still owns a substantial amount of
land, because fourthly it lies in the Austrian Republic, the only European country
where grand old monasteries have been in continuous existence since they were
founded nine hundred a thousand even in one case twelve hundred years ago.
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35. STAGES OF BRAIN DEVELOPMENT:
Stages of Brain development- brain development during childhood, there are
three stages, starting from the primitive brain, limbic brain, and finally to the
neocortex. Although interrelated, the three had its own function. Primitive brain
functions to manage the physical to survive, manage reflex, motor motion control,
monitoring body functions, and process information coming from sensing.
Limbic brain functioning as a liaison to process emotions and the brain thinks,
and the primitive brain. While the thinking brain, which is the most objective part
of the brain, receiving input from the primitive brain and the limbic brain.
36. APHASIA:
Language is an essential part of our lives that we often take for granted. With it. we can
communicate our thoughts and feelings. lose ourselves in novels, send text messages,
and greet friends. It's hard to imagine being unable to turn thoughts into words. But if
the delicate web of language networks in your brain became disrupted by stroke, illness,
or trauma, you could find yourself truly at a loss for words. This disorder called aphasia
can impair all aspects of communication. People who have aphasia remain as intelligent
as ever. They know what they want to say, but can't always get their words to come out
correctly. They may unintentionally use substitutions called paraphasias, switching
related words, like saying ‘dog’ for ‘cat’, or words that sound similar, such as ‘house’
for ‘horse’, Sometimes, their words may even be unrecognizable,
37. EXAM ANXIETY:

There are many reasons making students between year 10 and 12 students feel
anxious for exams. Some students are too busy to do assignments, but they want to
have good scores because they don't want to upset their teachers and parents. But
more importantly, the teachers often give students wrong messages, telling them
that the next 2 years are the most important 2 years; if you fail, your life is failing.
This is not right, and I think this message triggers the anxiety.
38. AUTOMATION AND JOBS:

A video about automation by a male professor, with a lot of data on the slides,
starting and ending with black screens. Lots of data are presented orally by him.
With development of scientific technologies, there is a prediction that in future
many people will not get a job, and the prediction is supported with data. But
professionals will enjoy very stable jobs.
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39. COMPUTER AND HUMAN:
A video beginning with a blackboard on which two big numbers multiply with each
other. Computers can do fast multiplication of big numbers, because this is of
mathematics and logic, which takes a great amount of time for human to do it.
Because multiplication consists of a sequence of precise steps, computers won't
make mistakes. Then some English words come up in the video, which are written
by different persons. Humans can easily read handwriting, which is had for
computers to recognize words written by humans on paper. You may get some
Gender Registration Screen.
40. POVERTY:
A complex line chart. 1.5 million children live hard lives, with only two dollars per
day. Those poor people even cannot access to essential life support such as clean
water and energy. Most people even cannot do anything without energy.
41. MACHINE LEARNING:

A video about machine learning and big data, with the Great Barrier Reef as an
example. The Great Barrier is too large, with more than nine hundred islands,
kilometers long, so it is difficult to detect it. Big data can help to make predictions
from mathematical and statistical perspectives.
42. NEW ENERGY:

A picture of a windmill to generate electricity. Environmental issues are getting
worse and people don't know how to decrease emission of carbon dioxide. Research
of new energy aims to the protection of existing energy.
43. KEYBOARD:
A video about the keyboard. On the left a man is playing the piano and on the right
a male teacher explain the keyboard music. The player refuses to write down and
intentionally plays badly in front of audiences because he doesn't want others to
learn his techniques.
44. BEST MANAGERS:

Managers usually work long hours, so they don’t have time to read about other
firms or broaden their perspectives. It's important to study this while in university.
Ideas come from university and broad perspectives should be generic skills for
managers. That's why the best managers are not necessarily the most experienced.
It's not supposed to be the people who work their way up the ladder.
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45. DIGITAL JOBS:
A female lecturer with a clear voice. Women need to be trained in entrepreneurial
roles. Women will suffer 1:4 (1:20?) ratio job losses in tradition sectors, because
positions are disproportionately distributed. The gap will become wider. Companies
have to plan it intentionally, purposely and thoughtfully.
46. CIRCUMSTANCE:
A picture with a pan and a piece of lined paper in it. A person will get used to some
once bizarre phenomena if they stay in the circumstance too long. For example,
new employees come to a company and feel surprised with something.
47. PARENTING:
A picture in which a smiling girl holds a pen and adults are behind her. Adults
should not offer too much help to children. They should only pay attention to
children's safety and the safety is very important. They can teach children some
basic skills and children have to learn by themselves and should self-responsibility.
Many parents want to give their children the best education.
48. BOYS’ AND GIRLS’ PERFORMANCE:

For centuries, boys were top of the class. But these days, that’s no longer the case. A
new study by the OECD, a club of mostly rich countries, examined how 15-year-old
boys and girls performed at reading, mathematics, and science. Boys still score
somewhat better at maths, and in science the genders are roughly equal. But when it
comes to the students who really struggle, the difference is stark: boys are 50% more
likely than girls to fall short of basic standards in all three areas. Researchers suggest
that doing homework set by teachers is linked to better performance in maths, reading,
and science. Boys, it appears, spend more of their free time in the virtual world; they
are 17% more likely than girls to play collaborative online games than girls every day.
They also use the internet more. Third, peer pressure plays a role. A lot of boys decide
early on that they are just too cool for school which means they’re more likely to be
rowdy in class. Teachers mark them down for this. In anonymous tests, boys perform
better. In fact, the gender gap in reading drops by a third when teachers don’t know the
gender of the pupil they are marking. So, what can be done to close this gap? Getting
boys to do more homework and cut down on screen-time would help. But most of all,
abandoning gender stereotypes would benefit all students. Boys in countries with the
best schools read much better than girls. And girls in Shanghai excel in mathematics.
They outperform boys from anywhere else in the world.
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49. GLOBALIZATION:
I've been thinking a lot about the world recently and how it's changed over the last 20,
30, 40 years. Twenty or thirty years ago, if a chicken caught a cold and sneezed and
died in a remote village in East Asia, it would have been a tragedy for the chicken and
its closest relatives, but I don't think there was much possibility of us fearing a global
pandemic and the deaths of millions. Twenty or thirty years ago, if a bank in North
America lent too much money to some people who couldn't afford to pay it back and
the bank went bust, that was bad for the lender and bad for the borrower, but we didn't
imagine it would bring the global economic system to its knees for nearly a decade.
This is globalization. This is the miracle that has enabled us to transship our bodies and
our minds and our words and our pictures and our ideas and our teaching and our
learning around the planet ever faster and ever cheaper. It's brought a lot of bad stuff,
like the stuff that I just described, but it's also brought a lot of good stuff. A lot of us are
not aware of the extraordinary successes of the Millennium Development Goals, several
of which have achieved their targets long before the due date. That proves that this
species of humanity is capable of achieving extraordinary progress if it really acts
together and it really tries hard.
50. HAPPINESS AND SOCIAL RELATIONS:

Happiness comes from frequency and quality of social relation. The higher the
frequency is, the more happiness relations with friends and family and others produce.
It is not sure why social relation is correlated with happiness. But there’s evidence that
when people feel more satisfied with their social relations, they will feel happier, in
turn, when people feel happier, they will get more satisfied with social relations. Happy
people tend to be social more with friends and have more interaction between family.
Some people wonder if their social activities make them happier or their happy
personalities drive them to be social more with their friends and families.
51. SURVEY:
Let’s say if I'm asking which source you often use to get information. Newspaper?
Radio? And the survey shows 62% of the people chose internet. You might be thinking
I am going to say, how important the internet is, or how quickly it has changed the world
for a few years. But what if I tell you this survey is conducted on the website global and
mail.com? Our answer will be different. Because the people who did this survey on a
website must be frequent users of internet. This sample is a biased sample. So, we have
to pay attention to how a survey is conducted.
52. EARTH vs. MARS:

A PPT is given, and you can read it accordingly. This lecture compares the conditions
on the earth and Mars, as well as the habitability of Mars. There are some similarities
such as polar caps, atmospheres and water climate. But Mars and the earth also have
lots of difference.
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Even the most inhabitable areas on the earth are way different from those on Mars. In
preparing for the Phoenix Mission, scientists have done Antarctica trial runs. The
lecture also describes different forms of water (hydrology) on the surface and
underground of the earth and Mars.
53. DISSOCIATION OF PERSONALITIES:

Morton Prince was an American physician and psychologist, his book “Dissociation of
a Personality” was the best-seller at that time. It tells a story of Miss Christine
Beauchamp, who was suffering from MPD (Multiple Personality Disorder). Ms.
Beauchamp have several personalities, namely B1, B2 and B3. There was hidden
memory in these 3 personalities. Miss Beauchamp was B2. B2 knows about B1, B3
knows both B1 & B2, but B1 knows nothing about B2 or B3. The strongest personality
account for most of the time and it will take over the others and become the main
personality at the end. This case and theory give great help to crime investigation.
54. PRACTICE:
A picture with a Japanese girl playing guitar or violin. Mainly about the relation
between practice and performance in musical instrument playing, practice makes people
professional and excellent. Even professionals take 10000 hours to reach the
international level. Deliberate practice takes time and people also need to find and solve
problems and mistakes during it. There is an example of studying geometry to
demonstrate how important deliberate practice is. Key words include solitary practice
(?)
55. HUMAN BEHAVIOR:

Determinant, human behavior is affected by internal and external factors. At the end of
lecture, the speaker mentioned that psychologists are interested in explaining human
behavior. Determinant is influenced by two factors, the personal factors which are
internal and the environmental factors which are external. The personal factors include
people's belief on certain things and their individual thinking about it, while the
environmental factors include temperature, air pressure and the others' thinking about
them. In conclusion, one's determinants are affected by both himself and the
environment.
56. RICE:
In 1943, what became known as the Green Revolution began when Mexico, unable to
feed its growing population, shouted for help. Within a few years, the Ford and
Rockefeller Foundations founded the International Rice Research Institute in Asia, and
by 1962, a new strain of rice called IR8 was feeding people all over the world. IR8 was
the first really big modified crop to make a real impact on world hunger.
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In 1962 the technology did not yet exist to directly manipulate the genes of plants, and
so IR8 was created by carefully crossing existing varieties: selecting the best from each
generation, further modifying them, and finally finding the best. Here is the power of
modified crops: IR8, with no fertilizer, straight out of the box, produced five times the
yield of traditional rice varieties. In optimal conditions with nitrogen, it produced ten
times the yield of traditional varieties. By 1980, IR36 resisted pests and grew fast
enough to allow two crops a year instead of just one, doubling the yield. And by 1990,
using more advanced genetic manipulation techniques, IR72 was outperforming even
IR36. The Green Revolution saw worldwide crop yields explode from 1960 through
2000.
57. SUGAR:
There's sugar in a lot of foods where you don't expect it. Of course, there's lots of sugar
in donuts of ice cream, or pastries, or other things that are sweet; candy of course, but
there are other places where you see it and you don't necessarily expect it. So as an
example: peanut butter. Here's a list of ingredients from Skippy Peanut Butter and you
see that sugar is the second most common ingredient. So that you may know from the
reading food labels that these ingredients in any food labels that are listed in order of
how much there is in the food itself, so sugar comes right after peanuts. Here's another
example, Beef stew, you wouldn't necessarily expected to find sugar in beef stew but
it's there. Now it's down the list of ingredients, it's actually toward the end, but if you
look at the marketing of this and food at the can, it says, there's fresh potatoes and
carrots, but actually there's more sugar in this than there are carrots. And so, you
wouldn't eat something like beef stew and expect to find this to be the case.
58. DESERT ANTS:

There comes a time in a desert ant’s life when a piece of food is too large to ignore, but
too heavy to lift, and the only way to get it home is to adopt a new style of walking. The
long-legged and speedy Cataglyphis fortis normally covers ground with a three-legged
stride that moves two legs forwards on one side, and one on the other. For the next step,
the insect mirrors the move with its other three legs. But recordings of ants in the
Tunisian desert reveal that when faced with oversized lumps of food 10 times their own
weight, the forward “tripod” walking style is abandoned. Unable to lift the morsels in
their mandibles, the ants drag the food backwards instead, moving all six legs
independently. “This is the first time we have seen this in any ants,” said lead author
Sarah Pfeffer at the University of Ulm in Germany. The ants’ long legs already help
keep their bodies away from the scorching desert floor and enable them to speed around
at up to 60cm per second. “Think of Usain Bolt, who has very long legs compared to
body size. The desert floor is also very hot, so the further away their bodies are from
the surface, the better,” said co-author Matthias Wittlinger. The ants have also evolved
to function at body temperatures of 50C in a desert where temperatures can soar to 70C.
“They're basically just trying to get out of the heat,” he added.
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59. FROGS:
Carnivorous amphibians, the greatest diversity in tropical rain forests living in fresh
water, dry land, underground and trees omnivorous species feeding by fruit important
food source for the world's ecosystems susceptible to dehydration adaptations to dry
habitats producing vocalizations/attracting mates declining population since 1950
malformations fungal disease cultural roles in literature, symbolism and religion.
60. CHILD LANGUAGE ACQUISITION:

Child language acquisition, three little words. So, let's take them on at a time. Child,
when to start being a child? For many people, language acquisition starts around about
twelve months when kids say that first word, but don't forget the first year. At the first
year, our first year of life is very important as well and indeed before you are born,
remember there are couple of months before you are born, when you actually able to
perceive in the womb, something of the language that's around you. So, language
acquisition starts earlier than most people think. And it also ends later than most people
think. When does child language acquisition stop? Well, in a sense, you know, we are
all children, we stay being children all in our lives. There is no obvious endpoint for
learning sounds, of course, there is for learning grammar, there is for vocabulary, huh.
I mean that goes on for the rest of our lives in million or more words in English. Most
of us only have a vocabulary of 50, 60, 70 thousand words, whatever it is until there is
always something to learn. So, remember that two ends of child language acquisition
are wider apart than some people think. That means there is more scope for studying in
it than most people think.
61. INDIAN TRIBES:

I understand your professor has been discussing several Eastern Woodland Indian tribes
in your study of Native American cultures. As you have probably learned, the Eastern
Woodland Indians get their name from the forest-covered areas of the Eastern United
States where they lived. The earliest Woodland cultures date back 9,000 years, but the
group we'll focus on dates back only to about 700 A.D. We now call these Native
Americans the Mississippian culture, because they settled in the Mississippi River
valley. This civilization is known for its flat-topped monuments called temple mounds.
They were made of earth and used as temples and official residences. The temple
mounds were located in the central square of the city, with the huts of the townspeople
built in rows around the plaza. The Mississippian people were city dwellers. But some
city residents earned their living as farmers, tending the fields of corn, beans, and squash
that surrounded the city. The city’s artisans made arrowheads, leather goods, pottery,
and jewelry. Traders came from far away to exchange raw materials for these items. In
the slides I'm about to show, you will see models of a Mississippian city.
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62. CITY OF ROME:
But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow streets of the city of Rome as
they look from above today, you can see that again, the city grew in a fairly ad hoc way,
as I mentioned. It wasn't planned all at once. It just grew up over time, beginning in the
eighth century B.C. Now this is interesting. Because what we know about the Romans
is when they were left to their own devices and they could build the city from scratch,
they didn’t let it grow in an ad hoc way. They, they structured it in a, in a very care-,
very methodical way. That was basically based on military strategy, military planning.
The Romans they couldn’t have conquered the world without obviously having a
masterful military enterprise. And they everywhere they went on their various
campaigns, their various military campaigns. They would build, build camps and those
camps were always laid out in a very geometric plan along a grid, usually square or
rectangular.
63. CHOCOHOLICS:
Are you a chocolate-lover? Even true chocoholics might not know what their favorite
treat has in common with yogurt, cheese, and wine: its flavors come from fermentation.
Fermentation is the process of improving a food through the controlled activity of
microbes. The food you know as chocolate starts its life as the seeds of football-shaped
fruit. Farmers scoop out the seeds and pulp into piles or boxes. The seeds are now called
“cacao beans”. They ferment for about a week before they're dried, roasted, and crushed
with sugar until smooth and ready to eat. Let's go back to that fermentation step. Cacao
fermentation is a multi-stage process. The first stage involves yeast. Just like the yeast
in your beer, yeast in a cacao fermentation produces alcohol by digesting the sugary
pulp around the beans. As the pulp breaks down, oxygen seeps in. And oxygen-loving
bacteria take over. The bacteria generate acetic acid from the alcohol that the yeast
produced. Acetic acid causes biochemical changes as it soaks into the beans, and that
has a major impact on flavor. Finally, as the acid slowly evaporates and the sugars are
all used up, spore-forming organisms begin to grow. Cacao is a wild fermentation.
Farmers rely on natural microbes in their environment to create unique, local flavors.
64. AUTOCRACY:
Over the last decade the share of the world's population living under autocracy increased
from 48 to 68 percent. It is more important than ever to understand how autocracies
work. Autocrats have a keen interest in promoting the idea that they are all powerful.
Whereas leaders in democracies can be removed via elections, leaders in autocracies
can lose office in two ways: via a coup or popular revolt. To make matters worse,
autocrats can rarely address both threats at the same time. They often have to choose
whether to reward their elite cronies to prevent a coup or the masses to prevent a revolt.
This generates many difficult tradeoffs. Cheat too little an election and risk losing
office, but cheat to a much and signal weakness to your opponents.
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Use corruption to reward your elite friends, but not so much that it slows economic
growth and sparks a revolt. Manipulate the media, but not so much that people turn off
the television. Repress your political opponents, but not so much that it causes a
backlash. Empower the security services, but not so much that they can overthrow you.
Rulers who fail to resolve these tradeoffs often suffer the consequences.
65. ENERGY CHALLENGE:

Most Americans take energy for granted. But, for many families, maintaining access to
reliable and affordable energy is a persistent challenge and a significant material
hardship. This is a problem referred to as energy insecurity, and it affects millions of
American households each year. We have found that energy insecurity is a growing and
vexing problem among low-income households, and the COVID-19 pandemic has
made this problem worse. Our analysis finds that that there are disparities in rates of
energy insecurity across various socio-demographic groups. Black and Hispanic
households, for example, are significantly more likely to experience energy insecurity
and face utility disconnection than white households. So too are households with young
children, individuals that require electronic medical devices, and those in dwellings
with inefficient or poor conditions. Households that cannot pay for energy are unable
to power electronic learning or medical devices, keep perishable, healthy food in the
refrigerator, or maintain safe body temperatures. Under conditions of extreme heat or
cold, people can suffer from mental and physical health consequences, including the
possibility of death. Strategies for coping with uncomfortable temperatures, such as
burning trash or sitting in one’s car with the heat running, can lead to tragic outcomes
as well. Our research underscores the importance of public policy that targets energy
insecurity and its underlying causes. Weatherization assistance, incentives for
residential solar power, energy bill assistance, and utility disconnection protections are
all viable strategies for helping the millions of households across the country that are
currently unable to pay their energy bills.
66. FROGS:
Frogs are a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians
composing the order Anura. The oldest fossil proto frog appeared in the early Triassic
of Madagascar, but molecular clock dating suggests their origins may extend further
back to the Permian, 265 million years ago. Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from
the tropics to subarctic regions, but the greatest concentration of species diversity is
found in tropical rain forests. There are approximately 4,800 recorded species,
accounting for over 85% of extant amphibian species. They are also one of the five most
diverse vertebrate orders. Besides living in fresh water and on dry land, the adults of
some species are adapted for living underground or in trees. Adult frogs generally have
a carnivorous diet consisting of small invertebrates, but omnivorous species exist and a
few feed on fruit. Frogs are extremely efficient at converting what they eat into body
mass.
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They are an important food source for predators and part of the food web dynamics of
many of the world’s ecosystems. The skin is semi-permeable, making them susceptible
to dehydration, so they either live in moist places or have special adaptations to deal
with dry habitats. Frogs produce a wide range of vocalizations, particularly in they are
breeding season, and exhibit many different kinds of complex behaviors to attract
mates, to fend off predators and to generally survive. Frog populations have declined
significantly since the 1950s. More than one-third of species are considered to be
threatened with extinction and over one hundred and twenty are believed to have
become extinct since the 1980s. The number of malformations among frogs is on the
rise and an emerging fungal disease, chytridiomycosis, has spread around the world.
Conservation biologists are working to understand the causes of these problems and to
resolve them. Frogs are valued as food by humans and also have many cultural roles in
literature, symbolism and religion.
67. BUMBLE BEES:

Why the bumble bees pick some flowers over others? Researchers have known for a
while that flower's color can be a signal. Color in short hand that says to a bee: hey, I
get some good quality nectar here, want to stop by for a visit. But new findings show
that bees also use color to get clues about a flower's temperature. And according to a
study from a British research team published in the journal Nature, some like it hot.
Bees use up a lot of energy just stay in warm on some days. In fact, they can’t even fly
if they are too cold. So, if any flower is warmer than another, a bee can save some of its
fuel by basking on that flower while it’s doing its pollinating business. And it turns out
that bumble bees consistently do choose warmer flowers over cooler ones, even when
the two flowers offer up the same quantity and quality of nectar. Some plants seem to
be evolutionarily adapted to be slightly warmer because the warmer ones get visited
more by the chilly bees. When it comes to getting pollinated, apparently the heat is on,
and that is the buzz.
68. GENES AND EVOLUTION:

So, the pace, at which human minds have evolved over the last half million years and
more recently the last 200,000 years, has been so frighteningly rapid that the evolution
of cognitive function and perception can only occur in a small number of genes. If one
needed to adapt dozens of genes changes in concert, in order to acquire the penetrating
minds that we now have, which our ancestors 5,000 years ago didn’t have, the evolution
could not have taken place, it could not have occurred so quickly. And for that reason
alone, one begins to really suspect that the genetic differences between people who
lived 5,000 years ago is evidence that the difference between their cognitive functions
and ours is not actually as large. Therefore, a rather small number of genes may be
responsible for the powerful minds that humans have which most of us now possess.
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69. PARIS:
Paris is very old-there has been a settlement there for at least 6000 years and its shape
has been determined in part by the River Seine, and in part by the edicts of France’s
rulers. But the great boulevards we admire today are relatively new, and were
constructed to prevent any more barricades being created by the rebellious population;
that work was carried out in the middle 19th century. The earlier Paris had been in part
a maze of narrow streets and alleyways. But you can imagine that the work was not
only highly expensive, but caused great distress among the half a million or so residents
whose houses were simply razed, and whose neighborhoods disappeared. What is done
cannot usually be undone, especially when buildings are torn down.
70. LIGHT POLLUTION:

Look at any photo of earth's night sight, and you see the planet lit up like a Christmas
decoration. As the glowing light of bustling cities expand, the serenity of natural
darkness wanes. But the repercussions are not just the loss of the starry night sky.
Light pollution also affects animals who depend on a nighttime environment to survive.
Many bird species use the stars to navigate at night. Baby sea turtles use moonlight
reflected off the ocean to guide them back to the water. City lights can confuse them,
and fear them off course. Humans are not immune, either. Excessive exposure to
artificial light at night can increase the risk of sleep disorders and it’s also been linked
to obesity, depression, diabetes and even cancer.
71. IT INDUSTRY:
The history of software is of course very-very new. And the whole IT industry is really
only 67 years old which is extraordinary and to be so close to the birth of a major new
technology, a major new discipline is quite remarkable given where we got to in those
67 years. And the progression has been not so much a progression as a stampede
because Moore’s Law, the rapid expansion in the power of computing and the rapid fall
of the cost of computing and storage and communications has made it feasible for
information technology to move into all sorts of areas of life that were never
originally envisaged. What has happened is that there has been as I said a stampede for
people to pick the low-hanging fruit. And that is what's guided the development of
software and information technology over the past decades and continues to do so with
a number of consequences that we will explore.
72. BOOKS:
In today’s class we'll be examining some nineteenth-century pattern books that were
used for building houses. I think it’s fair to say that these pattern books were the most
important influence on the design of North American houses during the nineteenth
century. This was because most people who wanted to build a house couldn't afford to
hire an architect. Instead, they bought a pattern book, picked out a plan, and took it to
the builder.
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The difference in cost was substantial. In 1870, for example, hiring an architect
would've cost about a hundred dollars. At the same time, a pattern book written by an
architect cost only five dollars. At that price, it’s easy to see why pattern books were so
popular. Some are back in print again today, and of course they cost a lot more than
they did a hundred years ago. But they're an invaluable resource for historians, and also
for people who restore old houses. I have a modern reprint here that I'll be passing
around the roam in a moment so that everyone can have a look.
73. SHYNESS:
Today we're going to talk about shyness and discuss recent research on ways to help
children learn to interact socially. Many people consider themselves shy. In fact, forty
percent of peoplewho took part in our survey said they were shy. That's two out of every
five people. And there are studies to indicate that the tendency toward shyness may be
inherited. But just because certain children are timid, doesn't mean they are doomed to
be shy forever. There are things parents, teachers, and the children themselves can do
to overcome this tendency and even to prevent it. One research found that if parents
gently push their shy children to try new things, they can help these children become
less afraid and less inhibited. Another way to help shy children is to train them in social
skills. For example, there are special training groups where children are taught things
like looking at other children while talking to them, talking about other people's
interests, and even smiling. These groups have been very successful at giving shy
children a place to feel safe and accepted, and at building up their self-esteem.
74. SHY FISH:

But a new study of fish called sticklebacks shows that shy individuals actually prefer to
follow fish that are similarly timid. Researchers had trios of sticklebacks with known
personalitiesplay follow the leader. The fish were placed in a tank that had some plastic
plants at one end and some food hidden at the other. In some of the groups, a bold fish
and a shy fish acted as leaders, while another shy fish followed. And in other groups, it
was a bold fish that did the following. The researchers recorded whether the follower
sallied forth more frequently withthe fish that was behaviorally similar or the one that
was different. What they found is that shy fish were more likely to emerge from
undercover when an equally wary fellow was already out there. Bold follower fish did
not seem to care which leader they followed. Of course, no matter which fish a
stickleback chose to stick with, the bold fish did lead more expeditions over the course
of the experiment than their more retiring friends. That'sbecause the bold fish initiated
more trips, regardless of who might be tailing them.
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The researchers write that "when offered a choice of leaders, sticklebacks prefer to
follow individuals whose personality matches their own, but bolder individuals may,
nevertheless, be able to impose their leadership, even among shy followers, simply
through greater effort."
75. PAVLOV’S STUDY:

During this time my goals are going to be to talk about the phenomenon that we may
share impart with other animals, and our language and that is emotion and also talk
about some new technology, brain imagining, functional magnetic resonance imagining
that we applied to try to answer some very old questions about how’s does motivation
and emotion work. I’m going to present you with the scenario first, and some of you
may be familiar with. This was developed by Pavlov over a century ago. And in this
scenario, the dog is presented with the sound, the dog waits, and then it’ll sea food
powder and this happens repeatedly, things start to happen in the middle of what we’ve
already understood point. Interesting things start to happen here. Pavlov’s study was
salivation the dog, the salivation increases more time to paralyses. But other things
happened here too. You have a dog move around here more all kinds of things are going
on here. What we trying to capture was the experiment I’m going on to describe today
is what is going on in the brain to generate that state which we called it Pavlov state.
76. LICKING AND GROOMING

So, the way a mother rat takes care of its pups is by licking and grooming, nipple
switching an arch back nursing. So, the rats that do a lot of licking and grooming and
their last rats that rule very little. But most rats are in between. So that resembles a
human behavior as well, right, you have mothers that are highly mothering and mothers
that couldn't care less and most mothers are somewhere in between. So, if you look
at these rats. So, all you do you observethem and put them in separate cages. So, you
put the high lickers in one cage not the mothers, but the offspring and the low lickers in
another cage and then you let them grow and they're adults now, their mothers are long
buried and you look in the brain and you see that those who had high licking mothers
express a lot of glucocorticoid receptor, gene and though so our lawmakers express
know that reflects a number of factors and that results in a different stress response, but
this is not the only difference. We found later on there are hundreds of genes that are
differently expressed. So, if you get in a mutation, you know polymorphism once in a
million.
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Here, just the motherly launching just hundreds of genes in one shot and it changes
them in a very stable way that you can look at the old rat and you can say whether it
was licked or not. But you can also save by behavior. So, if you walk to the cages to the
room the rats that were poorly lit are highly anxious, hard to handle, aggressive and the
rats that were very well handled as off as little pups. They are much more relaxed much
easier to handle. So, you know, like every technician in the lab knows looking at the
adult rat how it was licked when it was a little tough any question, of course,
mechanism, how does this work?
77. LONDON TAXI SERVICE

But we can really thank the Great Exhibition of 1851 for giving us the world’s premier
taxi service, for it was going to this exhibition, and this fabulous exhibition inventions
from all around the four corners of the Empire that the visitors were appalled, dismayed
and vexed by their journeys to this exhibition because the cabbies of the day, and their
horse-drawn carts were absolutely terrible, could not find their way to this exhibition.
And, so, a great public outcry, the London Authority sets up Public Carriage Office,
which is an organization that still exists. And you can take a short walk to Penton Street
up the road. And this Public Carriage office took on the responsibility of licensing all
major taxi drivers in London. All taxi drivers from 1851 onwards had to pass what is
now known as the London knowledge was phenomenal knowledge of London. What is
the London knowledge? It’s the ability to remember the 25,000 streets, have it all
interconnected and all the main arterial roads in and out of London. Cabbies need to
know all this plus a thousand points of specific interest cafes, bars, public offices. They
need to know them all as part of their training. Sample answer: This lecture is about
the world’s premier taxi service for going to the Great Exhibition of 1851. Because the
cabbies could not find their way to this exhibition, so a great public outcry leads to
Public Carriage Office, which still exists. It’s on the Penton Street and took the
responsibility of licensing all major taxi drivers in London. From 1851 onwards, drivers
had to pass the London knowledge. What is the London knowledge? It’s to remember
the 25,000 streets and have them interconnected. In conclusion, cabbies need to know
1,000 points of cafes, bar and public offices, as part of their training.
78. ENTREPRENEUR:
To be a successful entrepreneur, you should have good ideas, but the definition of a
good idea varies depending on whom you ask. A great idea should have several features.
Firstly, the great idea should be various and novel. Secondly, the great idea should be
unique, which means no one has thought about it.
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Thirdly, it is essential for great ideas to be transformative and productive. All ideas are
essentially a combination of other smaller ideas, but this doesn't mean they can't be
unique. Merely copying doesn't make anything idiosyncratic, it's the individuality that
one puts in which makes a concept stand out. Constant innovation leaves no room for
stagnation and thus, adds on to the basic idea, effectively making it unique. Unique
ideas are inspired by basic things; they are simply extensions of pre-existing notions.
And, an idea or a concept is unique only when it transcends its predecessor and serves
its purpose in a better and more precise way.
79. THERMODYNAMICS:
Thermodynamics is the science of the flow of heat. So, thermo is heat, and dynamic is
the motion of heat. Thermodynamics was developed largely beginning in the 1800's, at
the time of the Industrial Revolution. So, taming of steel. The beginning of generating
power by burning fossil fuels. The beginning with the problems with CO2 and global
warming. In fact, it's interesting to note that the first calculation on the impact of the
CO2 on climate was done in the late 1800's by Arrhenius. Beginning of a generation of
power moving heat from fossil fuels to generating energy, locomotives, etc. So, he
calculated what would happen to this burning of fossil fuels, and he decided in his
calculation, he basically got the calculation right, by the way, but he came out that in
2,000 years from the time that he did the calculations, human would be in trouble.
80. KING:
At the top, you would have a king. Now the king would rule over a kingdom. Now, this
is not so easy to govern especially during the Middle Ages. And the king might owe
many people, things especially people who help the king come to power, helped him
dispose the previous king or to conquer this land. And so in exchange for that and to
help govern, he might grant land or feasts to other people and the key currency in the
Middle Ages under the feudal system island. And land in exchange for loyalty and
service. So, this whole thing is a kingdom. Now right over here, this is a Duchy. And a
Duchy will be controlled by a Duke. I guess I didn't call it duckie because that just
doesn't sound as serious. So, the king might grant a Duchy, a Duchy to a Duke and in
exchange, the Duke would provide loyalty pledged their fealty. If the kingdom is
threatened, the Duke will fight alongside. The King would provide their own troops if
the king wants to go conquer other territories, same thing, and also provide the king
with taxes.
81. AUSTRALIAN CITES:

Australia's location is important for the world's exports, and its international trade is
also important. Since Australia has a large territory with vast, uninhabited areas, all
towns are scattered around. This leads to huge expenses for transportation when using
trains and ferries. The government also has to pay large amounts for its
telecommunications to build up the catching between these regions.
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The Australian people are mainly living in five cities: Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and
Brisbane and Adelaide. The most special one is Perth, which is one of the most isolated
cities in the world. However, this does not affect its state to be one of the largest cities
in Australia. Most large companies, like the two leading companies, Telstra and Qantas,
they are both based in Perth.
82. KNEE CRACKING:

The sound of a cracking knee isn't particularly pleasant. But it gets worse when you
listen up close. Knee-cracking recording "it does for most people but for me, it actually
just makes me excited." Omer Inan, an electrical engineer at Georgia Tech. "I actually
feel like there's some real information in them that can be exploited for the purposes of
helping people with rehab." Inan's experience with cracking knees goes back to his days
as an undergrad at Stanford, where he threw discus. If I had a really hard workout, then
the next day, of course, I'd be sore, but I'd also sometimes feel this catching or popping
or creaking every now and then in my knee." A few years later, he found himself
building tiny microphones at a high-end audio company. So, when he got to Georgia
Tech and heard the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA, wanted
better tech for knee injuries, he thought: knee-cracking recording Why not strap tiny
microphones to people's knees, to eavesdrop as their legs bend? "What we think it is, is
the cartilage and bone rubbing against each other, the surfaces inside the knee rubbing
against each other, during those movements." He and a team of physiologists and
engineers built a prototype with stretchy athletic tape and a few tiny mics and skin
sensors. And preliminary tests on athletes suggest the squishy sounds the device picks
up are more erratic, and more irregular, in an injured knee than in a healthy one. Which
Inan says might allow patients and doctors to track healing after surgery. Details appear
in the IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. The primary application were
targeting at first is to give people a decision aid during rehabilitation, following an acute
knee injury, to help them understand when they can perform particular activities, and
when they can move to different intensities of particular activities."
83. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

With over 40 years unrivaled experience and a worldwide reputation, BSI leads the way
in testing and certification of fire safety products. Based on our dedicated labs in Hemel
Hempstead, our team provides BSI kitemark and Cee testing and certification for a
broad rangeof products, including fire extinguishers, hoses, alarm panels, and heat and
smoke detectors. We help clients to gain access into the European market by ensuring
that products meet all the CE mark requirements. And we are familiar with the market
access regulations of most countries across the world, enabling customers to enter
markets globally. The BSI kitemarket is categorized as a British super brand and
acknowledged the world over as a symbol of trust, integrity, and quality.
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It provides the reassurance that vital product safety and performance requirements have
been met. Our team subjects each product to a rigorous set of tests along with robust
production control audits designed specifically to ensure that they perform two required
standards of safety and quality. We test for compatibility of fire detection and fire alarm
system components to ensure that they're compatible and connectable. This service
meets the growing requirement of European regulatory authorities to meet national
installation guidelines. We also perform tests on individual detection components. Fire
suppression products such as fire extinguishers are subjected to rigorous tests
designed to ensure that they're effective, safe and capable of performing in
environments and conditions in which they're stored and used. The symbols for BSI
kitemark and C certification represent quality, safety, and trust. For specifiers, they
demonstrate a commitment to best practice procurement. And for the public, they
provide the reassurance that fire safety products are effective and reliable.
84. MODERNISM:
So, continuing our series of lectures on Modernism, we now turn to architecture and, in
particular, to the work of Frank O Gehry. Now, I'm not going to go into his career in
detail; it is enough to say that early on he was, like other modernist architects, tied to
the rectangle, the straight line, and so on. Often their buildings would have this basic
shape and they would just add bits of decoration like splashes of color or pointless
balconies. Soon enough, Gehry wanted to break away from straight lines and gridline
designs. He wanted the freedom to experiment with other shapes curves and unusually-
angled roofs. What helped him with this was the computer, which allowed him to
visualize and experiment with complex shapes, and to work on the whole design as one
piece, without the added decoration being thrown in as an afterthought. Architecture as
art, if you like ... or, or sculpture even. He himself said that he had struggled with
crossing the line between architecture and sculpture. Now, I want to talk about one
building in particular. The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, which I think you will
agree, is a masterpiece.
85. EDMUND WILSON

Wilson came from a different world. And he became the focal point of a board
mainstream American culture that thought that modern literature and wanted modern
literature to be able to be read and appreciated by ordinary people. They were not
modernists in an abstract sense. And certainly, some of them like TS Eliot and Faulkner
were too difficult for some of their writings to be read by ordinary people.
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But this was a world before the division between the brows or between a lead and
whatever had established itself as a part of our consciousness. Wilson was a major
player in the successful effort of his generation to establish at the heart of American life
and innovative literature that would equal the great cultures of Europe. And he knew
that the great cultures of Europe were there. He was not a product of a narrow American
Studies kind of training at all. He joined a high artistic standard with openness to all
experience and a belief that literature was as much of a part of life for everyone as
conversation. He thought the Proust and Joyce and Yeats and Eliot could and should be
read by ordinary Americans and helped that to happen. Wilson was a very various man.
Over a period of almost 50 years, he was a dedicated, a literary journalist, and an
investigative reporter, a brilliant memoirist, and dedicated journal keeper. (His
biography, biographical histories to the Finland station and Patriotic Gore are
profoundly influential with Americans today.)
86. EDUCATING CHILDREN:

Many parents communicate and educate their children with two languages, probably
because they both know more than one language, or they come from different countries.
Most of these parents think this can benefit their children’s language learning. But
actually kids will get confused when their parents use different languages from each
other to describe the same object. If one parent sticks to one language, and the other one
sticks to another language, their children will not be confused any more.
87. WELSH LANGUAGE

This busy little town is named after Sir David's first cousin. It's also a Welsh language
stronghold. According to the 2001 census results seventy percent of the town's
population could speak Welsh but even here the language may not be completely safe.
The Welsh language board expects last year's census results to show a fall in the number
of Welsh speakers living in its northern and western heartlands. One of the main reasons
for that the board says is migration. Many Welsh speakers are choosing to leave the
country. At the same time only a small percentage of those moving in can speak the
language or choose to learn it. Historically, over the past 1788 Wales people have
continually left in order to find better standard of pay maybe in quality of employment
and the things have change was probably is that them there is a larger amount of English
people now who have found Wales of the last 20- 25 years particularly this corner of
Wales and regarded is a desirable place to come and live and as opposed to many areas
in England and cheaper as well.
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88. AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture, the farming of fish, shrimp, shellfish and seaweeds, has been the sources
of human protein for nearly four thousand years, especially in Asia. In the last decade,
however, there is been unprecedented growth in aquaculture production, more than
300% since 1984, which has increased the importance of the modern food supply. It’s
the world’s fastest growing food production activity. And globally, more than 25% of
the odd fishing and shellfish production in 1999 was attributable to aquaculture. Yes,
this industry’s contributions to human diet is actually greater than the numbers imply,
whereas 1/3 of the conventional fish catch is used to make fish meal and fish oil.
Virtually all farmed fish are used as human food. Today, nearly 1/3 of fish consumed
by human is the product of aquaculture, and that percentage will only increase as
aquaculture expands the world’s conventional fish catch, for the oceans and lakes
continues to decline because of overfishing and environmental damage.
89. BENEFITS OF MIGRATION

Now the economists calculated, it's a back-of-the-envelope calculation, that removing
allimmigration controls would double the size of the world economy, and even a small
relaxation of immigration controls would lead to disproportionally big gains. Now
from an ethical pointof view, it's hard to argue against a policy that will do so much to
help people that are much poorer than us. The famous Rand Study reckons that a typical
immigrant who arrives in US ends up with $20,000 a year, that's rough. It's not just
the migrants themselves who gain; it's the countries they come from. Already, the
migrants from poor countries working in rich countries send home around 200 billion
dollars a year, through normal channels, and about twice as that through informal
channels. And that compares to the neat a hundred million dollars that Western
governments give in aid. These remittances are not wasted on weapons or siphoned off
into Swiss bank accounts; they go straight into the pockets of local people. They pay
for food, clean water and medicines, they help kids in school, they help start up new
business.
90. TRUTH AND RHETORIC

But Aristotle says the reason we need rhetoric is we have to be able to use it. We have
to be able to use rhetoric influence, basically, the rebel, and the morons. We try to get
them to understand truth. Truth is suggested, is different than rhetoric. Rhetoric is the
dressing, is the body, right? Truth is the spirit, is the soul, is abstract. It doesn’t have a
body. It’s not particular.If you wanna get somebody to the truth, you might have to use
some kind of tricks. Right?
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Because most people are not sound and can't see the truth. That’s what we think. Most
people are ramble. Really? Only the educated be erudite are actually capable of seeing
the truth. If you wanna get the general mass there, you may have to do fable a little bit.
So, Aristotle that is rhetoric; rhetoric is something that is used to influence people, right?
And it’s a kind of mentally promised a logic.
91. NIGHT SKY DARKNESS

Our friends at the Highlands Museum and Discovery Center in Ashland, Kentucky,
asked a very good question. Why is it dark in space? That question is not as simple as
it may sound. You might think that space appears dark at night because that is when our
side of Earth faces away from the Sun as our planet rotates on its axis every 24 hours.
But what about all those other far away suns that appears as stars in the night sky? Our
own Milky Way galaxy containsover 200 billion stars, and the entire universe probably
contains over 100 billion galaxies. You might suppose that that many stars would light
up the night like daytime! Until the 20th century, astronomers didn't think it was even
possible to count all the stars in the universe. They thought the universe went on
forever. In other words, they thought the universe was infinite. Besides being very hard
to imagine, the trouble with an infinite universe is that no matter where you look in the
night sky, you should see a star. Stars should overlap each other in the sky like tree
trunks in the middle of a very thick forest. But, if this were the case, the sky would be
blazing with light. This problem greatly troubled astronomers and became known as
"Olbers' Paradox." A paradox is a statement that seems to disagree with itself. To try to
explain the paradox, some 19th century scientists thought that dust clouds between the
stars must be absorbing a lot of the starlight so it wouldn't shine through to us. But later
scientists realized that the dust itself would absorb so much energy from the starlight
that eventually it would glow as hot and bright as the stars themselves. Astronomers
now realize that the universe is not infinite. A finite universe - that is, a universe of
limited size - even one with trillions and trillions of stars, just wouldn't have enough
stars to light up all of space. Although the idea of a finite universe explains why Earth's
sky is dark at night, other causes work to make it even darker.
92. BOY’S AND GIRL’S PERFORMANCE

You can see that the two charts, each give quite a different picture of the performance
of boys and girls in the two key subjects of Math and English. It shows that in English,
girls consistently outperform boys over a period of 6 years, achieving scores about 10%
above their male peers. There is quite a different picture when we look at the Math
results with no real difference between genders in the results.
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What is the explanation for these key differences? To answer this question, researchers
look at biological and cognitive factors, and a range of social factors. The interaction
between these different components in early childhood development is seen as
maintained and reinforced in the school context. And this leads to distinct gender
patterns of behavior and skills with direct consequences for school performance and
achievement. The ultimate uses of this evidence (are) to show that biological factors,
such as patterns of cognitive developments are closely linked to social factor, such as
learned gender categories. This cognitive skill is learned both pre-school and
subsequently at school, supported by the responses of teachers, creating a reinforcement
of patterns.
93. EFFECTS OF DISEASE:

As a part of our study of the effects of diseases on society, of the, uh, social
consequences of man’s diseases, we should certainly include yellow fever. Now, yellow
fever’s a deadly disease that’s caused by a virus, and it’s been the source of many
epidemics since at least the eighteenth century in Africa, Europe, and the Americas. In
fact, it still kills more than thirty thousand people a year worldwide. And there’s still
no cure for the disease. However, there is a vaccine to immunize us against it. The road
to the discovery of that vaccine was a rocky one, I think. It’s called ‘yellow’ fever
because one of its symptoms is jaundice - a yellowish colour that the skin takes on,
because of liver damage. It’s transmitted by mosquitoes, either from man to man- this’s
called the ‘urban’ cycle- or from monkey to man- this’s called the ‘sylvatic’ or ‘jungle’
cycle. The disease probably originated in West Africa, and it was carried from there to
the West Indies and the New World in the eighteenth century with the ships of the slave
trade. The first big outbreak of yellow fever happened in Cuba in 1762 and 1763, and
it killed thousands of American and British colonial troops there. After that, between
then and 1900, it killed about ten percent of Cuba’s population.
94. WORKBOOKS:
Before we start our first lab, I would like to tell you a little bit about the workbook we
will be using. The first thing I would like to point out is that the workbook contains a
very large amount of material. Far more than you could ever handle in a single semester.
What you are supposed to do is choose the experiments and activities that you want to
do within a certain framework of course. Part of my job is to help you make your
choices. Next, I would like to mention that in each workbook chapter there are usually
two subsections. The first is called experiments and the second is called activities. In
the experiment section, the workbook gives full instructions for all the experiments
including alternate procedures to the procedure you wish.
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There are plenty of equipments available. In the activity section, you will find
suggestions for projects that you can do on your time. You will see that there are usually
no detailed instructions for the activities. You are supposed to do them your own way.
If there are no questions let’s turn to chapter one now.
95. GRADUATION:
All of my research that I conducted was by 60 plus graduate students, was motivated
by their need to learn, so that we can teach. Of course, in some inventions happened
along the way but I’ve always considered the end result. And I always consider this
invention to be byproduct, byproducts of the learning process. The end product for me
was always better understanding or when one really succeeded in unifying theory that
can help us in teaching the subject. I’ve also looked at teaching as a vehicle to try new
ideas, of new ways to doing things on an intelligent group of learners. That is as the
vehicle for the teaching research results. And in my experience, this kind of teaching is
the most stimulated and motivating to students. I also uncovered many interesting
research problems in the course of teaching assumption. It is this unity of research and
teaching their close connection and the benefits gathered by exercising and the interplay
that to me recognized the successful professor.
96. ROBOTS:
This is a kind of object that you’re probably all familiar with when you hear the term
robot. But I’m going to show you the very first robots. These were the very first robots.
There were characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum’s universal robots and their
play was written by a Czech writer called Karel Capek and basically these robots. You
know people tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or you know Hollywood
depictions kind of devoid of politics. But the first robots were actually created and
imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. You just had the First World War. You
finished that had a devastating impact across Europe. And people kind of reflecting on
what does it mean to be human what makes us human those kinds of questions and this
kind on context is what inspired Czech x to kind of write this play and interestingly
these robots have been humans. They are actually in the play assembled on a production
line a bit like the Ford manufacturing production line. So even though they are human
they are assembled and these robots are designed to labor and manage their primary
purpose in society.
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97. HANS KREBS:
This is Hans Krebs. Who in 1937 published a paper so in the sequence of chemical
reactions by which energy is released in individual cells. It’s called the Krebs cycle
which some of you may remember from your chemistry course in high school. Krebs is
a wonderful example to me of how a scientist who was determined can overcome all
kinds of human obstacles. Krebs father constantly discouraged him and told him that he
had just mediocre intelligence and would never do anything important in his life as a
teenager. What Krebs remembers in his memoir his father said to him you can’t make
a silk purse out of a sow’s ear? And later on, when Krebs studied with the great
biochemist Otto Warburg. Warburg also told him the same thing not saying quote but
that he had only mediocre ability and would never be a great scientist and we all hear
about how important it is for parents to encourage their children. But sometimes the
children will go on to do great things no matter what we say to them.
98. ASTRONOMERS:
Most people think of astronomers as people who spend their time in cold observatories
peering through telescopes every night. In fact, a typical astronomer spends most of his
or her time analysing data and may only be at the telescope a few weeks of the year.
Some astronomers work on purely theoretical problems and never use a telescope at all.
You might not know how rarely images are viewed directly through telescopes. The
most common way to observe the skies is to photograph them. The process is very
simple. First, a photographic plate is coated with a light-sensitive material. The plate is
position so that the image received by the telescope is recorded on it. Then the image
can be developed enlarged and published so that many people can study it because most
astronomical objects are very remote. The light we receive from them is rather feeble
but by using a telescope as a camera, long time exposures can be made. In this way,
objects can be photographed that is a hundred times too faint to be seen by just looking
through a telescope.
99. OLD CANADA ROAD:

The old Canada road is a long lost trail between the Canadian province of Quebec and
Maine in the North-East corner of the United States. Yes, it really was lost and finding
it again was a complex process that involved state of the art technology. How the
location of the road was pinpointed was very interesting and I’ll return to it as soon as
I have given you a little background information. The road began in 1817 a few years
before Maine even became a state at the time Quebec was a major market for livestock
crops and fish. So, a road to Quebec was seen by officials in Maine as necessary for
trade. For about 20 years the movement of people and goods was mostly from Maine to
Quebec but then the trend reversed as thousands of Canadians emigrated to Maine to
escape poor crops, a lack of jobs and the threat of disease.
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I think it was a cholera epidemic. Besides these negative reasons major building projects
in Maine also made the state very attractive for the Canadians who needed work. I
should stress though that immigration during that period went in both directions. In fact,
the flow of people and goods went completely unhindered. There wasn’t even a border
post until around 1850. The people of the time saw Maine and Quebec as a single region
mainly because of the strong French influence which is still evident in Maine today
eventually the road fell into disuse as a major railway was completed. Finally, people
simply forgot about it and that’s how it came to be lost. This brings me back to the
original topic.
100. MELATONIN:
I'm just going to take on where stuff left off. The hormone I want to now talk about
its called melatonin. The synthesis is in the Pineal Gland, which is very small. It is the
size of a pea in your brain. Descartes called it the 'seat of soul', and it is where melatonin
is made. And it has a rhythm as well. And in the sense, it is the opposite of the cortisol.
It peaks at night. We call it as the darkness hormone. In every species that we studied,
melatonin occurs at night. And its hormone that prepares you for the things that your
species, does at night. So, of course, in humans we sleep, but animals, like rodents,
they are awake. So, it's a hormone that is related to darkness behavior.
101. AEGEAN SEA AREA:

Well, we begin our story with the emergence of the Bronze Age in the Aegean Sea area.
That appears to have taken place about 3000 B.C. I think these days they date it down
about another century to about 2900. Precision is impossible; don’t worry about that.
And what we find, the first example of a Bronze Age and I use the word civilization
now for the first time, because before the Bronze Age there is nothing that we would
define as civilization. Civilization involves the establishment of permanent dwelling
areas that we call cities, as opposed to villages. Agricultural villages will have existed
all over the place in the late Stone Age, in the Neolithic Period, as it is known. But there
is a difference and the critical difference is that a city contains a number of people who
do not provide for their own support. That is to say, they don’t produce food. They need
to acquire it from somebody else. Instead, they do various things like governing and are
priests, and are bureaucrats, and are engaged in other non-productive activities that
depend upon others to feed them. That’s the narrowest definition of cities.
102. EFFECTS OF DISEASE:

As a part of our study of the effects of diseases on society, of the, uh, social
consequences of man’s diseases, we should certainly include yellow fever. Now, yellow
fever’s a deadly disease that’s caused by a virus, and it’s been the source of many
epidemics since at least the eighteenth century in Africa, Europe, and the Americas. In
fact, it still kills more than thirty thousand people a year worldwide.
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And there’s still no cure for the disease. However, there is a vaccine to immunize us
against it. The road to the discovery of that vaccine was a rocky one, I think. It’s called
‘yellow’ fever because one of its symptoms is jaundice - a yellowish colour that the skin
takes on, because of liver damage. It’s transmitted by mosquitoes, either from man to
man- this’s called the ‘urban’ cycle- or from monkey to man- this’s called the ‘sylvatic’
or ‘jungle’ cycle. The disease probably originated in West Africa, and it was carried
from there to the West Indies and the New World in the eighteenth century with the
ships of the slave trade. The first big outbreak of yellow fever happened in Cuba in 1762
and 1763, and it killed thousands of American and British colonial troops there. After
that, between then and 1900, it killed about ten percent of Cuba’s population.
103. STUDENTS:
Hello students, Raise your hand if you’re right-handed. Yep, that looks typical. Most of
us about ninety percent are right-handed. It’s been that way throughout history. In
ever…In nearly every culture, right has been associated with positive qualities, while
the left has been associated with negative, or even evil, ones. In Latin, left means
"sinister.” In ancient Japan, men could reject, or, refuse, to marry women who were
left-handed. Um, in modern China, teachers try to force left-handed students to learn to
write with their right hands. And, as I’m sure all lefties know, everyday items, like, can
openers, uh, scissors, and uh, computer keyboards, are designed for righties. In short,
left-handers have been made to feel "left” out. Get it? It might seem straightforward to
you and I, but scientifically speaking, the basis of handedness is not well understood.
Most scientists define right-handed or left-handed on the basis of a person’s preferred
writing hand. But some scientists claim it should be based on the hand that is, um, faster
and more accurate in performing manual activities, like tightening a screw or, uh, tying
a knot. Still others claim that ability doesn’t matter; in other words, that handedness
should denote only preference.
104. LAW OF PHYSICS:

Can we never get to absolute zero? What a wonderful question. I wish I had a wonderful
answer to go with it. Here is the problem, there is actually a law of physics called the
third law of thermodynamics, that says you cannot get to the absolute zero, but we don't
really know it’s true, but we are pretty sure it is for the following reason: every time
you think of some way of cooling something down a little bit, it means you try to get
energy out of that thing and make the temperature lower. Well, if you can get energy
out, usually there is a way that the energy can go in as well. And that always means
there is a competition between taking the energy out and putting the energy in. Now
you can try to make it, so you are favouring getting energy out, but you can’t completely
stop the energy from going in and that means you might be able to get colder and colder,
but you won't be able to get all the way to absolute zero. Could we go back to my
PowerPoint, because I think that one of these slides will illustrate that point a little bit
better? Yes, here, remember the logarithmic thermometer?
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There is no zero on this logarithmic thermometer, just keeps going down, you make it
a fact of 10 colder, you're not a zero. You make it a fact of 10 colder, you’re still not a
zero. You make it a fact of 10 colder, you're still not a zero. So, you start a million of a
degree, now you are 10 million of a degree, now you are 100 million of a degree. Now
you are billions of degrees. You never get to zero that way. You get closer and closer,
but you never get to zero. So, that’s why we cannot get to absolute zero.
105. WORKBOOK:
Before we start our first lab, I would like to tell you a little bit about the workbook we
will be using. The first thing I would like to point out is that the workbook contains a
very large amount of material. Far more than you could ever handle in a single semester.
What you are supposed to do is choose the experiments and activities that you want to
do within a certain framework of course. Part of my job is to help you make your
choices. Next, I would like to mention that in each workbook chapter there are usually
two subsections. The first is called experiments and the second is called activities. In
the experiment section, the workbook gives full instructions for all the experiments
including alternate procedures to the procedure you wish. There are plenty of equipment
available. In the activity section, you will find suggestions for projects that you can do
on your time. You will see that there are usually no detailed instructions for the
activities. You are supposed to do them your own way. If there are no questions let’s
turn to chapter one now.
106. GRADUATE STUDENTS:

All of my research that I conducted was by 60 plus graduate students, was motivated
by their need to learn, so that we can teach. Of course, in some inventions happened
along the way but I’ve always considered the end result. And I always consider this
invention to be byproduct, byproducts of the learning process. The end product for me
was always better understanding or when one really succeeded in unifying theory that
can help us in teaching the subject. I’ve also looked at teaching as a vehicle to try new
ideas, of new ways to doing things on an intelligent group of learners. That is as the
vehicle for the teaching research results. And in my experience, this kind of teaching is
the most stimulated and motivating to students. I also uncovered many interesting
research problems in the course of teaching assumption. It is this unity of research and
teaching their close connection and the benefits gathered by exercising and the interplay
that to me recognized the successful professor.
107. HAUSSMANN’S RENOVATION OF PARIS

Cities are interesting palaces. Some cities are carefully planned and built for a reason
and reflect the needs of the people as it grows, others are less consciously designed.
Paris for example was originally founded in the third century as a small village and with
every passing generation it grew in size and importance.
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It grew from medieval city to a modern city but the transition was not always smooth.
Emperor napoleon had to hire someone to oversee the rebuilding of Paris. The man he
chose was houseman. In 1853 Haussmann began the process of renovating Frances
capital city. His basic instructions were to bring the light and air into the central district.
Improve the sanitation and living areas and make Paris a more modern beautiful city.
Not your average weekend renovation, Haussmann’s project includes the destruction of
old medieval neighborhood, widening of streets, building large parks and public
squares, and addition of fountains and sew lines to add all this, the size of Paris had to
be increased, doubled actually and the napoleons issued official decree annexing
nearby suburbsto make them part of the city. One of the main priorities of the massive
renovation was to connect all the districts together. If we think of Paris like a house,
each district was its own room, existing essentially independently of the other districts,
napoleons wanted to be easier totravel between the most important districts and to create
a sense of being one unified city, not a series of independent neighborhoods, so
Haussmann created large avenue that connecteddistricts, more than that he made all the
avenues look roughly the same. Buildings on Major Avenue were required to be roughly
the same height and style and even used the same color stones for the facade. The result
was to remove any local characters and create a uniform Paris.For the first time the city
has a specific look, a style that people began to associate not with the districts but with
Paris itself.
108. ROBOTS:
This is a kind of object that you’re probably all familiar with when you hear the term
robot. But I’m going to show you the very first robots. These were the very first robots.
There were characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum’s universal robots and their
play was written by a Czech writer called Karel Capek and basically these robots. You
know people tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or you know Hollywood
depictions kind of devoid of politics. But the first robots were actually created and
imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. You just had the First World War. You
finished that had a devastating impact across Europe. And people kind of reflecting on
what does it mean to be human what makes us human those kinds of questions and this
kind on context is what inspired Czech x to kind of write this play and interestingly
these robots have been humans. They are actually in the play assembled on a production
line a bit like the Ford manufacturing production line. So even though they are human
they are assembled and these robots are designed to labor and manage their primary
purpose in society.
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109. HANS KREBS:
This is Hans Krebs. Who in 1937 published a paper so in the sequence of chemical
reactions by which energy is released in individual cells. It’s called the Krebs cycle
which some of you may remember from your chemistry course in high school. Krebs is
a wonderful example to me of how a scientist who was determined can overcome all
kinds of human obstacles. Krebs father constantly discouraged him and told him that he
had just mediocre intelligence and would never do anything important in his life as a
teenager. What Krebs remembers in his memoir his father said to him you can’t make
a silk purse out of a sow’s ear. And later on when Krebs studied with the great
biochemist Otto Warburg. Warburg also told him the same thing not saying quote but
that he had only mediocre ability and would never be a great scientist and we all hear
about how important it is for parents to encourage their children. But sometimes the
children will go on to do great things no matter what we say to them.
110. INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change, some adverse effects of climate changes to agricultural productions.
Some lands are unsuitable for growing crops. There will be millions of people
facing hunger inAfrica in the future. Climate change will result in less production and
less food. It is difficult for developing countries to deal with climate change due to their
financial status and other issues. There are many people living in hunger especially in
Africa. The climate change has devastating effects on world economy. The tropical
areas on earth are dry and hot, and are originally not suitable for food production. The
change of the climate leads to extreme weather conditions such as flood and hurricane,
which exacerbates the food production. As a result, it leads to a continuous decline in
food supply annually around 10-17%. And this trend is perceived to be continuing in
the future by 2070. The regions suffering the most will be some African countries.
111. INFINITE MONKEY THEOREM

The infinite monkey theorem states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a
typewriter keyboard for an infinite amount of time will almost surely type a given text,
such as the complete works of William Shakespeare. In this context, "almost surely" is
a mathematical term with a precise meaning, and the "monkey" isn't an actual monkey,
but a metaphor for an abstract device that produces a random sequence of letters ad
infinitum. The theorem illustrates the perils of reasoning about infinity by imagining a
vast but finite number, and vice versa. The probability of a monkey exactly typing a
complete work such as Shakespeare's Hamlet is so tiny that the chance of it occurring
during a period of time of the order of the age of the universe is minuscule, but not zero.
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112. SATURN RINGS
In the solar system, many planets have rings; Saturn's rings are the most spectacular
planetary ring. Consisting of different kinds of particles, these rings orbit the Saturn.
in 1610, Galileowas the first who spotted Saturn’s rings. With his 20-power telescope,
Galileo might have mistaken Saturn's gaseous ring to surmise that Saturn was formed
of one planet with two moons as satellites. In 1675, Giovanni Cassini determined that
Saturn's "ring" was actually composed of sub-rings with gaps between them. So, the
number of Saturn’s rings is more than 10. Other planets like Venus, Jupiter Neptune
Uranus also have rings but not as many as Saturn. Finally, Scientists conducted that
these rings are formed as a result of gravitational field.
113. ABSOLUTE ZERO

Absolute zero is the point at which the fundamental particles of nature have minimal
vibration motion. Absolute zero is not achievable and does not exist. But scientists are
putting a lot of effort in designing experience and trying to achieve or create absolute
zero. The reason they do so is not for a predetermined and they are not focusing on the
goal of the experiment. Define in this experiment is to find and prove whether
something you don't know that exist or not and this is the beauty of science that
scientists fall in love with.
114. EARLY ROBOT

This is a kind of object that you're probably all familiar with when you had the term
robot, but I'm gonna show you the very, very first robots. These were the very first
robots. They were characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum's Universal Robots
and they, the play was written by Czech writer called Karel Capek. And basically,
these robots, you know, peopletend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or,
you know, Hollywood depictions kind of devoid of politics. But the first robots were
actually created and imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. You just had the
First World War, you know, it finished had a devastating impact across Europe and
so people will kind and people are kind of reflecting on what does it mean to be human,
what makes us human, those kinds of question. And this kind of context is what inspired
Capek to kind of write this play. And interestingly, these robots being human, they are
actually in the play assembled on a production line, a bit like the Ford manufacturing
production line. So even though they are human, they are assembled and these robots
are designed to labor and that is their primary purpose in society.
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115. EARTHQUAKE AND FAULT
Today, we will discuss the relationship between the fault lines in the earth’s crust and
an earthquake. This dislocation of the rock occurs from the earth’s surface, seven
kilometers to several hundred kilometers vertically down to the crust. The earthquake’s
focus is called epicenter which is vertically beneath the interior of the earth’s crust and
the energy releases and transfers through epicenter. The faults are the fracture on the
earth’s crust. The position of the epicenters can be identified by the faults’ maps,
looking down from the center of the earth. It will result in seismic wave which is
decreased as it moved away from the epicenter.
116. LANGUAGE EXTINCTION

A language dies when the last person who speaks it dies. But you know, sometimes
people say it dies when the second-last person who speaks it dies, because the last
person has nobody to talk to. Well, of course, languages have come and gone
throughout history as communities have come and gone. But what's happening now is
something really quite extraordinary. Well, there are about 6000 languages in the world
at the moment, more or less. Nobody knows the exact number. Of these, about half of
them are so seriously in danger, are likely to die out in the course of present century.
Now the present century is a hundred years, half is 3000 languages. So, that means one
language is dying out somewhere in the world average every two weeks. There are all
kinds of reasons why languages die one is physical reason when people are affected by
famine, disease and earthquake. Another is genocide, when somecountries deliberately
stamp out a small language. The main reason is globalization. That is, some huge
languages in the world, like English, Arabic, Spanish and French, and these are like
stream rollers crushing the smaller languages they find in their path. A great deal can
be done to preserve endangered language. The first thing is that the people themselves
must want the language to be preserved. That's very important. The second thing is that
the powers- that- be must want the language to be preserved. They must be respect for
the minority languages in their care. The third thing has to be there, of course, is cash.
It costs quite a lot of money to preserve an endangered language. Think about it, you
have to train the teachers; you have to write books for the children and all sorts of things.
It doesn't cost extraordinary amount money, but it does cost a bit. So, without money,
endangered languages don't have a positive future.
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117. HAPPINESS:
As Joanne pointed out, only one country, tiny between China and little Bhutan, wedged
the Gross National India, has adopted central index of Happiness as the government
policy, and actually has a good deal of success in education and in health and in
economic growth and in environmental preservation. They have a rather sophisticated
way of measuring the effects of different policies on people's happiness. They are the
only country to go that far. But you are now beginning to get other countries interested
enough to do kind of white paper policy analyses of happiness research - what effects
would it have if we used it more for public policy? You are beginning to get countries
like Australia, France, Great Britain that areconsidering publishing regular statistics on
happiness. So, it is beginning to become a subject of greater interest for policymakers
and legislators in different advanced countries.
118. AMORY LOVINS:

Amory Lovins is an American consultant experimental physicist and he has been active
at the nexus of energy, resources, economy, environment, development and security in
more than 50 countries for over 40 years. He pays attention on energy saving and how
to use energy in a more efficient and sustainable ways. He built a house with plenty of
energy-saving concepts. He’s an unusual character with a wide range of knowledge and
a genius, but he’s not a scientist. He has a consulting company and lives in the
mountains. For 30 years, he used a lotof ways to save energy and solved problems with
technologies that already existed and demonstrated them. Some people think he is so
crazy. A female writer wrote a book about him which is called Mr. Green.
119. HAPPINESS
There was a time when the subject of happiness was the business of philosophers as
part of their discussion of what makes for a good life, then much later psychologists and
sociologists got in on the act, and now it seems so is the government. I understand that
the government should have the welfare and wellbeing of those it governs at heart. From
the purely practical point of view of keeping people quiet at home enjoying their gadgets
in comfort rather than on the street rioting, which surely it's not something you can
legislate for. Today there are numerous journals on the topics and is even included in
the curriculum of some universitiesand colleges, surveys are done, statistics compiled,
graph drawn, yet all they seem to prove is what most people have concluded themselves
from personal experience. An obvious example would be that having a lot of money
doesn't necessarily make you happy. We all wish to be happy and have ideas about what
it is we think would make so. But we also know or suspect it’s not that easy.
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Most of us learn that it is a by-product of something else, usually being totally
absorbed or involved in some task or pastime and can only be reached that way. These
activities of course must be worthwhile in themselves.
120. PROBLEMS IN BIGGER CITIES

We have briefly looked at some of the problems involved running a bigger city like say
Melbourne; keeping the road rail systems running, placing, providing food, and housing
and so on. In another lecture, I’m going to deal with we must now call the Megalopolis:
cities with populations of ten million or more. However, first I want to go back in history
to when the population of cities could be numbered in the thousands rather than
millions. One of the earliest theorists of the city was of course, Plato who created an
ideal city in his text The Republic. The population of the city would be around twenty-
five to thirty thousand at the most, oddly enough the same figures were chosen by
Leonardo Da Vinci for his ideal cities. Now, of these twenty-five to thirty thousand
inhabitants only about five thousand would be citizens, a reason for this might be that
it is the largest number that could be addressed publicly at one time and by one person,
and makes the voting systems much easier to manage. Also, perhaps the numbers are
kept deliberately low because a large population would be hard to control; all because
in practical terms a few inhabitants are easy to feed from local suppliers without having
to depend on outside sources.
121. BEST MANAGERS:

Managers usually work long hours, so they don’t have time to read about other firms or
broaden their perspectives. It's important to study this while in university. Ideas come
from university and broad perspectives should be generic skills for managers. That's
why the best managers are not necessarily the most experienced. It's not supposed to be
the people who work their way up the ladder.
122. SOOT:
Soot, which comes from combustion of many different things, is black so it's a strong
absorber. In fact, it's second only to CO2 in terms of warming, so it's actually ahead of
methane, which you hear a lot about. The interesting thing about soot and aerosols'
impact on climate is that their lifetimes are so much shorter. So, if we can reduce the
soot we can make changes within months versus tens of years. It's not to say we should
ignore the CO2 and the greenhouse gases but it could buy us some time while we
actually do the right strategies to reduce the greenhouse gases.
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123. NOBLE GASES:
Uniquely stable, they seemed to participate in no chemical reactions. But by
understanding the stability of the noble gases, physicists discovered the key to chemical
bonding itself. Dmitri Mendeleev added the noble gases to his periodic table in 1902,
where he arranged the elements in rows and columns according to their atomic weight.
Mendeleev was able to see repeating (or periodic) patterns in their properties. The noble
gases appeared regularly in the periodic table, occurring in every eighth position, at
least amongst the lighter elements.
124. BIOLOGICAL FORGETTING:

People forget things every day including experiences, feelings and thoughts. We call
this process biological forgetting. Remembering is hard for people, and people try to
overcome biological forgetting. Human' memory is not fixed, but it can be reconstructed
and shaped by the past. Since ancestors, we have always been trying to improve our
memory.
125. ORACLE:
Oracle is the largest database company in the world. It has many services such as emails,
voice mails and database. It helps business people travel around and do business
anywhere they need. Mobile phone let people communicate on the way. In conclusion,
technology provides convenience. (In the exam, there is a picture going with this audio,
and you can give your response according to the words in the picture.)
126. HOUSING AFFORDABILITY:

The impact on young Australians who are interested in buying a home of their own has
been very significant. Australia's housing affordability now shapes the typical housing
cycle or housing career as some people call it. Most Australians in the normal course of
events are people who move through the housing cycle in a way that matches the stages
of life that they're at. So, they move out of the family home in their late teens or early
20s as they gain their independence from their families, then they rent save for a home
they can afford as either a group, or maybe a couple. And maybe they can upgrade it
when they have a family in their middle age, they are more than likely to have paid off
their mortgage. And that means they have housing security in their old age. That's no
longer the typical housing cycle for Australians, young people generally live at home
for much longer than they once did. They generally rent for longer and they're more
likely to be saddled with a mortgage not just into their middle age but more often than
not into their retirement as well. In fact, in 2006, 65,000 retiree households were still
paying off the mortgage. Affordable rent is also an elusive right around Australia. We
have very low rental vacancies, we see high turnover as landlords want to maximize
their profits in tight market, and we see less long-term or lifelong rental, as we see in
other countries and other economies.
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127. CANCER CELLS:
Cell division is an intricate chemical dance that’s part individual, part community-
driven. And in a neighborhood of 100 trillion cells, sometimes things go wrong. Maybe
an individual cell’s set of instructions, or DNA, gets a typo, what we call a mutation.
Most of the time, the cell senses mistakes and shuts itself down, or the system detects a
troublemaker and eliminates it. But, enough mutations can bypass the fail-safes, driving
the cell to divide recklessly. That one rogue cell becomes two, then four, then eight. At
every stage, the incorrect instructions are passed along to the cells’ offspring. Weeks,
months, or years after that one rogue cell transformed, you might see your doctor about
a lump in your breast. Difficulty going to the bathroom could reveal a problem in your
intestine, prostate, or bladder. Or, a routine blood test might count too many white cells
or elevated liver enzymes. Your doctor delivers the bad news: it's cancer.
128. MELANIN:
Sunscreen as we know it today didn’t exist 50,000 years ago. So how did our ancestors
cope with this onslaught of UV? The key to survival lay in their own personal sunscreen
manufactured beneath the skin: melanin. The type and amount of melanin in your skin
determines whether you'll be more or less protected from the sun. This comes down to
the skin’s response as sunlight strikes it. When it’s exposed to UV light, that triggers
special light-sensitive receptors called rhodopsin, which stimulate the production of
melanin to shield cells from damage. For light-skin people, that extra melanin darkens
their skin and produces a tan. Over the course of generations, humans living at the Sun-
saturated latitudes in Africa adapted to have a higher melanin production threshold and
more eumelanin, giving skin a darker tone. This built-in sun shield helped protect them
from melanoma, likely making them evolutionarily fitter and capable of passing this
useful trait on to new generations.
129. NOSTALGIA:
In the late 17th century, a medical student named Johannes Hofer noticed a strange
illness affecting Swiss mercenaries serving abroad. Its symptoms, including fatigue,
insomnia, irregular heartbeat, indigestion, and fever were so strong; the soldiers often
had to be discharged. As Hofer discovered, the cause was not some physical
disturbance, but an intense yearning for their mountain homeland. He dubbed the
condition nostalgia, from the Greek “nostos “for homecoming and “algos” for pain or
longing. At first, nostalgia was considered a particularly Swiss affliction. Some doctors
proposed that the constant sound of cowbells in the Alps caused trauma to the ear drums
and brain. Commanders even forbade their soldiers from singing traditional Swiss songs
for fear that they’d lead to desertion or suicide. But as migration increased worldwide,
nostalgia was observed in various groups. It turned out that anyone separated from their
native place for a long time was vulnerable to nostalgia. And by the early 20th century,
professionals no longer viewed it as a neurological disease, but as a mental condition
similar to depression.
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130. OCEAN CURRENTS:
Ocean currents are driven by a range of sources: the wind, tides, changes in water
density, and the rotation of the Earth. The topography of the ocean floor and the
shoreline modifies those motions, causing currents to speed up, slow down, or change
direction. Ocean currents fall into two main categories: surface currents and deep ocean
currents. Surface currents control the motion of the top 10 percent of the ocean’s water,
while deep-ocean currents mobilize the other 90 percent. Though they have different
causes, surface and deep ocean currents influence each other in an intricate dance that
keeps the entire ocean moving. Near the shore, surface currents are driven by both the
wind and tides, which draw water back and forth as the water level falls and rises.
Meanwhile, in the open ocean, wind is the major force behind surface currents. As wind
blows over the ocean, it drags the top layers of water along with it. That moving water
pulls on the layers underneath, and those pull on the ones beneath them.
131. STANDARDIZED TESTS:

Reliability and validity are two critical ideas for understanding standardized tests. To
understand the difference between them, we can use the metaphor of two broken
thermometers. An unreliable thermometer gives you a different reading each time you
take your temperature, and the reliable but invalid thermometer is consistently ten
degrees too hot. Validity also depends on accurate interpretations of results. If people
say results of a test mean something they don’t, that test may have a validity problem.
Just as we wouldn't expect a ruler to tell us how much an elephant weighs, or what it
had for breakfast, we can't expect standardized tests alone to reliably tell us how smart
someone is, how diplomats will handle a tough situation, or how brave a firefighter
might turn out to be. So standardized tests may help us learn a little about a lot of people
in a short time, but they usually can’t tell us a lot about a single person. Many social
scientists worry about test scores resulting in sweeping and often negative changes for
test takers, sometimes with long-term life consequences. We can't blame the tests,
though. It’s up to us to use the right tests for the right jobs, and to interpret results
appropriately.
132. EMOTIONAL MEMORY:

Getting back to PTSD, another type of non-declarative memory is emotional memory.
Now, this has a specific meaning in psychology and refers to our ability to learn about
cues in our environment and their emotional and motivational significance. What do I
mean by that? Well, think of a cue like the smell of baking bread, or a more abstract
cue like a 20-pound note. Because these cues have been pegged with good things in the
past, we like them and we approach them. Other cues, like the buzzing of a wasp, elicit
very negative emotions and quite dramatic avoidance behavior in some people. Now, I
hate wasps. I can tell you that fact. But what I can’t give you are the non-declarative
emotional memories for how I react when there’s a wasp nearby. I can’t give you the
racing heart, the sweaty palms that sense of rising panic. I can describe them to you, but
I can't give them to you.
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133. WALLS:
Walls and fences are often built with the intention of security, security from another
group of people, from crime, from illegal trades. But walls and fences only provide us
with a feeling of security, which is different from real security. Even though they might
make us feel safe, the structures themselves can’t protect us. Instead, they do something
else: they separate. They create an us and a them. They establish an enemy. Walls make
us build a second wall in our head, a mental wall. And those mental walls slowly make
us lose sight of all the things we have in common with the people on the other side. The
other way around, mental walls can grow so strong that they encourage us to build, keep
or strengthen physical walls. Physical and mental walls are closely interlinked, and one
almost always comes with the other. It’s a constant cycle: physical walls empower
mental walls, and mental walls empower physical walls until at one point one part falls
away, and the cycle is disrupted.
134. UNHEALTHY FOOD:

Small changes can add up to big shifts in the environment. We know this from decades
of research on addictive substances. I understand we really would all like to believe that
we're in charge, that we have complete freedom over what we eat. But how free can we
be? Living in a saturated environment, one that continuously surrounds us with food
products carefully engineered to get us hooked and keep us coming back for more.
Those kids in the Tenderloin, they apparently live in what's called a food desert. They
don’t even have access to a grocery store, really. What's a grocery store when it's stuffed
with junk food 74% of it loaded with added sugar? All the health experts will tell you,
shop around the perimeter of this grocery store that way you can steer your way around
all the junk that’s in the middle. But how different is that from a strategy that steers
children around drug dealers in the Tenderloin. We can do so much better than this. We
don’t have to live in an environment that is ready to get us fat, and then blames us for
the health consequences in the medical bills. We don’t have to sit by and watch our
children suffer from diseases of adulthood. We can rerigged this environment to make
it safe. It’s not about personal choice anymore. It’s about our public choice.
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SPEAKING:
ANSWER SHORT QUESTIONS
Expert Advice
1. What do we call the headache or other sick feelings caused by drinking too much
alcohol? – Hangover.
2. How often is a quarterly journal published? – Every three months.
3. What is a polygon of eight angles and eight sides called? – Octagon.
4. If you do something everyday, you do daily what? – Routine.
5. Where do we try on a piece of clothing in a cloths shop? – Fitting room/changing room.
6. What happens to water when the temperature falls to zero degree? – Freeze.
7. What is the taste of a lemon? – Sour.
8. Sunlight is one of the sources of which vitamin? – Vitamin D.
9. Drinking caffeine gives us instant? – Energy.
10. What can be given as food to rabbit? – Green vegetables/carrot.
11. What is the source of calcium in our day-to-day life? – Milk.
12. Does mathematics or linguistics cover the study of the relations between numbers? –
Mathematics.
13. How many years are there in a half of a decade? – Five.
14. What percentage is one fifth equal to? – Twenty.
15. What do we call a movie played in the afternoon? – Matinee.
16. What is a small handheld light that usually gets its power from batteries? –
Flashlight/torch.
17. What do we call a statement made by somebody who knows it is not true? – Life.
18. What is the part of the leg below the thigh? – Shank/calf.
19. What is the largest lake in the world? – Caspian.
20. What can we call the science or practice of drawing maps? – Cartography.
21. What do we call a person who accesses others' computer systems without permission?
– Hacker.
22. What is the ripening agent or chemical substance to ripen fruits? – Ethylene.
23. What do we call the industry which involves designing, building and flying of aircrafts?
– Aviation.
24. What do we call a woman who is getting married? – Bride.
25. What is the process of supplying water to an area of land through pipes or channels so
that crops will grow? - Irrigation/irrigate.
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26. What do we call a scientific test that is done to discover or prove something? –
Experiment.
27. What do we call a group of people watching movies in the cinema? – Audience.
28. What do we call the ability to remember the past? – Memory.
29. How many continents are there in the world? – Seven.
30. What do we call an expert in a field? – Specialist.
31. What do we call a pleasant song used for causing children to sleep? – Lullaby.
32. What do we call a person who believes that laws and governments are not necessary? –
Anarchist.
33. What do we call an assembly of listeners? – Audience.
34. What word do we use to describe people who are subject to death? – Mortal.
35. What do we call a person who does not believe in the existence of God? – Atheist.
36. What word do we use to describe an accident or a disease which causes death? -
Fatal/deadly.
37. What crime does someone commit if he or she steals items from a shop? – Shoplifting.
38. What do we call a person who tells lies? – Liar.
39. What do we call the salary regularly received by a retiree? – Pension.
40. What does the 'C' in ‘CEO’ stand for? – Chief.
41. Where do we see aquatic animals? – Water/Aquarium.
42. What do you call the process of borrowing a sum of money from a bank? – Loan.
43. Which word do we use to describe a desert, humid or dry? – Dry.
44. What do we call the value that a particular coin or bill has? – Denomination.
45. What does the prefix retro- mean in words like retrospect? – Back/backwards.
46. What do we call a light that has usually a glass covering and can be carried by a handle?
– Lantern/lanterns.
47. What is the plant that grows in the desert and has sharp points? – Cactus/cacti.
48. What do we call a company or organization that gives money to a sports or arts event
in exchange for advertising? – Sponsor.
49. What do we call the study of living things? – Biology.
50. What are winter, spring, summer and autumn? – Seasons.
51. What is a collective term for cows and bulls, especially on a farm? – Cattle.
52. If something is not expensive, what do we say it is? – Cheap.
53. What do people wear if they can’t see very well? – Glasses/contact lenses.
54. If something such as fabric or medicine is artificially made, not natural, what do we say
it is? – Synthetic/artificial/man-made.
55. What type of food is an apple? – Fruit.
56. When ice is at room temperature what does it become? – Water/liquid.
57. Which sweet food is produced by bees? – Honey.
58. Who serves food in a restaurant? – Waiter/waitress.
59. What is the word for the place where a river starts? – Source.
60. What kind of food do almonds, pistachios and walnuts fall into? – Nut.
61. What do we call the marine animal that has eight legs? – Octopus.
62. What do we call a document sent by email? – Attachment.
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63. What part of the body propels a flying bird in the air? – Wing.
64. What do we call a group of sheep or birds? – Flock.
65. What do we call a political institution or body that is responsible for a country? –
Government.
66. What part of a room is over your head? – Ceiling.
67. If a figure is hexagonal, how many sides does it have? – Six.
68. What do people cast in an election? – Vote.
69. What is the name of ceremony in which two people get married? – Wedding.
70. Which one word is used for a brother or sister? – Sibling.
71. What is the word in geometry for a shape that has three sides? – Triangle.
72. How many sides are there in a bilateral agreement? – Two.
73. What is the word for a period of one hundred years? – Century.
74. In which direction does the sun come up? – East.
75. How many days are in a week? - Seven days.
76. What is the meeting point of sea and sky called? – The horizon.
77. What do we call the animals with white ivory and long trunk? - Elephant/elephants.
78. How do you call the seasonal flying from cold to warmer areas, mitigation or migration?
– Migration.
79. What kind of dictionary provides synonyms, antonyms and related words? – Thesaurus.
80. A dozen is a grouping of which number? – Twelve.
81. If a couple have a pair of children, how many children do they have? – Two.
82. Why plants need bees? - Pollination/pollinating.
83. What does the sun do during dawn? – Sunrise.
84. What category do the bee, the butterfly, and the mosquito fall into? – Insect.
85. Which part of your leg can make it possible to bend? – Knee.
86. In the word ‘postgraduate’, what does the ‘post’ mean? – After.
87. What do we call the sport of riding on waves while standing on a narrow board? –
Surfing.
88. What do we call the lizard that can change its color according to the surroundings? -
Chameleon/anole.
89. What is the opposite of 'simplify'? – Complicate.
90. What is the layer of tissue that covers our body? – Skin.
91. What do we call a person that has won the first prize in a competition? -
Champion/winner/gold medalist.
92. What is the thick forest in tropical parts of the world that have a lot of rain? – Rainforest.
93. Who is trained to treat people who are ill in a hospital? - Doctor/doctors.
94. What do we call the container that is used for heating or boiling water? - Kettle / kettles.
95. Which type of meal is usually eaten outdoors, picnic or buffet? – Picnic.
96. What do we call the restaurant that serves buffet? - Cafeteria / cafeterias.
97. What is the opposite of compulsory subjects? - Optional subjects/optional.
98. What do we call the subjects that are taught in a school or college? -
Curriculum/curricula/curriculums.
99. What do we call one of the parts of a school year? – Term/terms.
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100. What do we call a structure made for bees to live in? – Hive/beehive.
101. Which one is the unit of capacity: centimeter or liter? – Liter.
102. What do we call the series of pages showing the days, weeks and months of a
particular year? – Calendar.
103. What do we call a public event at which things are sold to the person who offers the
highest price? – Auction.
104. What do we call an area in the desert where there is water and where plants grow?
– Oasis.
105. What do we call the joint that connects the top and bottom parts of the leg? – Knee.
106. What do we call programs that run on a computer? – Software.
107. What is the hard substance that makes up the stems and branches of trees and
shrubs? – Wood.
108. What do we call the fabric that covers the floor of an apartment? – Carpet/Carpets.
109. What do we call the room that is below the level of the ground? –
Basement/Basements.
110. How do we describe a computer that is connected to the Internet? – Online.
111. What is the opposite of online? – Offline.
112. What do we call a person who studies mystery? – Mystic/occult.
113. What is the animal that looks like a horse but with black and white stripes? - Zebra.
114. How do we call the animals that are kept on farms or as pets? – Domestic.
115. What is the process of water changing into a gas? – Evaporation.
116. Which kind of energy makes light bulbs work? – Electricity.
117. What is the antonym of 'innocent'? – Guilty.
118. How do we describe a person who is not guilty of a crime? – Innocent.
119. What do we call the two metal bars that trains run on? – Rail/Track.
120. What do we use to rest our heads on in bed? – Pillow.
121. What is a small stick made of wood or cardboard that is used for lighting a fire? –
Match.
122. What is the small shiny white ball that forms inside the shell of oyster? –
Pearl/Margarite.
123. What do we call the female head of a family? – Mistress/Hostess.
124. What is the top surface inside the room? – Ceiling.
125. How do we call a person who is about the same age? – Contemporary.
126. What is the legal document protecting someone's intellectual property? – Patent.
127. How many countries are involved in a mutual agreement? – Two.
128. How would you describe an economy that is largely based on farming? –
Agricultural.
129. What is the opposite of majority? – Minority.
130. What is the term to specifically describe either a brother or a sister? – Sibling.
131. What do we call the first meal of the day? – Breakfast.
132. What is the joint connecting your foot to the leg? – Ankle.
133. What is a violent conflict between two or more countries? – War.
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134. What do we call a set of wires covered in plastic or rubber that carries electricity?
– Cable.
135. What handicap equipment is used for broken legs? - Crutch / walking stick.
136. Where do marine animals live? - Sea / ocean.
137. What do you call your cousin's father? – Uncle.
138. What do we cover our necks with in the winter? - Scarf / scarves.
139. What do people cover their heads with? – Hats.
140. What is the opposite of 'damp'? – Dry.
141. When you want to include a picture or other file into an email, what will you do? –
Attach.
142. What do we call the story a person tells to make people laugh? – Joke.
143. What is the opposite of ‘emigrate’? – Immigrate.
144. What do we call the colored liquid for writing, drawing and printing? – Ink.
145. How many months does a season have? – Three.
146. What is one quarter of 100? – Twenty-Five.
147. What is a person called whose job is to write news for newspapers? – Journalist.
148. How do we describe the food that is not cooked? – Raw.
149. What do you call the curve of a road or a river? – Bend.
150. What do we call a person who is waiting for doing something? – Standby.
151. Where do ships load and unload goods or find shelter from storms? – Port/Harbor.
152. Which one is a psychologist good at, surgery or therapy? – Therapy.
153. What do we call the vacation taken by a couple who have just got married? –
Honeymoon.
154. What do we call a shape of six sides? – Hexagon.
155. Who is the person who shares the same room with you? – Roommate.
156. Which is the biggest one, the elephant, the tiger, or the cheetah? – Elephant.
157. A business doesn’t want to make a loss - what does it want to make? - Profit.
158. What is the process of water changing into a gas? – Evaporation.
159. Which one is renewable energy, solar power or fossil fuel? – Solar power.
160. How do we describe people who have or express great love of their country? -
Patriotic.
161. What do we call the jewellery worn around your wrist? – Bracelet.
162. How do we describe the action of cooking something in hot fat or oil? -
Fry/Frying.
163. What do we call the creature who sucks the blood of living people in legends or
horror stories? – Vampire.
164. What do we call the team competing against the host team in a race? – Away team.
165. Which one is wholesome, poison or antibiotic? – Antibiotic.
166. What is the object that has six square sides? – Cube.
167. What is the back part of your foot that is below your ankle? – Heel.
168. What do we call the equipment used to make things look bigger? – Magnifier.
169. What do we call a small horse? – Pony.
170. What are the animals that prey on other animals for living? – Predator.
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171. What do we call a young cow? - Calf/calves.
172. What would call a doctor who sells prescribed medicines? - Pharmacist/Chemist.
173. What would you call a specialist who repairs leaking water pipes? – Plumber.
174. What is the animal with white ivory and long trunk? - Elephant.
175. If you are celebrating a bicentennial event, how many years ago did this event
happen? - Two hundred.
176. What is another way to say the arrangement of musical notes in a tune? - Melody.
177. What do you call a short period of break between the parts of a concert or a play? -
Intermission.
178. What is the shape in geometry that has three sides? – Triangle.
179. What literacy genre describes all details of a famous person’s life? – Biography.
180. What are wine glasses and spectacles made of? – Glass.
181. What do you call the country where you were born? – Motherland.
182. What do we call the activity of taking out weeds from the ground? – Weeding.
183. What makes a refrigerator or any other electrical devices work? – Electricity.
184. How many years are there in a half of century? – Fifty.
185. What do we call something that seems to exist but in fact does not? – Illusion.
186. What is place that a person lives permanently? – Home.
187. What do we call the largest land animal living in Africa or India? – Elephant.
188. What is the book that you write to describe your own life story? – Autobiography.
189. In which compass direction does the Sun rise from? - East.
190. How many eggs are there in a dozen? - Twelve.
191. What is the line where the sky meets the land? - Skyline.
192. If a conference is held annually, how often is it held? - Once a year.
193. What product do you apply to your skin to protect from sunburn? - Sunscreen.
194. What do you call a length of time that lasts for seven days? – Week.
195. How do we describe the position of subterranean? – Underground.
196. What do we call the path by which satellites revolve around the earth? – Orbit.
197. What is the connecting part between two bones? – Joint.
198. What substance would farmers spread into the soil in order to make plants grow
more successfully? – Fertilizer.
199. What do we call the lenses which people use instead of glasses? - Contact lenses.
200. What is the large, flat surface that films are shown on? – Screen.
201. What is the scientific study of rocks? – Geology.
202. What do we call the line between a sunset and the sea? - Sea-sky-line.
203. What's the first meal of the day in the morning? – Breakfast.
204. What is the round, yellow part in the middle of an egg? – Yolk.
205. What do we watch with a screen and a projector? - Slide/movie/film.
206. What is the opposite of 'guilty'? – Innocent.
207. When you bake a cake, what do you put the cake into? – Oven.
208. What is the barrier that can prevent floods from damaging our home? – Dam.
209. What includes everything in the world such as stars and planets? - Universe/cosmos.
210. What do we call animals which eat meat? – Carnivore.
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211. What do we describe an event which happens once every year? – Annual.
212. If a student fails to show up in a class because of illness, how do we describe it? -
Absent/absence.
213. What do we describe the space with no air in it? – Vacuum.
214. What is the literature that withstands centuries? - Classic literature.
215. Who prepares and sells medicine in shops or hospitals? - Chemist/pharmacist.
216. What do we call a scientist who studies planets and stars? – Astronomer.
217. What is the meeting point of the sea and the sky? - Sea level.
218. Which one would you use to describe the desert, humidity or aridity? - Aridity.
219. Does a scapegoat receive or give a crime? - Receive.
220. What is the magazine that is dedicated to academic news? - Journal, Academic
journal.
221. Which gas does plant use during the photosynthesis? – Carbon dioxide.
222. What is the taste of ocean water? Salty or sweet? – Salty.
223. What movement can babies do before they can sit and walk? - Crawling, Crawl.
224. How many days are added in February during a leap year? - One day.
225. What is the habitat of camels – Desert.
226. Which century does the 1600s refer to? - 17th century.
227. What does ASAP mean? - As soon as possible.
228. What is the process of breaking down plastic and glass and using it again? –
Recycling.
229. How do we call the flat surface at the front of a television or computer, on which we
can see pictures? – Screen.
230. What fruit category includes orange, mandarin and lemon? – Citrus.
231. In a compass, there are four directions, north, south, east, and? - West.
232. What do we describe a person who would like to help others? – Warm-hearted.
233. What is the electronic device whose function is about the arithmetic of numbers? –
Calculator.
234. What do we call learning a lot of things in a short time in preparation for an exam?
– Cramming/cram.
235. What do we call a person who takes care of children when their parents are at work?
– Babysitter/nanny.
236. What do we call a person undergoing treatments in hospital? – Patient.
237. What flight starts in a country and ends in the same country? – Domestic.
238. What do we call a bicycle with two seats and two pairs of handles? – Tandem.
239. What do you call a doctor who specializes in children’s diseases? -
Pediatrician/pediatrician.
240. How do we describe a person who enjoys the company of others? – Extrovert.
241. What is the feeling of wanting something that someone else has? – Envy/Jealousy.
242. What do eyes produce while crying? – Tears.
243. What do you call the money you pay for speeding on the road? – Fine.
244. What is the cooking process to make cakes or bread? – Baking.
245. What do we use to get to the third floor when the elevator is broken? – Stairs.
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246. What is glass made from? – Sand.
247. What protects birds from the cold? – Feather.
248. What do you call the case you use to carry documents? – Briefcase.
249. When you fill in a form, what are the two options for gender? – Male and female
250. What’s the fastest way to get from the 20th floor to the 1st floor? – Lift/Elevator.
251. What subject involves the study of the Periodic Table? - Chemistry.
252. What force makes humans stay on the earth? - Gravity.
253. Which sweet food do bees produce? – Honey
254. What is the big musical instrument that has 88 black and white keys? - Piano.
255. Which part of a birds’ body is used for flying? - Wings.
256. What is more fuel efficient, a small car or a large truck? - A small car.
257. What is one half of 100%? - 50%.
258. If you want to buy a ring, who do you approach, a jeweler or pharmacist? - Jeweler.
259. What is the activity of inhaling tobacco substances? – Smoking.
260. Which organ is the blood pumped from? – Heart.
261. What is the term used to describe a period of seven days? – Week.
262. What is the heading at the top of an article or page in a newspaper or magazine? –
Headline.
263. What is the opposite of north? – South.
264. What do you call a list in a book which outlines the structure of the book? - Table
of contents.
265. How many days are there in a fortnight? – Fourteen.
266. If a flight is not international, then what is it called? – Domestic.
267. One who plans and draws the design of buildings and superintends their erection? –
Architect.
268. What is a painting of a person’s head usually called? – Portrait.
269. What do you call a person who is working for a company? – Employee.
270. Horse is a mammal, amphibian or reptile? – Mammal.
271. There are eight planets, such as Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, and the Earth. What stellar
system dothese planets belong to? - Solar system.
272. What is the document a student gets when he completes his study at university? -
Graduation certificate.
273. When a person’s Blood Alcohol Content is higher than the standard range, what
activity are they not allowed to do? – Driving.
274. What do we call the frozen water? – Ice.
275. Which one has a low humidity, a desert or a rainforest? - A desert.
276. What is the antonym of horizontal? - Vertical.
277. What do we call a large notice or picture sticked on a wall? – Poster.
278. What do we call a large building with a square base and triangular sides? – Pyramid.
279. What do you pay when you park in a wrong place? - Fine/parking fine.
280. In addition to A, E, I, O, what is the other vowel letter? - U.
281. What do you call a group of mountains? - Range.
282. What do you call the person who is guilty in law term? - Criminal.
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283. When you mix black and white, what color would you get? - Gray.
284. Pedestrians travel by what? - By foot.
285. What kind of educational institution does a 10-year-old child study in? – Primary
school,Elementary School.
286. What is the ground military force? – Army.
287. What do bees collect from the center of flowers? - Pollen.
288. How many hemispheres does the equator divide the globe into? - Two.
289. What do we call the legal document that states how people’s property should be
allotted aftertheir deaths? - Will.
290. What do you call the son of your sister or brother? - Nephew.
291. What is the nominal form of the wide? – Width.
292. How would you describe an animal that no longer exist on the earth? – Extinct.
293. What do we call the preliminary version of a document before it is finalized? –
Draft.
294. What do we call a person who advocates females' rights? – Feminist.
295. What do we call the state of sharing the same opinion? – Agreement.
296. What do you call the medicine that is used against headache? – Pain killer/painkiller.
297. What do we call the period between childhood and adulthood? -
Adolescence/puberty.
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WRITING:
SUMMARIZE WRITTEN TEXT
Expert Advice
1. FIBER:
Currently, Americans only eat about 16 grams of fiber - the parts of plants that can’t be
digested - per day. That’s way less than the 25 to 30 grams that’s recommended. There
are so many reasons why, from fast-food marketing to agriculture subsidies, but one
contributing factor is the slow death of cooking, and the rise of the restaurant meal.
Americans now spend more on food at restaurants than they do at grocery stores, but
restaurant food tends to have even less fiber than the food we would otherwise eat at
home. One problem seems to be that restaurant meals aren’t typically loaded with two of
the best sources of fiber, unprocessed fruits and vegetables. A revealing study from
2007, in which researchers interviewed 41 restaurant executives, showed that restaurants
think fruits and vegetables aretoo expensive to feature prominently on the menu, and “61
percent said profits drive menu selections.” They also opposed labeling certain menu
items as healthier choices, saying that would be “the kiss of death.” So, people like to eat
out, and when they do, they prefer mushy, fiber-free comfort foods. But that’s a pretty
dangerous road to go down.
2. NEAR INFRA-RED:
The colors that we see are a result of the light reflected within a narrow range of
wavelengths – what we call the visible spectrum. But sunlight also spans
wavelengths that we cannot see. Humans can’t see ultraviolet wavelengths,
which many other animals can see. But there’s one set of wavelengths that elude
all of us – these are near infra-red (NIR) wavelengths. And understanding how
bird feathers interact with these wavelengths is important, not just for birds, but
also for humans through the potential for improvements in thermal efficiency.
Our research in the School of BioSciences at the University of Melbourne
suggests that some Australian birds can control their temperature and avoid
overheating by reflecting near-infrared wavelengths of sunlight. We collected
information on 90 species of Australian birds and found a very strong link
between living in hot, arid regions and reflecting a higher proportion of near-
infrared light.
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Researchers in the field of animal colouration have largely ignored near-infrared
light, because it isn’t easy to measure and there’s no evidence that animals can see
these wavelengths. Because these wavelengths are invisible, they don’t affect
camouflage or sexual attractiveness, which are very important in the animal
world. This means that many animals can control their temperature by altering
reflection of near-infrared light without compromising their ability to hide or
attract a mate.
3. PRIOR KNOWLEDGE:
What is known (prior knowledge or pre-existing knowledge) is the knowledge, skill
or ability that a learner brings to a new learning encounter. This includes all
knowledge that is available before the learning event, and which has been gathered
or developed by any means, and in any situation, including both formal and, quite
often, informal learning situations. Learners need enough previous knowledge and
understanding to enable them to learn new things; they also need help making links
with new and previous knowledge explicit. It is considered to be valuable to go
through a process of what has been called 'activating prior knowledge'. Teachers
often go through this process at the beginning of a new topic. They also use
introductory strategies at the beginning of lessons which are continuations from
previous lessons. In terms of the practicalities of teaching, this is a process of
making children think about the topic or remember what has been covered already.
In terms of theory, it is to do with activating particular schemas.
4. DOGS:
By living in close contact with humans, dogs have developed specific skills that
enable them to interact and communicate effectively with people. Recent studies
have shown that the canine brain can pick up on emotional cues contained in a
person's voice, body odor and posture, and read their faces. In this study, the authors
observed what happened when they presented photographs of the same two adults'
faces (a man and a woman) to 26 feeding dogs. The images were placed
strategically to the sides of the animals' line of sight and the photos showed a human
face expressing one of the six basic human emotions: anger, fear, happiness,
sadness, surprise, disgust or being neutral. The dogs showed greater response and
cardiac activity when shown photographs that expressed arousing emotional states
such as anger, fear and happiness. They also took longer to resume feeding after
seeing these images. The dogs' increased heart rate indicated that in these cases
they experienced higher levels of stress. In addition, dogs turned their heads to
the left when they saw human faces expressing anger, fear or happiness.
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The reverse happened when the faces looked surprised, possibly because dogs view
it as a non-threatening, relaxed expression. These findings, therefore, support the
existence of an asymmetrical emotional modulation of dogs' brains to process basic
human emotions.
5. SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT:
The Brundtland Report, Our Common Future (1987), defines sustainable
development as "development which meets the needs of the present without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs'. Implicit in
this definition is the idea that the old pattern of development could not be sustained.
Is this true? Development in the past was driven by growth and innovation. It led
to new technologies and huge improvements in living standards. To assume that we
know what the circumstances or needs of future generations will be is mistaken and
inevitably leads to the debilitating sense that we are living on borrowed time. Only
if we assume that society will remain static can we understand the needs of the
future. The way we live today could not have been predicted twenty years ago.
The sustainability paradigm fails to recognize this. It is a static view and thus
places limits on human ingenuity. Similarly, a whole host of false assumptions
dominate environmental thought; the scale of problems is exaggerated, the amount
of resources is underestimated and spurious links are made between areas such as
green policies and profit, poverty and environmental degradation. Those of us who
want a better future need to question these assumptions.
6. IMPORTANCE OF SOIL:
It's very easy to forget about what's in the ground beneath our feet and why it's so
important to protect it. One tablespoon of soil contains more organisms than there
are people on Earth; billions of bacteria, fungi and other microorganisms combine
with minerals, water, air and organic matter to create a living system that supports
plants and, in turn, all life. Healthy soil can store as much as 3,750 tons of water
per hectare, reducing the risk of flooding, and the International Panel on Climate
Change (IPCC) has said that 89% of all agricultural emissions could be mitigated
if we improved the health of our soil. Good soil management also increases disease
resistance in livestock and ultimately drives profits for farmers - yet soil and its
impact on the health of our animals has, over recent decades, been one of the most
neglected links in UK agriculture. Over the last 50 years' agriculture has become
increasingly dependent on chemical fertilizers, with applications today around 10
times higher than in the 1950s. Farmers often think the chemical fertilizer NPK
(nitrogen, phosphorous and potassium) provides all the nutrition a plant requires,
but it also has a detrimental effect on the long- term health of the land: research
suggests there are fewer than 100 harvests left in many of the world's soils.
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7. GLOBAL BUSINESS:
Political risk and nationalism have had major impacts on the development and
retardation of global business. Two World Wars, the protectionism of the 1930s, and
subsequent waves of economic nationalism damaged the global economy severely and
threw it into reverse, though temporarily and partially, and changed the trajectory of
globalization during the twentieth century. Wartime blockades, interwar trade barriers,
and policies of sovereign nations protecting or serving national interests dealt a blow to
the global integration of the market. The two World Wars also brought about
technological innovation, and partly contributed to the rise of regions that had been
traditionally on the periphery, and laid the basis for today’s multi-polar global economy.
Under these pressures, global business looked to transform itself from being based on
a unitary structure to a multi-centred one: today’s multinational corporations were
created to operate beyond the constraints imposed by the sovereign states. In addition,
the economic entities involved in global business created international public goods on
their own, such as special safe havens, rather than remaining passive to the actions of
sovereign states. Ironically, however, this seems to be creating a new kind of political
risk and widespread anti-globalism. The effects of political risks, due to their nature,
showed significant geographical differences. They varied widely between European
and US companies. In Europe, where serious risks such as war and occupation became
a reality, the capability to address political risks had a great impact on the rise, fall, and
survival of firms, while in US, such risks have little impact on companies.
8. HEAT:
In the 1840s scientists understood that heat was not just a substance but a form of energy
that can be converted from one form to another. James Prescott Joule and Rudolf
Clausius stated that heat can produce mechanical energy, and mechanical energy can
produce heat. Which lead to the idea that the “heat energy” of a substance is the kinetic
energy of its atoms and molecules. Heat is what makes kinetic energy. The more heat
that is produced the higher the kinetic energy level of an object or substance is or has.
The kinetic energy theory of matter is a scientific theory that states that matter consists
of small particles in a rapid random motion. The kinetic energy theory gives the
differences of three states of matter; solids, liquids, and gases. The Kinetic Theory of
Matter states that matter is composed of a large number and small particles that are in
constant motion. It also assumes that particles are small and widely separated. They
collide and exchange energy. The theory helps explain the flow or transfer of heat and
the relationship between pressure, temperature and volume properties of gases. Heat is
energy and describes the movement between objects. Heat is a measure of the total
internal energy that has been absorbed or transferred from one body to another. Internal
energy is the kinetic and potential energy of molecules of an object.
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The total internal energy of molecules increases by gaining energy from a temperature
difference such as conduction, convection and radiation or by gaining energy from a
form conversion (mechanical, chemical radiant, electrical, nuclear). Heat is a form of
energy that is mostly converted into kinetic energy of molecules. As long as you heat
an object, its temperature rises.
9. MARKETING OBJECTIVE:
A marketing objective is a marketing target or goal that an organization hopes to achie
ve such as to boost market share from 9 to 12 per cent within 2 years. Marketing objec
tives steer the direction of the business. Operating a business without knowing your
objective is like driving a car without knowing where you want to go. Some businesse
s achieve a degree of success without setting marketing objectives; stumbling across a
successful business model by accident. But why should anyone rely on chance? If fir
ms set marketing objectives the probability of success increases because decision mak
ing will be more focused.
Marketing objectives must be compatible with the overall objectives of the company,
they cannot be set in isolation by the marketing department. Achieving the marketing
objective of boosting share from 9 to 12 per cent will help realize a corporate objectiv
e of growth. To be effective, marketing objectives should be quantifiable and measura
ble. Targets should also be set within a time frame. An example of a marketing objecti
ve that Nestle might set is to achieve a 9 percent increase in the sales of KitKat by the
end of next year A car manufacturer, such as BMW could set the following marketing
objective.
To increase the number of BMW 3 Series cars sold in China from 250,000 to 400,000
over the next 12 months. Setting sales volume targets can be particularly important in
industries such as car manufacturing because of the high fixed costs associated with o
perating in this market. If sales volume can be increased, the high fixed costs of operat
ing will be spread across a greater number of units of output, reducing fixed costs per
unit.
10. PROTEIN FAMILIES:

In addition to this lack of information about protein families, there is a lack of
information about those from the species of most interest to researchers: Homo sapiens.
Only a quarter of known protein structures are human. A majority of the rest come from
bacteria. This paucity is a problem, for in proteins form and function are intimately
related. A protein is a chain of smaller molecules, called amino acids, that is often
hundreds or thousands of links long. By a process not well understood, this chain folds
up, after it has been made, into a specific and complex three-dimensional shape. That
shape determines what the protein does: acting as a channel, say, to admit a chemical
into a cell or as an enzyme to accelerate a chemical reaction; or as a receptor, to receive
chemical signals and pass them on to a cell's molecular machinery.
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11. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES:
Many technologies have promised these qualities, but few have been commercially
viable. What's been lacking is the performance data needed to demonstrate that these
technologies are durable, genuinely environmentally beneficial, and suitable to be
insured. Over the past 13 years, our Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering
has led on research into straw as a low-impact building material. This work, which has
included developing a unique straw bale panel as well as scientific monitoring and
testing, has now culminated in crucial industry certifications. The BM TRADA’s Q-
Mark certification guarantees a straw building’s energy efficiency, fire safety,
durability and weather-resilience and means that developers and homebuyers can now
get insurance and mortgages for straw homes and buildings. The innovative straw walls
in the new houses provide two times more insulation than required by current UK
building regulations. Based on monitoring a residential straw-bale development in
Leeds, fuel bill reductions up to 90% can be expected. The walls have been built using
ModCell technology; prefabricated panels consisting of a wooden structural frame
infilled with straw bales or hemp and rendered with either a breathable lime-based
system or ventilated timber or brick cladding. This technology combines the lowest
carbon footprint and the best operational CO? performance of any system of
construction currently available. In fact, as an agricultural co-product, straw buildings
can be carbon negative as straw absorbs CO? when it grows.
12. PROTEIN MOLECULES:

About 120,000 types of protein molecules have yielded up their structures to science.
That sounds a lot, but it isn't. The techniques, such as X-ray crystallography and
nuclear-magnetic resonance (NMR), which are used to elucidate the structures as not
yet work on all proteins. Some types are hard to produce or purify in the volumes
required. Others do not seem to crystallize at all a prerequisite for probing them with
X-rays. As a consequence, those structures that have been determined include who are
less than a third of the 16,000 known protein families. Researchers can build reasonable
computer models for another third, because the structures of these resemble ones
already known. For the remainder, however, there is nothing to go on.
13. AMERICANS:
Americans in the mid-nineteenth century could point to plenty of examples, real as well
as mythical, of self-made men who by dint of “industry, prudence, perseverance, and
good economy” had risen “to competence, and then to affluence.” With the election of
Abraham Lincoln they could point to one who had risen from a log cabin to the White
House. “I am not ashamed to confess that twenty-five years ago I was a hired laborer,
mauling rails, at work on a flat-boat - just what might happen to any poor man’s son!”
Lincoln told an audience at New Haven in 1860.
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But in the free states a man knows that “he can better his condition there is no such
thing as a freeman being fatally fixed for life, in the condition of a hired laborer.” “Wage
slave” was a contradiction in terms, said Lincoln. “The man who labored for another
last year, this year labors for himself, and next year he will hire others to labor for him.”
If a man “continue through life in the condition of the hired laborer, it is not the fault of
the system, but because of either a dependent nature which prefers it, or improvidence,
folly, or singular misfortune.” The “free labor system,” concluded Lincoln, “opens the
way for all - gives hope to all, and energy, and progress, and improvement of condition
to all.”
14. SOUTH AFRICA:

The area that is now South Africa has been inhabited by humans for millennia. The San,
the original inhabitant this land, were migratory people who lived in small groups of
about 15 to 20 people. They survived by fishing and hunting and by gathering roots and
other wild foods. They did not build permanent dwellings but used rock shelters as
temporary dwellings. Around 2,000 years ago Khoikhoi pastoralists migrated to the
coast. In the eastern part of present-day South Africa, iron-working societies date from
about 300 AD. The Sotho-Tswana and Nguni peoples arrived in this region around
1,200 AD. They lived by agriculture and stock farming, mined gold, copper and tin and
hunted for ivory and built stone-walled towns. Over the centuries, these societies had
diverse contacts with the Khoisan. Strife between the San and the Khoikhoi developed
over competition for game; eventually the Khoikhoi became dominant. These peoples
lived in the western part of present-day South Africa and are known collectively as the
Khoisan.
15. COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE

With an abundance of low-priced labor relative to the United States, it is no surprise
that China, India and other developing countries specialize in the production of labor-
intensive products. For similar reasons, the United States will specialize in the
production of goods that are human- and physical capital intensive because of the
relative abundance of a highly- educated labor force and technically sophisticated
equipment in the United States. This division of global production should yield higher
global output of both types of goods than would be the case if each country attempted
to produce both of these goods itself. For example, the United States would produce
more expensive labor-intensive goods because of its more expensive labor and the
developing countries would produce more expensive human and physical capital-
intensive goods because of their relative scarcity of these inputs.
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This logic implies that the United States is unlikely to be a significant global competitor
in the production green technologies that are not relatively intensive in human and
physical capital.Nevertheless, during the early stages of the development of a new
technology, the United States has a comparative advantage in the production of the
products enabled by this innovation. However, once these technologies become well-
understood and production processes are designed that can make use of less-skilled
labor, production will migrate to countries with less expensive labor.
16. TREE RING

Here’s how tree ring dating, known to scientists as dendrochronology (from the Greek
roots dendron = tree, and chronos = time), works. If you cut a tree down today, it’s
straightforwardto count the rings inwards, starting from the tree’s outside. But it’s less
straightforward to attach a date to a particular ring in an ancient Anasazi wooden beam,
because at first you don’t know in what year the beam was cut. Hence the sequence of
the rings in a tree cross-section is like a message in Morse code formerly used for
sending telegraph messages; dot-dot-dash-dot- dash in the Morse code, wide-wide-
narrow-wide-narrow in the tree ring sequence. (Actually, the tree ring sequence is even
more diagnostic and richer in information than the Morse code, because trees actually
contain rings spanning much different width, rather than the Morse code choice between
dot and dash.) Tree ring specialists (known as dendrochronologists) proceed by noting
the sequence of wider and narrower rings in a tree cut down in a known recent year, and
also noting the sequences in beams from trees cut down at various times in the past. In
that way, dendrochronologists have constructed tree ring records extending back for
thousands of years in some parts of the world. A bonus of dendrochronology is that the
width and substructure of each ring reflects the amount of rain and the season at
which the rain fell during that particular year. Thus, tree ring studies also allow one to
reconstruct the past climate.
17. BENEFIT OF HONEY

In order to have a competitive edge, athletes often use drugs with high athletic
performance. The National Honey Board recently found that honey has the same
functions but less negative impact. This clinical trial is the third in a series of studies
focusing on the use of honey by athletes. The first study (involving 71 subjects)
determined that honey has a milder effect on blood sugar than other popular forms of
carbohydrate gel. The second study in the series (with 39 weight trained subjects)
investigated the combination of honey with a protein supplement and suggested that
honey speeds muscle recovery after a workout.
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18. MALAYSIA
Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to visit in Southeast Asia.
Aside from its gleaming 21st century glass towers, it boasts some of the most superb
beaches, mountains and national parks in the region. Malaysia is also launching its
biggest-ever tourism campaign in effort to lure 20 million visitors here this year. Any
tourist itinerary would have to begin in the capital, Kuala Lumpur, where you will find
the Petronas Twin Towers, which once comprised the world tallest buildings and now
hold the title of second-tallest. Both the 88-story towers soar 1,480 feet high and are
connected by a sky-bridge on the 41st floor. The limestone temple Batu Caves, located
9 miles north of the city, have a 328-foot-high ceiling and feature ornate Hindu shrines,
including a 141-foot-tall gold-painted statue of a Hindu deity. To reach the caves,
visitors have to climb a steep flight of 272 steps. In Sabah state on Borneo Island not to
be confused with Indonesias Borneo you'll find the small mushroom-shaped Sipadan
island, off the coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in the world.
Sipadan is the only oceanic island in Malaysia, rising from a 2,300-foot abyss in the
Celebes Sea. You can also climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia,
visit the Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary, go white-water rafting and catch a glimpse
ofthe bizarre Proboscis monkey, a primate found only in Borneo with a huge pendulous
nose, a characteristic pot belly and strange honking sounds. While you're in Malaysia,
consider a trip to Malacca. In its heyday, this southern state was a powerful Malay
sultanate and a booming trading port in the region. Facing the Straits of Malacca, this
historical state is now a place of intriguing Chinese streets, antique shops, old temples
and reminders of European colonial powers. Another interesting destination is
Penang, known as the Pearl of the Orient. This island off the northwest coast of
Malaysia boasts of a rich Chinese cultural heritage, good food and beautiful beaches.
19. WINE INDUSTRY

In 1920, the eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution created yet
another setback for the American wine industry. The National Prohibition Act, also
known as the Volstead Act, prohibited the manufacture, sale, transportation,
importation, delivery, or possession of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes.
Prohibition, which continued for thirteen years, nearly destroyed what had become a
thriving and national industry. One of the loopholes in the Volstead Act allowed for the
manufacture and sale of sacramental wine, medicinal wines for sale by pharmacists
with a doctor’s prescription, and medicinal winetonics (fortified wines) sold without
prescription. Perhaps more important, prohibition allowed anyone to produce up to two
hundred gallons yearly of fruit juice or cider. The fruit juice, which was sometimes
made into concentrate, was ideal for making wine. People would buy grape concentrate
from California and have it shipped to the East Coast. The top of the container was
stamped in big bold letters: caution: do not add sugar or yeast or else fermentation will
take place!
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Some of this yield found its way to bootleggers throughout America who did just that.
But not for long, because the government stepped in and banned the sale of grape juice,
preventing illegal wine production. Vineyards stopped being planted, and the American
wine industry came to a halt.
20. PRIMARY CARER

Slightly less than one in five carers (19%) were primary carers (475,000 people). That
is, they were the main carer of a person who was limited in carrying out the core
everyday activities of mobility, communication or self-care. Both primary carers and
the larger group of other carers (close to 2 million) contribute to the wellbeing of older
people and people with disabilities. However, because they care for people who
otherwise would have difficulty carrying out basic everyday activities, there is
particular interest in primary carers: in the contribution they make, their wellbeing,
labor force experiences, motivations and the support they receive in caring. Primary
carers were more likely than other carers to be assisting someone who lived in the same
household (81% compared with 76%). As with caring as a whole, the likelihood of
being a primary carer increased with age to peak at age 55-64 years, where one in
twenty peoplewere primary carers. However, rather than then declining, the likelihood
of being a primary carer remained at around this level among the older age groups.
Consequently, primary carers had a somewhat older age profile than other carers. The
median age of primary carers was 52 years, compared with 47 years for other carers.
Primary carers were more likely than other carers to be female (11% compared with
50%) and less likely to be in the labor force (39% compared with 60%). Women not in
the labor force were by far the largest single group among primary carers (44%). In
contrast, men employed full time were the largest single group among other carers
(25%). Consistent with their lower labor force participation, primary carers had lower
personal incomes than other carers (a median gross income M $231 per week compared
with $321 per week) and were more likely to have a government pension or allowance
as their main source at income (55% compared with 35%).
21. PARENTS’ BORN ORDER EFFECTS

Parents' own born order can become an issue when dynamics in the family they are
raising replicate the family in which they were raised. Agati notes common examples,
such as a firstborn parent getting into "raging battles" with a firstborn child. "Both are
used to getting thelast word. Each has to be right. But the parent has to be the grown up
and step out of that battle," he advises. When youngest children become parents, Agati
cautions that because they "may not have had high expectations placed on them, they
in turn may not see their kids for their abilities."
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But he also notes that since youngest children tend to be more social, "youngestparents
can be helpful to their firstborn, who may have a harder time with social situations.
These parents can help their eldest kids loosen up and not be so hard on themselves.
Mom Susan Ritz says her own birth order didn't seem to affect her parenting until the
youngest ofher three children, Julie, was born. Julie was nine years younger than Ritz's
oldest, Joshua, mirroring the age difference between Susan and her own older brother.
"I would see Joshua do to Julie what my brother did to me," she says of the taunting
and teasing by a much older sibling. "I had to try not to always take Julie's side." Biases
can surface no matter what your own birth position was, as Lori Silverstone points out.
"As a middle myself, I can be harder on my older daughter. I recall my older sister
hitting me," she says of her reactions to her daughters' tussles. "My husband is a
firstborn. He's always sticking up for the oldest. He feels bad for her that the others
came so fast. He helps me to see what thatfeels like, to have that attention and then lose
it." Silverstone sees birth order triggers as "an opportunity to heal parts of ourselves.
I've learned to teach my middle daughter to stand up for herself. My mother didn't teach
me that. I'm conscious of giving my middle daughter tools so she has a nice way to
protect herself." Whether or not you subscribe to theories that birth order can affect
your child's personality, ultimately, "we all have free will," Agati notes. It's important
for both parents and kids to realize that, despite the characteristics often associated with
birth order, "you're not locked into any role."
22. DOUBLE BLIND

The feature of being "double blind", where neither patients nor physicians are aware of
who receives the experimental treatment, is almost universally trumpeted as being
a virtue ofclinical trials. Hence, trials that fail to remain successfully double blind are
regarded as providing inferior evidential support. The rationale for this view is
unobjectionable: double blinding rules out the potential confounding influences of
patient and physician beliefs. Nonetheless, viewing double blind trial as necessarily
superior is problematic. For one, it leads to the paradox that very effective experimental
treatments will not be supportable by best evidence. If a new drug were to make even
the most severe symptoms of the common cold disappear within seconds, most
participants and investigators would correctly identify it as the latest wonder drug and
not the control (i.e. placebo) treatment. Any trial testing the effectiveness of this wonder
drug will therefore fail to remain double blind. Similar problems arise for treatments,
such as exercise and most surgical techniques, whose nature makes them resistant to
being tested in double blind conditions. It seems strange that an account of evidence
should make a priori judgments that certain claims can never be supported by 'best
evidence'. It would be different if the claims at issue were pseudoscientific - untestable.
But so far as treatments with large effects go, the claim that they are effective is highly
testable and intuitively they should receive greater support from the evidence than do
claims about treatments with moderate effects.
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23. GREENHOUSE GASES
When an individual drives a car, heats a house, or uses an aerosol hair spray, greenhouse
gases are produced. In economic terms, this creates a classic negative externality. Most
of the cost (in this case, those arising from global warming) are borne by individuals
other than the one making the decision about how many miles to drive or how much
hair spray to use. Becausethe driver (or sprayer) enjoys all the benefits of the activities
but suffers only part of the cost, that individual engages in more than the economically
efficient amount of the activity. In this sense, the problem of greenhouse gases parallels
the problem that occurs when someone smokes a cigarette in an enclosed space or
litters the countryside with fast-food wrappers. If we are to get individuals to reduce
production of greenhouse gases to the efficient rate, we must somehow induce them
to act as though they bear all the costs of their actions. The two most widely accepted
means of doing this are government regulation and taxation, both of which have been
proposed to deal with greenhouse gases.
24. COMMUNICATION:
By living in close contact with humans, dogs have developed specific skills that enable
them to interact and communicate effectively with people. Recent studies have shown
that the canine brain can pick up on emotional cues contained in a person's voice, body
odor and posture, and read their faces. In this study, the authors observed what happened
when they presented photographs of the same two adults' faces (a man and a woman)
to 26 feeding dogs. The images were placed strategically to the sides of the animals'
line of sight and the photos showed a human face expressing one of the six basic human
emotions: anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, disgust or being neutral. The dogs
showed greater response and cardiac activity when shown photographs that expressed
arousing emotional states such as anger, fear and happiness. They also took longer to
resume feeding after seeing these images. The dogs' increased heart rate indicated that
in these cases they experienced higher levels of stress. In addition, dogs turned their
heads to the left when they saw human faces expressing anger, fear or happiness. The
reverse happened when the faces looked surprised, possibly because dogs view it as a
non-threatening, relaxed expression. These findings, therefore, support the existence of
an asymmetrical emotional modulation of dogs' brains to process basic human
emotions.
25. BANK:
Banks provide short-term finance to companies in the form of an overdraft on a current
account. The advantage of an overdraft is its flexibility. When the cash needs of the
company increase with seasonal factors, the company can continue to write cheques
and watch the overdraft increase. When the goods and services are sold and cash begins
to flow in, the company should be able to watch the overdraft decrease again. The most
obvious example of a business which operates in this pattern is farming.
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The farmer uses the overdraft to finance the acquisition of seed for arable farming, or
feed through the winter for stock farming and to cover the period when the crops or
animals are growing and maturing. The overdraft is reduced when the crops or the
animals are sold. The main disadvantage of an overdraft is that it is repayable on
demand. The farmer whose crop fails because of bad weather knows the problem of
being unable to repay the overdraft. Having overdraft financing increases the worries of
those who manage the company. The other disadvantage is that the interest payable on
overdrafts is variable. When interest rates increase, the cost of the overdraft increases.
Furthermore, for small companies there are often complaints that the rate of interest
charged is high compared with that available to larger companies. The banks answer
that the rates charged reflect relative risk and it is their experience that small companies
are more risky.
26. LEADERSHIP:
A leader can define or clarify goals by issuing a memo or an executive order, an edict
or a fatwa or a tweet, by passing a law, barking a command, or presenting an interesting
idea in a meeting of colleagues. Leaders can mobilize people’s energies in ways that
range from subtle, quiet persuasion to the coercive threat or the use of deadly force.
Sometimes a charismatic leader such as Martin Luther King Jr. can define goals and
mobilize energies through rhetoric and the power of example. We can think of
leadership as a spectrum, in terms of both visibility and the power the leader wields. On
one end of the spectrum, we have the most visible: authoritative leaders like the
president of the United States or the prime minister of the United Kingdom, or a dictator
such as Hitler or Qaddafi. At the opposite end of the spectrum is casual, low-key
leadership found in countless situations every day around the world, leadership that can
make a significant difference to the individuals whose lives are touched by it. Over the
centuries, the first kind–the out-in-front, authoritative leadership–has generally been
exhibited by men. Some men in positions of great authority, including Nelson Mandela,
have chosen a strategy of “leading from behind”; more often, however, top leaders have
been quite visible in their exercise of power. Women (as well as some men) have
provided casual, low-key leadership behind the scenes. But this pattern has been
changing, as more women have taken up opportunities for visible, authoritative
leadership.
27. GARDENERS:
Gardeners can feed their families and enrich the soil by growing legumes, such as green
beans, soybeans, lentils and peas. Legume roots produce their own nitrogen, which is a
major fertilizer nutrient needed by all plants for growth. Nitrogen is produced in nodules
that form on the roots of legumes, which contain Rhizobium bacteria. The bacteria take
nitrogen from the air and convert it into a form the plants can use.
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When legumes are pulled up in the fall, excess nitrogen from the nodules is left in the
soil. The excess organic nitrogen can be used by other plants the following growing
season. It's considered organic nitrogen because it was produced naturally, making
green beans or peas great rotational crops in an organic crop production system. Organic
growers prefer organic nitrogen because of its natural origins and because it breaks
down slowly in the soil, thus slowly feeding plants throughout the growing season.
Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers tend to release nitrogen quickly and are harsher on the
environment. Synthetic nitrogen fertilizers are generally applied in split applications
during the season to mimic the slow release of organic nitrogen sources. Each specific
legume generally requires a specific type of Rhizobium bacteria to produce nodules on
their roots. Gardeners who have never grown green beans before can purchase small
bags of inoculum or bacteria from most popular vegetable seed catalogs. Before
planting beans, open the package and pour in the dust-like bacteria among the seed.
Shake the package and then plant. Nodules will form on the roots as they develop. The
bacteria will remain in the soil, making it unnecessary to inoculate the seed next year.
Do not apply extra nitrogen fertilizer to bean crops. Doing so makes bacteria in the
nodules lazy, encouraging them to stop producing their own nitrogen. Legumes that are
particularly popular in the home vegetable garden include lima beans, peas, edible
soybeans, lentils and fava beans. In a recent survey, 44 percent of gardeners trained
through New Mexico State University's Master Gardener Program said they grew green
beans and other legumes in their home gardens. When planting, be sure to purchase
appropriate strains of Rhizobium bacteria for each type of legume.
28. GLOBAL PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT:

If you are inspired to take concrete action for global peace and development, take a look
at the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) program. Every year, up to 8,000 qualified and
experienced women and men of some 160 different nationalities volunteer at least six
months of their lives to help others. These UN Volunteers work in some 130 countries
promoting peace, responding to disasters, empowering communities and helping to
build sustainable livelihoods and lasting development. UN Volunteers come from
dozens of professional backgrounds but all of them are catalysts of positive change.
They are encouraged to be creative and entrepreneurial, and foster volunteerism for
peace and development both within and beyond their assignments. They work at the
heart of communities in partnership with governments, United Nations entities and civil
society. Being a UN Volunteer is not a career (you are currently limited to four years
of service), but it is rich with opportunities and experience and offers huge personal
rewards. As a UN Volunteer you receive a Volunteer Living Allowance (VLA) which
covers basic needs, housing and utilities. Additionally, UNV will provide a settling-in-
grant, life, health, and permanent disability insurance, return airfares and a nominal
resettlement allowance.
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29. SOCIAL NETWORKS:
Ten years ago, Barsky and Purdon (2006) discovered that social networks which are
expanding communication through social media are becoming popular and the costs
involved are getting further reduced. Yet, library executives did not see how such a
phenomenon could become a part of library and information services. They felt that the
users should be left to their social media while the library carried on with its traditional
roles (De Rosa et al., 2007). This was also the case when Charnigo and Barnett-Ellis
(2007) conducted a survey of 126 academic librarians and concluded that 54% of the
librarians surveyed did not believe that there was an academic purpose for Facebook.
The rationale behind these librarians’ belief was that the social media was a space where
students interact with each other, hence, the librarian was not welcome as their coming
in might be viewed as an invasion of space. But time has proved that as the technology
of the social media became more popular, users and librarians acquired digitally
literacy, and libraries, seeing an explosion of social media around it, were forced to
reconsider their stance. In a survey involving 497 international librarians, Taylor &
Francis (2014) discovered that over 70% of librarians now feel that the use of social
media is important. Though the wave began with public libraries (Mon, 2015), today,
libraries of every type either have a social media presence or they are seriously
considering it. Hence, the use of social media by libraries has become mainstream.
30. VITAMIN D:
Vitamin D refers to a group of fat--soluble secosteroids responsible for enhancing
intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc. In humans, the
most important compounds in this group are vitamin D3 and vitamin D2.
Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol can be ingested from the diet and from supplements.
Very few foods contain vitamin D; synthesis of vitamin D (specifically cholecalciferol)
in the skin is the major natural source of the vitamin. Dermal synthesis of vitamin D
from cholesterol is dependent on sun exposure Vitamin D from the diet or dermal
synthesis from sunlight is biologically inactive; activation requires enzymatic
conversion (hydroxylation) in the liver and kidney. Evidence indicates the synthesis of
vitamin D from sun exposure is regulated by a negative feedback loop that prevents
toxicity, but because of uncertainty about the cancer risk from sunlight, no
recommendations are issued by the Institute of Medicine (US), for the amount of sun
exposure required to meet vitamin D requirements. Accordingly, the Dietary Reference
Intake for vitamin D assumes no synthesis occurs and all of a person's vitamin D is from
food intake, although that will rarely occur in practice. As vitamin D is synthesized in
adequate amounts by most mammals exposed to sunlight citation needed, it is not
strictly a vitamin, and may be considered a hormone as its synthesis and activity occur
in different locations.
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31. SOLAR POWER:
The advantages and disadvantages of solar power compared to other forms of
renewable energy have been greatly debated. While obviously superior to some forms
of energy, solar power's high cost and efficiency dependent on geography have limited
its appeal. However, a large number of advantages also merit further development and
even possible adaptation for residences.
Advantages of Solar Power:
Solar energy remains popular because it is both a renewable and clean source of energy.
These advantages along with the hope that eventually nations can use solar power to
decrease global warming ensure its popularity.
Renewable:
Solar energy is a true renewable resource. All areas of the world have the ability to
collect some amount of solar power and solar power is available for collection each day.
Clean:
Solar energy is non-polluting. It does not create greenhouse gases, such as oil-based
energy does, nor does it create waste that must be stored, such as nuclear energy. It is
also far more quiet to create and harness, drastically reducing the noise pollution
required to convert energy to a useful form. Residential size solar energy systems also
have very little impact on the surrounding environment, in contrast with other
renewable energy sources such as wind and hydroelectric power.
Low Maintenance:
Solar panels have no moving parts and require very little maintenance beyond regular
cleaning. Without moving parts to break and replace, after the initial costs of installing
the panels, maintenance and repair costs are very reasonable.
32. CLIMATE CHANGE:

You used to think that being green was a luxury for your company, but climate change
has made you realize that you can no longer ignore it. The buzz is about becoming
carbon-neutral, but where do you start? Consider your drivers. Do you want to become
carbon-neutral for marketing reasons, for financial reasons or to help save the planet?
Simon Armitage of the Carbon Neutral Company believes: "Your drivers will help you
tailor your carbon-reduction program and determine key performance indicators." This
will help build a case for going carbon-neutral. First, measure your carbon footprint, or
get a specialist to do it for you. That primarily means taking account of your energy
usage and emissions caused through travel. Before you begin, think about whether
you're collecting the right data and whether it's readily accessible. When implementing
any energy reduction measures, ensure you engage with your staff.
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"It's much better if your people decide for themselves when it's sensible for them to
travel," says Armitage. You'll also need them to participate in switching off the lights
and other energy-saving measures. Set targets and show it's not a one-off exercise.
33. POSITIVE MINDSET:

Research shows that when people work with a positive mind-set, performance on nearly
every level – productivity, creativity, engagement - improves. Yet happiness is perhaps
the most misunderstood driver of performance. For one, most people believe that
success precedes happiness. “Once I get a promotion, I'll be happy,” they think. Or,
“Once I hit my sales target, I'll feel great.” But because success is a moving target – as
soon as you hit your target, you raise it again, the happiness that results from success is
fleeting. In fact, it works the other way around: People who cultivate a positive mind-
set perform better in the face of challenge. I call this the "happiness advantage” – every
business outcome shows improvement when the brain is positive. I've observed this
effect in my role as a researcher and lecturer in 48 countries on the connection between
employee happiness and success. And I'm not alone: In a meta-analysis of 225 academic
studies, researchers Sonja Lyubomirsky, Laura King, and Ed Diener found strong
evidence of directional causality between life satisfaction and successful business
outcomes. Another common misconception is that our genetics, our environment, or a
combination of the two determines how happy we are. To be sure, both factors have an
impact. But one's general sense of well-being is surprisingly malleable. The habits you
cultivate, the way you interact with coworkers, how you think about stress – all these
can be managed to increase your happiness and your chances of success.
34. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION:

By 1984, the internet had grown to include 1,000 host computers. The National Science
Foundation was one of the first outside institutions hoping to connect to this body of
information. Other government, non-profit, and educational institutions followed.
Initial attempts to catalogue this rapidly expanding system of networks were simple.
Among the first was Archie, a list of FTP information created by Peter Deutsch at
McGill University in Montreal. However, the greatest innovation in the Internet was
still to come, brewing in an MIT laboratory in Cambridge, Mass. The World Wide Web,
or the Web, is often confused with the Internet. In fact, it is just one part of the Internet,
along with email, video conferencing, and streaming audio channels. In 1989, Tim
Berners-Lee, now a scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, introduced
a new system of communication on the Internet which used hyperlinks and a user-
friendly graphical interface. His slice of the Internet pie camera to be known as the
World Wide Web.
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Berners Lee says, “The Web is an abstract (imaginary) space of information. On the
Net, you find computers –on the Web, you find documents, sounds, videos, information.
On the Net, the connections are cables between computers; on the web, connections are
hypertext links. The Web exists because of programs which communicate between
computers on the Net. The Web could not be without the Net. The Web made the Net
useful because people are really interested in information (not to mention knowledge
and wisdom!) and don’t really want to know about computers and cables.”
35. EDUCATION PROCESS:

Assessment is a central process in education. If students learned what they were taught,
we would never need to assess; we could instead just keep records of what we had
taught. But as every teacher knows, many students do not learn what they are taught.
Indeed, when we look at their work, it is sometimes hard to believe that they were in
the classroom. In fact, it is impossible to predict with any certainty what students will
learn as the result of a particular sequence of classroom activities. And because we
cannot teach well without finding out where our students are starting from, we have to
assess. Even if all our students started out at the same point (a highly unlikely
situation!), each of them will have reached different understandings of the material
being studied within a very short period of time. That is why assessment is the bridge
between teaching and learning it is only through assessment that we can find out
whether what has happened in the classroom has produced the learning we intended. Of
course, assessment is also used for other purposes in education, which makes the picture
much more complicated. In all countries, assessments of the performance of individual
students are used to determine which students are, and which students are not, qualified
for subsequent phases of education, and also to decide which kinds of education
students should receive.
36. VOTING RIGHTS IN UNITED KINGDOM

Assessment is a central process in education. If students learned what they were taught,
we would never need to assess; we could instead just keep records of what we had
taught. But as every teacher knows, many students do not learn what they are taught.
Indeed, when we look at their work, it is sometimes hard to believe that they were in
the classroom. In fact, it is impossible to predict with any certainty what students will
learn as the result of a particular sequence of classroom activities. And because we
cannot teach well without finding out where our students are starting from, we have to
assess. Even if all our students started out at the same point (a highly unlikely
situation!), each of them will have reached different understandings of the material
being studied within a very short period of time.
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That is why assessment is the bridge between teaching and learning it is only through
assessment that we can find out whether what has happened in the classroom has
produced the learning we intended. Of course, assessment is also used for other
purposes in education, which makes the picture much more complicated. In all
countries, assessments of the performance of individual students are used to determine
which students are, and which students are not, qualified for subsequent phases of
education, and also to decide which kinds of education students should receive.
37. UPPER PALEOLITHIC PEOPLE

The ways of life of Upper Paleolithic people are known through the remains of meals
scatteredaround their hearths, together with many tools and weapons and the debris left
over from their making. The people were hunter-gatherers who lived exclusively from
what they could find in nature without practicing either agriculture or herding. They
hunted the bigger herbivores, while berries, leaves, roots, wild fruit and mushrooms
probably played a major role in their diet. Their hunting was indiscriminate, perhaps
because so many animals were about that they did not need to spare pregnant females
or the young. In the cave of Enlene, for example, many bones of reindeer and bison
fetuses were found. Apparently, Upper Paleolithic people hunted like other predators
and killed the weakest prey first. They did, however, sometimes concentrate on salmon
runs and migrating herds of reindeer. Contrary to popular beliefs about cave men,
Upper Paleolithic people did not live deep inside caves. They rather chose the foot of
cliffs, especially when an overhang provided good shelter. On the plains and in the
valleys, they used tents made from hides of the animals they killed. At times, on the
Great Russian plains, they built huts with huge bones and tusks collected from the
skeletons of mammoths. (Men hunted mostly with spears; the bow and arrow was
probably not invented until the Magdalenian period that came at the end of the Upper
Paleolithic. Tools and weapons, made out of wood or reindeer antlers, often had flint
cutting edges. Flint knappers were skillful and traditions in flint knapping were pursued
for thousands of years. This continuity means that they must have been carefully taught
how to find good flint nodules and how to knap them in order to make knives, burins
(chisel-like tools) or scrapers, which could be used for various purposes.)
38. CITY OF LONDON

Who would have thought back in 1698, as they downed their espressos, that the little
band of stockbrokers from Jonathan’s Coffee House in Change Alley EC3 would be the
founder- members of what would become the world’s mighty money capital? Progress
was not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst in 1720 and the coffee house
exchanges burned down in 1748. As late as Big Bang in 1986, when bowler hats were
finally hung up, you wouldn’t have bet the farm on London surpassing New York,
Frankfurt and Tokyo as Mammon’s international nexus.
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Yet the 325,000 souls who operate in the UK capital’s financial hub have now overtaken
their New York rivals in size of the funds managed (including offshore business); they
hold 70% of the global secondary bond market and the City dominates the foreign
exchange trading. And its institutions paid out £9 billion in bonuses in December. The
Square Mile has now spread both eastwards from EC3 to Canary Wharf and westwards
into Mayfair, where many of the private-equity locusts’ and their hedge fund pals now
hang out. For foreigners in finance, London is the place to be. It has no Sarbanes-Oxley
and no euro to hold it back, yet the fact that it still flies so high is against the odds.
London is one of the most expensive cities in the world to live in, transport systems
groan and there’s an ever-present threat of terrorist attack. But, for the time being, the
deals just keep on getting bigger.
39. COLUMBUS
When Christopher Columbus arrived at Hispaniola during his first transatlantic voyage
in the year A.D. 1492, the island had already been settled by Native Americans for about
5,000 years.The occupants in Columbus’s time were a group of Arawak Indians called
Tainos who livedby farming, were organized into five chiefdoms, and numbered around
half a million (the estimates range from 100,000 to 2,000,000). Columbus initially
found them peaceful and friendly, until he and his Spaniards began mistreating them.
Unfortunately for the Tainos, they had gold, which the Spanish coveted but didn’t want
to go to the work of mining themselves. Hence the conquerors divided up the island and
its Indian population among individual Spaniards, who put the Indians to work as virtual
slaves, accidentally infected them with Eurasian diseases, and murdered them. By the
year 1519, 27 years after Columbus’s arrival, that original population of half a million
had been reduced to about 11,000, most of whom died that year of smallpox to bring the
population down to 3,000.
40. NEW MUSEOLOGY

What is museology? A simple definition might be that it is the study of museums, their
history and underlying philosophy, the various ways in which they have, in the course
of time, been established and developed, their avowed or unspoken aims and policies,
their educative or political or social role. More broadly conceived, such a study might
also embrace the bewildering variety of audiences- visitors, scholars, art lovers,
children- at whom the efforts of museum staff are supposedly directed, as well as related
topics such as the legal duties and responsibilities placed upon (or incurred by)
museums, perhaps even some thought as to their future. Seen in this light, museology
might appear at first sight a subject so specialized as to concern only museum
professionals, who by virtue of their occupation are more or less obliged to take an
interest in it.
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In reality, since museums are almost, if not quite as old as civilization itself, and since
the plethora of present-day museums embraces virtually every field of human endeavor-
not just art, or craft, or science, but entertainment, agriculture, rural life, childhood,
fisheries, antiquities, automobiles: the list is endless- it is a field of enquiry so broad as
to be a matter of concern to almost everybody.
41. CHILDREN WATCHING TELEVISION

Why and to what extent should parents control their children’s TV watching? There is
certainly nothing inherently wrong with TV. The problem is how much television a
child watches and what effect it has on his life. Research has shown that as the child
watches and what effect it has on his life. Research has shown that as the amount of
time spent watchingTV goes up, the amount of time devoted not only to homework and
study but other important aspects of life such as social development and physical
activities decreases. Television isbound to have it tremendous impact on a child, both
in terms of how many hours a week he watches TV and of what he sees. When a parent
is concerned about the effects of television, he should consider a number of things: what
TV offers the child in terms of information and knowledge, how many hours a week a
youngster his age should watch television, the impact of violence and sex, and the
influence of commercials. What about the family as a whole? Is the TV sets a central
piece of furniture in your home! Is it flicked on the moment someone enters the empty
house? Is it on during the daytime? Is it part of the background notice of your family
life? Do you demonstrate by your own viewing that television should be watched
selectively?
42. ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Here's a term you're going to hear much more often: plug-in vehicle, and the acronym
PEV. It'swhat you and many other people will drive to work in ten years and more from
now. At that time, before you drive off in the morning you will first unplug your car -
your plugin vehicle. Its big on board batteries will have been fully charged overnight,
with enough power for you to drive 50-100 kilometers through city traffic. When you
arrive at work you'll plug in your car once again, this time into a socket that allows
power to flow from your car's batteries to the electricity grid. One of the things you
did when you bought your car was to sign a contract with your favorite electricity
supplier, allowing them to draw a limited amount of power from your car's batteries
should they need to, perhaps because of a blackout, or very high wholesale spot power
prices. The price you get for the power the distributor buys from your car would not
only be most attractive to you, it would be a good deal for them too, their alternative
being very expensive power form peaking stations.
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43. COMPULSORY VOTING IN AUSTRALIA
A democratic country should have the right to decide whether to vote or not. It is strange
that after decades of crawling up the political backside of the US, Australians don't have
that right. Being fined for not voting reminds me of the old saying "you can lead a horse
to water but you cannot make him drink". The fine is not for failing to vote but for
failing to have your name marked off a list! Forcing people to make a decision just
means they'll make the easiest, quickest decision they can, not the best one. You need
an informed electorate for compulsory voting to work. However, the reality is that
nobody knows anything about the candidates and promotional material is not readily
available. I'd rather 80% of people didn't vote than have them all just pick the first
recognizable name on the ballot sheet. Then at least the government is elected by the
20% who care and make informed decisions. Otherwise, it is largely potchance who
gets elected. Furthermore, compulsory voting doesn't ensure that the entire electorate is
engaged in the democratic process. Those who don't want to vote can simply turn up
and get their name marked off, without even putting pencil to paper. But you're seriously
deluding yourself if you think that this is what all those who don't care about
government do when they turn up to the polling booth. Voluntary voting at least
ensures those who vote are the ones that care enough to do so. Perhaps somebody
could enlighten me as to the reasonwhy, to the best of my knowledge, Australia is the
only 'democracy' that has compulsory voting. It is certainly not compulsory in the USA,
England, Canada, and New Zealand, Philippines or any other European or Asian
democracy that I am aware of. Compulsory voting is, however, mandatory in most
communist regimes.
44. GRASS AND COW

The co-evolutionary relationship between cows and grass is one of nature’s
underappreciated wonders; it also happens to be the key to understanding just about
everything about modern meat. For the grasses, which have evolved to withstand the
grazing of ruminants, the cow maintains and expands their habitat by preventing trees
and shrubs from gaining a foothold and hogging the sunlight; the animal also spreads
grass seed, plants it with his hooves, and then fertilizes it with his manure. In exchange
for these services the grasses offer ruminants a plentiful and exclusive supply of lunch.
For cows (like sheep, bison, and other ruminants) have evolved the special ability to
convert grass - which single-stomached creatures like us can’t digest - into high-quality
protein. They can do this because they possess what is surely themost highly evolved
digestive organ in nature: the rumen. About the size of a medicine ball,the organ is
essentially a forty-five-gallon fermentation tank in which a resident population of
bacteria dines on grass.
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45. AUSTRALIANS DEBATE
When Australians engage in debate about educational quality or equity, they often seem
to accept that a country cannot achieve both at the same time. Curriculum reforms
intended to improve equity often fail to do so because they increase breadth or
differentiation in offerings in a way that increases differences in quality. Further, these
differences in quality often reflect differences in students’ social backgrounds because
the new offerings are typically taken up by relatively disadvantaged students who are
not served well them. Evidence from New South Wales will be used to illustrate this
point. The need to improve the quality of education is well accepted across OECD and
other countries as they seek to strengthen their human capital to underpin their modern,
knowledge economies. Improved equity is also important for this purpose, since the
demand for high level skills is widespread and the opportunities for the low skilled are
diminishing. Improved equity in education is also important for social cohesion. There
are countries in which the education system seems primarily to reproduce existing social
arrangements, conferring privilege where it already exists and denying it where it does
not. Even in countries where the diagnosis might be less extreme, the capacity of
schooling to build social cohesion is often diminished by the way in which schools
separate individuals and groups.
46. THE ROSETTA STONE

When the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799, the carved characters that covered its
surface were quickly copied. Printer's ink was applied to the Stone and white paper laid
over it. When the paper was removed, it revealed an exact copy of the text - but in
reverse. Since then, many copies or "facsimiles" have been made using a variety of
materials. Inevitably, the surface of the Stone accumulated many layers of material left
over from these activities, despite attempts to remove any residue. Once on display,
the grease from many thousands of human hands eager to touch the Stone added to
the problem. An opportunity for investigation and cleaning the Rosetta Stone arose
when this famous object was made the centerpiece of the Cracking Codes exhibition at
The British Museum in 1999. When work commenced to remove all butthe original,
ancient material the stone was black with white lettering. As treatment progressed, the
different substances uncovered were analyzed. Grease from human handling, a coating
of carnauba wax from the early 1800s and printer's ink from 1799 were cleaned
away using cotton wool swabs and liniment of soap, white spirit, acetone and purified
water. Finally, whitepaint in the text, applied in 1981, which had been left in place until
now as a protective coating, was removed with cotton swabs and purified water. A
small square at the bottom left corner of the face of the Stone was left untouched to
show the darkened wax and the white infill.
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WRITING
WRITING ESSAY
Expert Advice
Register on www.languageacademy.com.au for free AI powered practice portal and
fullscored Mock-Test with Scorecard, Feedback and Analysis.
1. Animals have been widely used for scientific and commercial experiments, and some
people find the practice brutal. Do you think that we should prohibit it or not?
2. In the future, students may have the choice of studying at home by using technology such
as computers or television instead of studying at traditional schools. Discuss the advantages
and disadvantages thereof.
3. Some famous athletes and entertainers earn millions of dollars every year. Is it good or not?
4. Some people believe that the ability to read and write is more important today than in the
past. Do you agree or disagree? Support your idea with examples.
5. Movies are popular all over the world. Explain why movies are so popular.
6. Many people have a close relationship with their pets. These people treat their birds, cats,
or other animals as members of their family. In your opinion, are such relationships good?
Give examples to support your idea.
7. Do you agree that privatization of public sector undertakings is beneficial to society?
8. In order to improve living standards, it is inevitable to destroy the environment. Do you
agree with this statement or not?
9. At present, some old people prefer to live in nursing homes instead of living with their adult
children. What do you think are the reasons?
10. Some people believe that there has been no major development in humanity with the
rising number of child abuse cases. Is it a lack of education?
11. People dispute travel is or is not a component of a quality education. Some believe travel
is overrated. What is your opinion?
12. Games are as important for adults as they are for children. Do you think adults need
games? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
13. Some people are always in a hurry to get somewhere and get things done. Others prefer to
take their time and live a slow-paced life. Will you prefer the slow-paced life and why?
14. Some films are serious and designed to arouse audience's thinking. Other films are
designed primarily to entertain. Which type of movie will you choose?
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15. A person should never make an important decision alone. Do you support this statement
or not?
16. Climate change is a concerning global issue. Who should take the responsibilities,
governments, big companies or individuals?
17. In the past 100 years, there have been many inventions, such as antibiotics, airplanes, and
computers. What do you think is the most important of them? Why?
18. You are given climate change as the field of study. Which area would you prefer? Explain
why you pick this particular area of your study and give an example in the area you pick.
19. There are both problems and benefits for high school students study plays and works of
theatres written centuries ago. Discuss and use your own experience.
20. Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion on this? Do you
think this is a good or bad change?
21. Some people say involvement of youth in crimes is increasing at an alarming rate.
What is your opinion?
22. The means of communicating in society today has changed greatly over the last ten years.
Give your opinion.
23. Some languages are increasingly spoken in different countries, while the usage of others
is rapidly declining. Is this a positive or a negative development?
24. Globalization is important. What is your opinion? Give your reasons.
25. Schools should prepare students for university, rather than for work. To what extent do
you agree with this statement?
26. Taking part in sports is important for an adult's health and happiness. To what extent do
you agree with it?
27. Do you think students who go to university and pay full fees should earn higher salaries
than those who do not go to university?
28. The only effective way to deal with unemployment is to introduce rapid urbanization. To
what extent do you agree with it?
29. Animal rights are important. Give your opinions.
30. Some say mothers are better parents than fathers. What is your opinion?
31. Some people say robots will work as teachers in school in the future. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages.
32. Which subject will you choose for study of science? Explain it with examples.
33. Many people say there is much violence promoted in mass media. What is your opinion?
34. Some employers take the opinions of their employees when determining the areas to invest
in. Please explain whether it will bring advantages or disadvantages.
35. Living in the countryside or having an urban life, which one do you prefer? Please use
examples or your personal experience to support your opinion.
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36. In our technological world, the number of new inventions has been increasing. Please make
an example with its impact on our life, and explain if it is beneficial or not.
37. There are more men or women in certain jobs and there’s nothing we can change about it.
Do you agree with that?
38. Some people think air travel has more negative impacts than positive impacts on modern
life. What do you think?
39. While artificial intelligence becomes so advanced, people can use computers to translate
foreign languages. Do you agree with it? Give examples or your experiences to support.
40. Information revolution brought by modern mass media has both positive and negative
consequences to individuals and the society. To what extent do you agree with this
statement? Discuss and use your own experience.
41. Some universities deduct students’ work if assignment is given late. What is your opinion
and suggest some alternative actions?
42. Effective learning requires time, comfort and peace so it is impossible to combine study
and employment. Study and employment distract one from another. To what extent do you
think thestatements are realistic? Support your opinion with examples?
43. The disadvantages of tourism in less developed countries are as great as the advantages.
What is your opinion?
44. Do you think it has a positive or negative impact on you if you buy a home close to the
work place?
45. Some say that in today’s world the value of humanities has been eclipsed by the necessity
of preparing for specific wealth-producing careers, such as medicine. What is your opinion
about a role in today’s changing world for study of the humanities?
46. What is the role of writing theater plays and discussing ancient writings in the study of high
school students?
47. There are both advantage and disadvantage of company workers accessing their own
products and services. Discuss.
48. It is important to preserve the beautiful buildings of the past, even if it will be expensive to
do so.To what extent do you agree or disagree with it?
49. Medical technology can increase life expectancy. Is it a blessing or curse?
50. In your opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages of extreme or adventure sports?
51. Some people think human behaviors can be limited by laws; others think laws have little
effect. What is your opinion?
52. The world’s governments and organizations are facing a lot of issues. Which do you think
is themost pressing problem for the inhabitants on our planet and gives the solution?
53. It is argued that getting married before finishing school or getting a job is foolish. To what
extentdo you agree or disagree?
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54. What do you think are the strengths and weakness of the education system in your country?
Useyour own experience to support your idea.
55. You are given climate as the field of study. Which area would you prefer? Explain why you
pickedthis up the particular area of your study, and give an example in the area you pick.
56. The formal written examination can be a valid method to assess students’ learning. To what
extentdo you agree or disagree?
57. The time people devote in job leaves very little time for personal life. How widespread is
theproblem? What problem will this shortage of time cause?
58. Business whether big or small is to maximize profit. Do you agree with that? Give your
opinion.
59. Animal rights have been a subject of debate since the 1970s. Are zoos helping or hurting
animals?
60. Despite all the advancement made by mankind, some people still argue that gender equality
is a myth. What is your opinion?
61. Some people think traditional cultures should be strictly followed, while others think
modern people should adopt a new way of life. What is your opinion?
62. Some countries have free health services. However, some people claim that those who live
unhealthy lives should not receive free health services. Do you agree or disagree with this
statement?
63. Students should spend the same amount of time doing exercises as they allocate to studying.
Do you agree or disagree with it?
64. Education matters a lot to children, but some families cannot afford to pay the tuition. So,
some people have argued that schools should be tuition-free. What is your opinion?
65. Nowadays, more and more countries are developing alternative energy, such as electrical
energy. What is your opinion?
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RE-ORDER PARAGRAPHS
Expert Advice
NOTE: The Re-Orders provided are in correct order.
1. THE GLOW WORMS

1. The Newness railroad was closed in 1932 after 25 years of shipping oil shale.
2. The rails were pulled out of the 600-meter tunnel, which had been bored through the
sandstonein the Wollemi National Park, and the tunnel was left to its own devices.
3. For Newness, that meant becoming home to thousands and thousands of glow worms.
4. The glow worm is a catch-all name for the bioluminescent larvae of various species, in
this case, the Arachnocampa richardsae, a type of fungus gnat. Found in massive
numbers in caves, the fungus gnat larvae cling to the rocky walls of the abandoned
tunnel and hunt with long, glowing strings of sticky mucus.
2. BLUE HALO
1. Latest research has found that several common flower species have nanoscale ridges on the
surfaceof their petals that meddle with light when viewed from certain angles.
2. These nanostructures scatter light particles in the blue to ultraviolet colour spectrum,
generating asubtle effect that scientists have christened the 'blue halo'.
3. By manufacturing artificial surfaces that replicated 'blue halos', scientists were able to
test theeffect on pollinators, in this case foraging bumblebees.
4. They found that bees can see the blue halo, and use it as a signal to locate flowers more
efficiently
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3. ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
1. Ecological footprint accounting measures the demand on and supply of nature.
2. On the demand side, the Ecological Footprint measures the ecological assets that a given
population requires to produce the natural resources it consumes.
3. It tracks the use of six categories of productive surface areas: cropland, grazing land,
fishing grounds, built-up land, forest area, and carbon demand on land.
4. On the supply side, a city, state or nation's bio-capacity represents the productivity of its
ecologicalassets.
5. Both the Ecological Footprint and bio-capacity are expressed in global hectares-globally
comparable, standardized hectares with world average productivity.
4. EARTHWORMS:
1. Not all wildlife is created equal in our eyes.
2. Take the earthworm, which doesn't have the widespread appeal of larger, more charismatic
animals such as gorillas, tigers or pandas.
3. Worms are never going to get a strong "cute response", and they won't ever be the face of
a conservation campaign.
4. But what Darwin rightly recognized is that - panda fans avert your eyes - worm
conservation is much more important once we factor in their provision of what we now call
"ecosystem services", which are crucial to human survival.
5. MAYOR:
1. Education scholars generally agree that mayors can help failing districts, but they are
starting to utter warnings.
2. Last summer the editors of the Harvard educational review warned that mayoral control
can reduce parents' influence on schools.
3. And they pointed to Mr. Bloomberg's aggressive style as an example of what not to do.
4. All this must be weighed up by the New York state legislature in 2009, when mayoral
control is up for renewal-or scrapping.
6. NEW VENTURES:
1. New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the world's most dynamic,
emerging economies-- Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia and Mexico.
2. We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment, and worked with 250 innovative
businesses whose goods and services produce clear, measurable environmental benefits,
such as clean energy, efficient water use, and sustainable agriculture.
3. Often they also address the challenges experienced by the world's poor.
4. For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called Ecostar, refurbishes copy
machines from the United States and re-sells or leases them for 20 percent less than a
branded photocopier.
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8. BENEFITS OF LANGUAGE:
1. Over the years many human endeavors have had the benefit of language.
2. In particular a written language can convey a lot of information about past events, places,
people and things.
3. But it is difficult to describe music in words, and even more difficult to specify a tune.
4. It was the development of a standard musical notation in the 11th century that allowed
music tobe documented in a physical form.
5. Now music could be communicated efficiently, and succeeding generations would know
something about the music of their ancestors.
9. COPERNICANISM:
1. The expanding influence of Copernicanism through the seventeenth century transformed
not only the natural philosophic leanings of astronomers but also the store of conceptual
material accessible to writers of fiction.
2. During this period of scientific revolution, a new literary genre arose, namely that of the
scientific cosmic voyage
3. Scientists and writers alike constructed fantastical tales in which fictional characters
journey tothe moon, sun, and planets.
4. In so doing, they discover that these once remote worlds are themselves earth-like in
character. Descriptions of these planetary bodies as terrestrial in kind demonstrate the
seventeenth centuryintellectual shift from the Aristotelian to the Copernican framework.
10. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE FORESTS

1. The earth is losing its forests. Presently, trees cover about 30 percent of the earth's
surface, butthey are being destroyed at an alarming rate, especially in the tropics.
2. Timber harvesting is a major reason for the destruction of the forests.
3. The timbers are used for building houses, making furniture, and providing pulp for paper
products,such as newspapers and magazines.
4. At least 40 hectares of rainforest are being felled every minute, mostly in order to
extract the valuable timber.
5. Another way that man is destroying the world's forests is by burning them down. In the
Amazon, for example, rainforests are being burnt down at a rate of 20 hectares a minute
11. LECTURE
1. In the lecture, you should be a good listener.
2. To be a good listener, you should take notes.
3. This makes you memorize, for these you take note, and should construct sentences.
4. After that, this would help you in revising and exercising key words.
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12. SHERBET POWDER
1. A reaction that needs some type of energy to make it go is said to be endothermic. It takes
in energy.
2. For example, the sherbet you used for the chapter problem on page 25 is a mixture of baking
soda and citric acid.
3. When it is mixed with water in your mouth an endothermic reaction occurs, taking heat
energy from your mouth and making it feel cooler.
4. Another example of an endothermic reaction is seen with the cold packs used by athletes
to treat injuries. These packs usually consist of a plastic bag containing ammonium nitrate
dissolves in the water.
5. This process is endothermic-taking heat energy from the surroundings and cooling the
injured part of your body. In this way the cold pack acts like an ice pack.
13. SCIENTIFIC DISHONESTIES

1. I think we should be wary of the reporting of science -it is often over-dramatized in order
to securean audience - but not of science itself
2. Of course, there are rare extremely scientific dishonesties, which will be seized upon by
the newsorganizations.
3. The role of science in modern society remains valuable.
4. Mobile phones, for example, can cause incidents if drivers insist on talking on the phone
instead oflooking at roads.
5. But no one would argue that mobile phones cannot help to make a phone call when we
are in acrisis.
14. ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT

1. With the Arctic the fastest warming region on the planet, climate change is already
altering key components of the Arctic environment.
2. Some of the clearest signs of change are the thinning and retreat of sea ice and the
migration ofspecies into the Arctic that normally live at lower latitudes.
3. The response of the Arctic to climate change will have an unprecedented impact on how
the Arcticecosystem operates.
4. This is likely to affect the UK's climate and economy, with anticipated impacts on
industries liketourism and fisheries.
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15. COSMIC HAZARDS
1. Earth is a target in a cosmic shooting gallery, subject to random violent events that were
unsuspected a few decades ago.
2. In 1991 the United States Congress asked NASA to investigate the hazard posed today
by largeimpacts on Earth.
3. The group conducting the study concluded from a detailed analysis that impacts from
meteoritescan indeed be hazardous.
4 Although there is always some risk that a large impact could occur, careful study shows
that thisrisk is quite small.
16. COPERNICUS
1. Copernicus probably hit upon his main idea sometime between 1508 and 1514. For years,
however, he delayed publication of his controversial work, which contradicted all the
authoritiesof the time.
2. The historic book that contains the final version of his theory, De revolution ibus or
biumcoelestium libri vi ("Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs"),
did not appearin print until 1543, the year of his death.
3. According to legend, Copernicus received a copy as he was dying, on May 24, 1543.
4. The book opened the way to a truly scientific approach to astronomy. It had a profound
influence on later thinkers of the scientific revolution, including such major figures as
Galileo, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton.
17. COPERNICAN FRAMEWORK

1. The expanding influence of Copernicanism through the seventeenth century transformed
not only the natural philosophic leanings of astronomers but also the store of conceptual
material accessible to writers of fiction.
2. During this period of scientific revolution, a new literary genre arose, namely that of the
scientific cosmic voyage
3. Scientists and writers alike constructed fantastical tales in which fictional characters
journey to the moon, sun, and planets.
4. In so doing, they discover that these once remote worlds are themselves earth-like in
character.
5. Descriptions of these planetary bodies as terrestrial in kind demonstrate the seventeenth
century intellectual shift from the Aristotelian to the Copernican framework.
18. GENDER INEQUALITIES

1. Most European countries are concerned about gender inequalities in education.
2. However, the comprehensiveness of legislative and policy frameworks differs widely.
3. On the one hand, they differ concerning the degree to which gender equality
concepts areembedded in various legislative acts.
4. On the other hand, they can frame gender equality in different ways, focusing on one
or moreof the various concepts that are associated with this term.
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19. ANTS' PREDICTION
1. It’s often said that ants can predict impending rain and respond by changing their
behaviour.
2. Some people say that if you see ants building their mounds higher, or building
them fromdifferent materials, this might signal the coming of rain.
3. But is there any scientific evidence to support this piece of folk wisdom?
4. The short answer is - no, although it is a difficult question to answer partly because
of thesheer diversity of ants – there are 13,000 named species on the planet!
20. MARINE CREATURES

1. In order to establish whether diversity matters in the sea as well as on land, 11 marine
biologists,along with three economists, have joined forces.
2. They have spent the past three years crunching all the numbers they could lay on their hands
on.
3. These ranged from the current UN Food and Agriculture Organization’s database to
informationhundreds of years old, gleaned from kitchen records and archeology.
4. The results of this comprehensive analysis have been published in science.
21. CHILDREN
1. Many young children are inexperienced in dealing with emotional upheaval.
2. As a result, they lack the coping strategies that many adults have.
3. In particular, many young children lack the verbal skills to express their emotions
and toeffectively communicate their need for emotional support.
4. The frustration of not being able to effectively communicate may manifest itself in
alternative behaviors.
5. Strategies that children may employ at this age are commonly referred to as defense
mechanisms.
22. NATIVE PLANTS AND ANIMALS

1. Australia's native plants and animals adapted to life on an isolated continent over
millions of years.
2. Since European settlement they have had to compete with a range of introduced
animals forhabitat, food and shelter.
3. Some have also had to face new predators.
4. These new pressures have also caused a major impact on our country's soil and
waterways and on its native plants and animals.
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23. ART HISTORY
1. Art history is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic
contexts.
2. The study includes painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture, and other
decorativeobjects.
3. Art history is the history of different groups of people and their culture represented
throughouttheir artwork.
4. Art historians compare different time periods in art history.
5. As a term, art history (its product being history of art) encompasses several
methods of studying the visual arts; in common usage referring to works of art and
architecture.
24. FEEDING BIRDS

1. According to experts, feeding birds is probably the most common way in which people
interact with wild animals today. More than 50 million Americans engage in the practice,
collectively undertaking an unwitting experiment on a vast scale.
2. Is what we’re doing good or bad for birds?
3. Recently, researchers at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology sought to answer this question,
analyzing nearly three decades’ worth of data from a winter-long survey called Project
Feeder Watch.
4. Preliminary results suggest the species visiting our feeders the most are faring
exceptionally well in an age when one third of the continent’s birds need urgent
conservation.
5. Still, what are the consequences of skewing the odds in favor of the small subset of
species inclined to eat at feeders? What about when the bird we’re aiding is invasive, like
our house finch?
25. EUROPEAN UNION

1. The European Union has two big fish problems.
2. One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its own fisheries
can nolonger meet European demand.
3. The other is that its government won’t confront their fishing lobbies and decommission
all thesurplus boats
4. The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West Africa. Since
1979 it has struck agreements with the government of Senegal, granting our fleet’s
access to its waters.
5. As a result, Senegal’s marine ecosystem has started to go the same way as ours.
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26. WERE WE REALLY UP TO THE CHALLENGE?
1. During the school year, we had the benefit of being both unaccountable and omnipotent.
2. We could engage in impassioned debates about how as chief executive of a certain
companywe would have done this, or if we had been the banker on that deal we would
have structured itlike that.
3. Insulated from the consequences of such decisions, and privy to all critical information
about the case, we were able to solve complex business problems with relative ease.
4. We knew that once we began our internships, this would no longer be the case.
5. The information would be more nebulous and the outcomes of our decisions would be
unpredictable.
6. So in approaching this impending summer period, what lingered in the back of our
minds was a collectively felt, unspeakable thought: "Were we really up to the
challenge?"
27. SYNAPSE
1. Our brain's learning process is linked to our synapses, which serve as connections
between ourneurons.
2. The more the synapse is stimulated, the more the connection is reinforced and learning
improved.
3. Researchers took inspiration from this mechanism to design an artificial synapse, called
amemristor.
4. This electronic nano-component consists of a thin ferroelectric layer sandwiched
between two electrodes.
28. THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE

1. Conferences have played a key role in guiding the work of the United Nations since its very
inception.
2. In fact, the world body was born when delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco in
April 1945 for the United Nations Conference on International Organization.
3. The recent high-profile conferences on development issues, often held at the Summit level,
have continued a series that began in the 1970s and broken new ground in many areas: by
involving Presidents, Prime Ministers and other heads of State- as pioneered at the 1990
World Summit for Children.
4. These events have put long-term, difficult problems like poverty and environmental
degradation atthe top of the global agenda.
5. These problems otherwise would not have the political urgency to grab front-page
headlines and command the attention of world leaders.
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29. WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY
1. Researchers studied groups of people from the University of Wisconsin-Madison community,
ranging in age from 18 to 65.
2. The first group was asked to perform simple tasks, like pressing a button every time they took a
breath or clicking in response to a letter popping up on a computer screen; these tasks were so easy
that their minds were likely to wander, the researchers figured.
3. The researchers checked in periodically, asking the participants if their minds were on task or
wandering.
4. When the task was over, they measured each participant's working memory capacity by having
them remember letters while doing math equations.
5. Though all participants performed well on the task, the researchers noticed that the individuals
who indicated their minds had wandered more than others also scored higher on the working
memory test.
30. BRAIN
FUNCTION
1. The brain is our most treasured possession.
2. It coordinates our movements, our words, our relationships, and the ability to pass on our
genes.
3. Our body therefore protects the organ fiercely: The central nervous system polices particles
traveling through the bloodstream and invites only the safest into our cognitive chamber.
4. This selective process occurs due to a proactive boundary known as the blood-brain barrier.
5. The barrier serves a vital role, but is also poses a tremendous challenge for scientists
developing drugs to treat brain-based disorders.
31. EXCEPTIONAL HEALTH

1. It is natural to be healthy, but we have wandered so far astray that disease is the rule and good
health, the exception.
2. Of course, most people are well enough to attend to their work, but nearly all are suffering from
some ill, mental or physical, acute or chronic.
3. There is too much illness, too much suffering.
4. We are losing every year a vast army of individuals who are in their productive prime.
5. The average individual is of less value to himself, to his family and to society than he could be.
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32. INTERNATIONAL DATELINE
1. International dateline, imaginary line on the earth’s surface, generally following the 180°
meridian of longitude, where, by international agreement, travelers change dates.
2. The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result.
3. For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hours would elapse as
it circled the globe, but it would still be the same day for those in the airplane while it would
be one day later for those on the ground below them.
4. The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in opposite directions to a point
on the opposite side of the earth, 180° of longitude distant.
5. The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveler crossing the date line change
his date, thus bringing the travelers into agreement when they meet.
33. SYDNEY FIREWORKS

1. Fireworks and special effects, including a red waterfall‖ from the bridge base, will turn the
structure built in 1932 into a giant Aboriginal flag shortly after the sun sets for the last time
in 2015.
2. It’s about how we’re all so affected by the harbor and its surrounds, how special it is to all
of us and how it moves us, said the Welcome to Country’s creative director, Rhoda Roberts.
3. From 8:40 pm, the bridge will be turned into a canvas showing the Welcome to Country
ceremony.
4. Fireworks and special effects will also turn the bridge into a giant Aboriginal flag before
the 9 pm fireworks display.
34. JET STREAM

1. Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging from 7 to 8 mi
(11.3-12.9 km) above the surface of the earth.
2. They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air masses.
3. Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike fashion; the
waves propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds considerably slower than
the wind speed itself.
4. Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether tail winds or
head winds are encountered.
5 In the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in order to gain
speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
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35. WEB SECURITY
1. In the lobby of Google’s headquarters in Mountain View, California, computer screens
displaylists of the words being entered into the company’s search engine.
2. Although Google says the system is designed to filter out any scandalous or potentially
compromising queries, the fact that even a fraction of searches can be seen by visitors to
the world’s biggest search company is likely to come as a shock to internet users who think
of web browsing as a private affair.
3. That may be changing.
4. Over the past year, a series of privacy gaffes and government attempts to gain access to
internet users’ online histories have, along with consolidation among online search and
advertising groups, thrust the issue of internet privacy into the spotlight.
5. This presents a challenge to Google and other internet search companies, which have built
a multi- billion dollars industry out of targeted advertising based on the information users
reveal about them online.
36. MONEY TRANSACTIONS

1. Cash transactions offer both privacy and anonymity as it does not contain information that
can beused to identify the parties nor the transaction history.
2. Moreover, money is worth what it is because we have come to accept it.
3. The whole structure of traditional money is built on faith and so will electronic money have
to be.
4. Electronic transactions are happening in closed group networks and Internet. Electronic
commerceis one of the most important aspects of internet to emerge.
5. To support e-commerce, we need effective payment systems and secure communication
channelsand data integrity.
37. MARQUEZ
1. Marquez arrived in October 1577 at the abandoned town of Santa Elena with two ships
carrying pre-fabricated posts and heavy planking.
2. He erected fort San Marcos in six days in defense against a Native American attack such
as theone that forced the abandonment of the town a year earlier.
3. The town had flourished, nearing 400 residents, since its establishment more than a decade
earlier in 1566 by Pedro Menendez de Aviles who had founded La Florida and St.
Augustine the year before.
4. In 1571, it became the capital of La Florida.
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38. THE TOWN OF LIBERAL
1. The town of Liberal is said to have been named for an early settler famous among travelers
for being free with drinking water.
2. Liberal is conservative in a moderate Midwestern kind of way which is changing fast due
to big National Beef Packing plant which relies on Hispanic migrants and thus four-fifths
of the children in Liberal’s public-school system are Hispanic.
3. This should make the town receptive to Democrats, but Mr. Trump easily won the county
of which it forms part.
4. Liberal’s mayor, Joe Denoyer, who was raised in a Democratic family near Chicago and
moved to Liberal in search of work.
5. Mr. Denoyer voted for Mr. Trump by being impressed by his promise, though he thinks it
unlikely that the president will keep his promises.
39. CHILDREN'S DEPRESSION

1. Just as with adults, pessimistic ways of interpreting defeats seem to feed the sense of
helplessness and hopelessness at the heart of children's depression. That people who are
already depressed think in these ways has long been known.
2. What has only recently emerged, though, is that children's beliefs about their own ability
to control what happens in their lives.
3. This insight suggests a window of opportunity for inoculating them against depression
before it strikes.
4. One line of evidence comes from studies of children's belief about their own ability to
control whathappens in their lives- for example, being able to change things for the better.
This assessed by children's rating of themselves in such term as: 'when I have problems at
home, I'm better than most kids at helping to solve problems' and 'When I work hard, I get
good grades.
40. PANDA:
1. People didn't know pandas well.
2. Now, people can attach a GPS to them.
3. This GPS can transmit data every couple of hours for up to two years.
4. Then it is found five pandas' habitats sometimes overlap.
41. ENTREPRENEURIAL KNOWLEDGE

1. Entrepreneurial knowledge is essentially intuitive
2. It involves seeing and realizing a vision of future markets, products and/or other
opportunities.
3. Ignorance is the opposite of knowledge, i.e., want of knowledge
4. To deal with uncertainty and ignorance economists have recognized the entrepreneur
aspossessing this non-rational form of knowledge
5. Like some ancient priest-king, the entrepreneur knows’ the future and leads his people.
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42. FISCAL DEFICIT
1. The fiscal deficit has deteriorated.
2. The current reforms pace is too slow.
3. Industry too is not ready to deliver growth, should even the government pursue
the rightpolicies.
4. There are big gaps in perception and capability of managers.
5. Government finances are terminally impaired with uncontrolled fiscal deficits.
6. A good budget is one which makes a sincere attempt to change the policy environment.
43. NONPERFORMING ASSETS

1. The one major cause for the current weakened state of Indian banks is the level and volume
of nonperforming assets. The problem has not been looked at in its proper perspective.
2. Description such as 'deceased portfolio' and figures running into thousands of crores have
all led to treating the problem as a major one-time aberration requiring emergency
treatment.
3. The causal explanations - political interference, willful defaults, targeted lending and even
fraudulent behaviors by banks - have some grain of truth in them.
4. Yet, the fact remains that the banks allowed themselves to be pressurized into lowering
their guard in the one area of business that is and should be their bread and butter of
existence- risk assessment. The response from the banks is to concentrate on somehow
reducing the amount and number of accounts in this category.
44. VANILLA
1. Some cafes can get away with being plain vanilla.
2. But others cannot.
3. The bigger your cafe, the more is the need for additional mean of income.
4. This is because the returns from browsing cover only a percentage of your costs.
5. Thrills, ranging from video games to burgers cover the rest.
6. These fruits will make your clients spend more time with you and also add to your
profits.
45. BOOK STORIES

1. This book is chock-a-block full of intrusive stories and practical advice, describing
Carton’s activities at Vingresor (where he assumed his first presidency at age 32),
Linjeflug, and SAS in particular
2. He began at Vingresor as an order giver, not a listener - neither to his people nor to his
customers and made every mistake in the book.
3. By the time he got to Linjeflug four years later, he had learned many lessons, in fact, he
began his second stint as top dog by calling the entire company together in a hanger and
asking for help, afar cry from his barking out commands just 48 months back.
4. At SAS, he arrived at a time crisis.
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46. SPORTS ADMINISTRATORS
1. It is a matter of deep regret and concern that the sports administrators often cause more
harm to theimage of the country than sportsmen and sportswomen do through their dismal
performances.
2. In the case of sports persons, there is room for some sympathy, but the apathy of the
administrators, which has even led to sanctions from international bodies, is unpardonable
3. A case in the point is the hefty penalty of US $10,000 slapped on the Indian Body-Building
Federation for not fulfilling its commitment for holding the Asian Championships in
Mumbai in October
4. The potential exchanges between the officials of IBBF and the Maharashtra Body-Building
Association has all the trappings of a drama we are accustomed to.
47. THE FIFTH PAY COMMISSION

1. It reminds us of the political shenanigans during the implementation of the Fifth pay
Commission.
2. How many times have you heard experts, politicians and the finance minister refer to
the implementation of the pay hikes following the commission's report as the singular
cause for theincrease in government expenditure?
3. They argue that it is this, which has led to the bankruptcy in many states.
4. Here was a commission whose members worked very hard, did exemplary research and
homework, before coming up with a list of recommendations that balanced economic
efficiency with safety nets for disadvantaged labour.
5. Barring P. Chidambram, who was then the finance minister, every single political party
and politician opposed the implementation of the recommendations and are directly
responsible for the current fiscal crises in the Centre and the states.
48. WATCHING ELEPHANTS

1. While watching elephants in the Samburu National Reserve in northern Kenya, I noticed
one thatwalked very slowly.
2. Elephant expert lain Douglas-Hamilton told me that this female elephant, Babyl, had been
crippled for years, but the other members of the herd never left her.
3. They would walk a while and then stop and look around to see where she was.
4. Depending on how she was doing, they would either wait or go on.
5. Sometimes the matriarch even fed Babyl.
49. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE FORESTS

1. The earth is losing its forests. Presently, trees cover about 30 percent of the earth's
surface, butthey are being destroyed at an alarming rate, especially in the tropics.
2. Timber harvesting is a major reason for the destruction of the forests.
3. The timbers are used for building houses, making furniture, and providing pulp for paper
products,such as newspapers and magazines.
4. At least 40 hectares of rainforest are being felled every minute, mostly in order to
extract the valuable timber.
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5. Another way that man is destroying the world's forests is by burning them down. In the
Amazon, for example, rainforests are being burnt down at a rate of 20 hectares a minute.
50. CHILDREN MAY LEARN FROM INTERACTIVE MEDIA

1. We already know that children engage cognitively when they watch TV and can learn
from well-designed educational TV programs.
2. However, learning from video isn't the same as learning from direct experience, and until
age 2 or 3 years, children appear to have difficulty learning from media that are not
interactive.
3. Older preschoolers also have trouble learning from media when they're tested on more
difficulttasks.
4. This may be because video is presented in two dimensions.
5. Also, video lacks many cues that support learning; for example, people and characters
in videos can't react to a learner's facial expressions or respond to a learner's questions.
51. BRAZILIAN MUSIC

1. Early in 1938, Mario de Andrade, the municipal secretary of culture here, dispatched
a four- member Folklore Research Mission to the northeastern hinterlands of Brazil on a
similar mission.
2. The intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as possible, before
encroaching influences like radio and cinema began transforming the region’s distinctive
culture.
3. They recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be interesting: piano carriers, cowboys,
beggars, voodoo priests, quarry workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even children at
play.
4. But the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here.
52. HIRE YOUNG PEOPLE

1. Employers are often reluctant to hire young people, even though there are more than
850,000 unemployed 16 to 24-year-olds and UK businesses are struggling to fill one in five
vacancies because of skills shortages.
2. They are skeptical about young people’s skills and their readiness for work.
3. But a growing number of companies are setting up schemes to recruit young workers.
4. They can be surprised by the results.
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53. EATING HABITS
1. Researchers surveyed more than 2,000 young people about their eating habits in 1999;
2. When they surveyed the same group five years later, most of the teenagers were eating
fewerfruits and vegetables.
3. The researchers, led by Nicole Larson of the University of Minnesota School Public
Health,found two dips in the intake of fruits and vegetables during the teenage years.
4. The first occurred in early adolescence, when consumption went down by more than
half aserving. The second came in late adolescence and was about the same size as the
first.
54. MAYORAL CONTROL

1. Mayoral control of schools can be effective.
2. Mayor-controlled districts have seen improved student achievement across all
subjects and student groups.
3. Moving to a mayor-led district can also help spur innovation and advancement.
4. In cities with lagging student achievement, getting more engagement from mayors
orincreasing their authority over schools could be part of the solution.
55. ANIMALS EXPLORATORY URGE

1. All animals have a strong exploratory urge, but for some it is more crucial than others.
2. It depends on how specialized they have become during the course of evolution.
3. If they have put all their efforts into the perfection of one survival trick, they do not
bother somuch with the general complexities of the world around them.
4. So long as the ant eater had its ants and the koala bear had gum leaves, then they are
satisfied and the living is easy.
5. The non-specialists, however, the opportunists of the animal world, can never afford to
relax.
56. FOOD MANUFACTURERS

1. Over the last half-century, organic farming has become a driving force in the world's
food market.
2. In the late 1900s, food manufacturers were challenged by the organic community to
ensurethey were using ingredients that had been produced in natural healthy ways.
3. It was a time when managers had to take a critical look at every aspect of their
productionprocess and make improvements where necessary.
4. Whether these systems have been maintained seems questionable, particularly as
contractsdepend so heavily on efficiency and quick sales.
5. As a result, some people believe it is now time to re-assess many companies in terms
of thestandards they agreed to some years ago.
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57. RUGBY
1. Citizens commonly identify with their nation in the context of major sporting events:
imagining the nation is easier when there is a national team playing another nation
(Hobsbawm, 1990).
2. Rugby in Wales is a particularly strong example of this phenomenon, being perhaps the
main thing that unites people in Wales.
3. In many ways rugby in Wales defines what Wales is and what people in Wales share.
4. From outside Wales, too, it is the rugby that commonly defines the nation - with the sport
providing both widespread interest and one of the few positive associations of outsiders’
perceptions of Wales.
58. MONASH STUDENT

1. Mechanical engineering student Ne Tan is spending the first semester of this year studying
at theUniversity of California, Berkeley as part of the Monash Abroad program.
2. Ne (Tan), an international student from Shanghai, China, began her Monash journey at
Monash College in October 2006.
3. There she completed a diploma that enabled her to enter Monash University as a
second year’s student.
4. Now in her third year of study, the Monash Abroad program will see her complete four
units ofstudy in the US before returning to Australia in May 2009.
59. JEAN BRIGGS

1. Jean Briggs has worked with the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic and has described how, within
these communities, growing up is largely seen as a process of acquiring thought, reason
and understanding (known in Inuit as ihuma).
2. Young children don’t possess these qualities and are easily angered, cry frequently and are
incapable of understanding the external difficulties facing the community, such as
shortages of food.
3. Because they can’t be reasoned with, and don’t understand, parents treat them with a great
deal of tolerance and leniency.
4. Its only when they are older and begin to acquire thought that parents attempt to teach them
or discipline them
60. OPINION COMPROMISE

1. In general, there is a tendency to underestimate how long it takes to discuss and resolve
an issueon which two people initially have different views.
2. The reason is that achieving agreement requires people to accept the reality of views
differentfrom their own and to accept change or compromise.
3. It is not just a matter of putting forward a set of facts and expecting the other person
immediately to accept the logic of the exposition.
4. They (and probably you) have to be persuaded and helped to feel comfortable about the
outcomethat is eventually agreed.
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5. People need time to make this adjustment in attitude and react badly to any attempt to
rush them into an agreement.
61. ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT

1. With the Arctic the fastest warming region on the planet, climate change is already
altering key components of the Arctic environment.
2. Some of the clearest signs of change are the thinning and retreat of sea ice and the
migration ofspecies into the Arctic that normally live at lower latitudes.
3. The response of the Arctic to climate change will have an unprecedented impact on how
the Arcticecosystem operates.
4. This is likely to affect the UK's climate and economy, with anticipated impacts on
industries liketourism and fisheries.
62. GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY

1. Railway, in the 1840s, intrigue has swirled around the Box Tunnel, a long, steep bypass
near Bath,England.
2. The question was this: did the railway’s creator, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, really have the
tunnel carved in such a way that when the sun rose on his birthday-April 9th-it would be
flooded with light?
3. This past Sunday, April 9th, the railway’s current engineers decided to test the rumor once
and for all. They weren’t disappointed.
4. When you look from the east portal, the cutting provides a lovely V-shape, communication’s
manager Paul Gentleman told the Guardian.
5. While the west side’s view wasn’t quite so impressive, the engineers generously chalked
that up to centuries of dirt and grime.
63. HEART ATTACK

1. Heart attack is the caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot.
2. When the clot is formed, it will stay in the blood vessels.
3. The clot in blood vessels will block blood flow.
4. Without the normal blood flow, it will cause muscle contraction.
64. UNFINISHED HIGHWAY

1. Between the ocean and the mountain, there's the unfinished highway.
2. It is an odd-looking landmark in a beautiful city: sections of elevated road left
suspended inmid-air when construction stopped in the 1970s.
3. Four decades later, the hulking slabs of concrete still end in precipitous drops.
4. A glossy brochure of Cape Town film locations proclaims the cut-off highway - truly
special,with ― great city views.
5. It makes an edgy backdrop for TV commercials and fashion shoots, and looms over an
episodeof the science-fiction series ―Black Mirror.
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65. SNAKES:
1. Big Country Snake Removal responded to a home in Albany, Texas, after a man who was
trying to restore his cable, climbed under the house and saw some snakes.
2. "He saw a 'few' snakes and quickly crawled out," said a post on Big Country Snake
Removal's Facebook page.
3. "We arrived around lunchtime and as soon as I crawled under I could immediately see
that there was far more than a 'few,'" the post said.
4. The company ended up removing 45 rattlesnakes from beneath the house.
66. CARBON DETOX

1. In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not
persuaded by information.
2. Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix.
3. Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those
which offer us some reward.
4. He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should show where
the rewards might lie: that understanding what the science is saying and planning
accordingly is the smart thing to do, which will protect your interests more effectively
than flinging abuse atscientists.
5. We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of
resourcefulness and community action.
67. JUST IN TIME

1. The Japanese are very efficient and such concepts as "just in time" are a witness to their
efficiency.
2. But they reach efficiency in a different way than American businesses
3. They reach efficiency through the route of effectiveness.
4. The main difference is that efficiency is a ration and effectiveness is not.
68. NOMADIC HUNTER-GATHERERS

1. A separate consequence of a settled existence is that it permits one to store food
surpluses, since storage would be pointless if one didn't remain nearby to guard the
stored food.
2. So, while some nomadic hunter-gatherers may occasionally bag more food than they
can consume in a few days, such a bonanza is of little use to them because they cannot
protect it.
3. But stored food is essential for feeding non-food-producing specialists, and certainly
forsupporting whole towns of them.
4. Hence nomadic hunter- gatherer societies have few or no such full-time specialists, who
instead first appear in sedentary societies.
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69. GRENADA
1. In 1979, Grenada witnessed the establishment of a socialist government by Maurice
Bishop,which survived four years of US-engineered incursions.
2. This government was overthrown in an internal power struggle among left-wing groups
and, within three weeks of the Bishop’s ouster and assassination, Reagan launched
Operation Urgent Fury against Grenada, claiming that the invasion was "forced on us
by events that haveno precedent in the eastern Caribbean."
3. Around 2,000 US Marines "fought" for a week, destroying a mental hospital, killing 84
Cubansbuilding an airstrip, and 400 Grenadians.
4. This was duly appreciated, with some 7, 000 US servicemen being designated as heroes
and given decorations.
5. In the end Grenada, just like Cuba and Nicaragua, was no more than the Chomskian
"threat of a good example" to other Third World countries in the region.
70. HORSES
1. A Mongolian horse that has long been hailed as the last truly wild horse species in
existence isn'treally all that wild.
2. It turns out that those horses are actually feral descendants of the first horses that
humans areknown to have domesticated, around 5,500 years ago.
3. What's more, the modern horses that people ride today cannot be traced to those early
steeds.
4. That means humans must have tamed wild horses once again later on, somewhere else, but
no oneknows where or when.
5. These are startling conclusions of a new genetic study, published in the journal Science,
whichchallenges long-held assumptions about the entwined history of horses and humanity.
71. WORLD POPULATION

1. After millennia of growth so slow that each generation hardly notice it, the cities are
suddenly racing off in every direction.
2. The world population goes up by two percent a year, city population goes up by four
percent ayear, but in big cities the rate may be as much as five and six percent a year.
3. To give only one example of almost visible acceleration, Athens today grows by three
dwellingsand 100 square meters of road every hour.
4. There is no reason to believe that this pace will slacken.
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72. JAPANESE GIRL
1. The data to be reported here come from a longitudinal study of the untutored acquisition
of English as a second language by a five-year-old Japanese girl whom we shall call
Uguisu,nightingale in Japanese.
2. Her family came to the United States for a period of two years while her father was a
visiting scholar at Harvard, and they took residence in North Cambridge, a working-class
neighbourhood.
3. The children in that neighborhood were her primary source of language input.
4. Uguisu also attended public kindergarten of two hours every day, and later elementary
school, but with no tutoring in English syntax. Most of her neighborhood friends were in
her same class at school.
73. AIR BALLOONS

1. Hot-air balloons date back to the year 1783, and within a few months of the first flight
a French scientist, Charles, went up two miles in a free balloon.
2. Yet there is little resemblance between these crude vehicles and a modern scientific
balloon, whichhas by now become an important tool.
3. The main development has been carried out by M. Schwarls child and his team at
PrincetonUniversity in the United States, in collaboration with the United States Navy.
4. The Stratoscope' flights of 1959, concerned mainly with studies of the Sun, were
remarkably successful.
74. TRUE AND FALSE

1. No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes.
2. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking.
3. Even in his philosophical probing he cannot go behind these stereotypes;
4. His very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular
traditionalcustoms.
75. TURKEY
1. If you want to visit Mars, visit Turkey.
2. That’s where you’ll find lakes so salty that the only bugs able to live there are
species thatcould probably survive on Mars as well.
3. For that reason, microbiologists in Turkey have surveyed the array of species that
inhabit the Acigol, Salda and Yarisli lakes.
4. They’re hopeful that studying some of them will yield useful insights into the kinds of
biologythat could help microbes exist on Mars or other potentially habitable planets and
moons.
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76. VEGETARIAN
1. Vegetarians do not eat meat or fish in their diet.
2. This diet is not only unattractive, but also may cause nutritional imbalance if not
managed well.
3. Restaurants and school cafeteria adjust and amend their menus to adapt to this special
diet.
4. Menus in all of these places have become more balance in nutrients, and also attract
those whoare not vegetarians.
5. These developments/improvements won’t succeed without the effort of vegetarians.
77. PIDGINS
1. In some areas, the standard chosen may be a variety that originally had no native speakers
in the country.
2. For example, in Papua New Guinea, a lot of official business is conducted in Tok Pisin.
3. This language is now used by over a million people, but it began many years earlier as a
kind of contact language called a pidgin.
4. A pidgin is a variety of a language (e.g. English) that developed for some practical
purpose, suchas trading, among groups of people who had a lot of contact, but who did not
know each other’s languages.
78. ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

1. Are there any systems that can measure the accounting system?
2. Well, there is accounting software describes a type of application software that records
and processes accounting transactions within functional modules such as accounts
payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and trial balance.
3. It is a system in which functions as a accounting information system.
4. This enables the access anywhere at any time with any device which is Internet
enabled, ormay be desktop based. It varies greatly in its complexity and cost.
5. These tools combine together to provide quality customer service and create a climate
of confidence, a customer service strategy that helps meet the specific needs.
79. PLAYWRIGHTS:
1) Playwrights come to their craft with different aesthetic sensibilities.
2) They create recognizable worlds with troubling relevance to human behavior and social
themes.
3) Others dismiss the “illusion of the real” to engage us in political arguments or absurdist
metaphors.
4) Thornton Wilder and Tennessee Williams, on the one hand, and Bertolt Brecht and
Samuel Beckett, on the other, are playwrights with very different approaches to empathy and
aesthetic distance.
5) However, these writers have in common their means of artistic expression – the play.
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80. BILINGUALS:
1. More than half of people in Europe speak more than one language.
2. There is a lot of research that shows that when bilinguals speak in one of their languages,
the other language is still active.
3. The ability to speak more than one language is therefore thought to influence skills and
processes used by our brain to acquire knowledge and make sense of our surroundings, known
as cognition.
4. It could also enhance metacognition: the awareness, monitoring and assessment of
one’s own knowledge and mental processes.
81. CARBON SINK:

1. The soil that sits right under our feet could be at the front lines of climate change, as it
has a huge potential to act as a carbon sink.
2. A carbon sink is a reservoir capable of accumulating and storing carbon for an indefinite
period.
3. In doing so, it lowers the concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) from the atmosphere.
4. Soil has the potential to remove an estimated 1.09 gigatonnes of CO2 per year.
82. PLASTICS:
1. Plastic bottles, bags and containers float in the sea and clog landfill sites.
2. When the plastic litter in our waterways and on the ground gets weathered and degrades,
it eventually breaks down into millions of smaller and smaller pieces.
3. Plastic specks smaller than five millimetres are called microplastics.
4. Nanoplastics are even smaller (some are 500 times smaller than a human hair).
5. While exposure to air pollutants have been associated with health impacts, including
higher risk of respiratory infections, heart disease and lung cancer, science still lacks evidence
about how microplastics and nanoplastics are affecting the human body.
83. SPEECH PATTERN:

1. Dogs may appear to have selective hearing when it comes to commands, but research
suggests they are paying attention to human chit-chat.
2. Researchers revealed the brains of our canine companions can tell the difference
between speech and non-speech when listening to human voices.
3. They also show different responses to speech in an unfamiliar language.
4. The research team said these findings supported other studies that suggest animals may
share some human skills.
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READING
READING FILL IN THE BLANKS
Expert Advice
1. FASCINATION:
A fascination with the fate of those who show great early talent remained with me. Then
in 1981, I happened upon a radio documentary commemorating Hephzibah, who died
earlier that year. Produced and narrated for the Australian Broadcasting Commission’s
The Coming Out Show by the influential feminist commentator and academic Eva Cox
- who was, I learnt for the first time, Hephzibah’s stepdaughter – it featured interviews
with Hephzibah and with those who had known her. I heard her light, precise voice with
its slightly Germanic vowels and hint of an American drawl as she spoke about things
that were important to her, and I was drawn to her warmth, thoughtfulness and humor.
2. BIOENERGY:
A Graphic Introduction was put together by northern artists, who have interpreted
discussions with scientists from the Supergen Bioenergy Hub in a series of striking
images which imagine alternative futures and explain some of the technology involved
and how it might be put into practice.
3. CHAPTERS:
Most chapters have a mixed exercise after the main work of the chapter has been
completed. This will help you revise what you have done. Either when you have
finished the chapter or at a later date. All chapters end with some mathematical puzzles
and practical investigational work. For this work you are encouraged to share your ideas
with others.
4. POLITICS:
In many large urban areas with highly diverse and often transient populations,
identification and engagement with the local communication can be low, often
confounded by a more general community with formal politics. Younger people in
contrast are voting less and turning more to single issue politics and more direct and
immediate understanding of political expression such as petition, demonstrating and
direct action.
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5. PARENTAL INCOME:
In England it is well known that access to university, on average, varies substantially
by the levels of parental income and that students from poorer families access different
types of universities than those from wealthier backgrounds. However, the question of
whether graduates’ earnings vary according to their socioeconomic backgrounds
amongst graduates attending similar universities and taking the same subject has
remained poorly understood, thus far limited by data availability. Our unique
administrative database offers substantial advantages in addressing this crucial
question. The findings are also relevant for myriad other issues that benefit from better
information on variation in graduates’ earnings, including: students’ choices of subjects
and institutions; better information for schools to help advise and guide students whilst
at school; and the operation and cost of the higher education finance system.
6. LEVELS OF CLASS:
Finally, this study was conducted with students who were enrolled in lower-level
classes. Future research may re-explore the findings of this study with other college
students in upper-level classes. This would help determine if students’ expectations,
experience, and perceptions remain constant or changed.
7. KEITH HARING:
Keith Haring began as an underground artist, literally. His first famous projects were
pieces of stylized graffiti drawn in New York subway stations. Haring travelled from
station to station, drawingwith chalk and chatting with commuters about his work. These
doodles helped him develop his classic style and he grew so prolific, doing up to 40
drawings a day, that it was not long before fame and a measure of fortune followed.
Soon, galleries and collectors from the art establishment wanted to buy full-sized pieces
by Haring. The paintings skyrocketed in price but this did not sit well with Haring’s
philosophy. He believed that art, or at least his art, was for everyone. Soon, Haring
opened a store which he called the Pop Shop, which he hoped would attract a broad
range of people. While somewhat controversial among street artists, some of whom
accused Haring of ‘selling out’, the Pop Shop changed the way people thought about the
relationship between art and business.
8. BIAS:
One of the questions we need to ask ourselves is: How much of the news is biased? Can
we recognize bias? The fact is, despite the journalistic ideal of ‘objectivity’, every news
story is influenced by the attitudes and background of its interviewers, writers,
journalists, photographers and editors. That is not to say that all bias is deliberate, but
it does exist. So how can we, as readers or viewers, determine bias? Well, in the case
of newspapers, it manifests itself in a number of ways, such as what events are selected
for inclusion or omission. The placement of the article, meaning its proximity to the
front or back pages, is significant. The use of headlines, photographs and language are
further examples.
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9. ORGANIC FOOD:
Organic food production is a self-regulated industry with government oversight in some
countries, distinct from private gardening. Currently, the European Union, the United
States, Canada, Japan, and many other countries require producers to obtain special
certification based on government-defined standards in order to market food as organic
within their borders. In the context of these regulations, foods marketed as organic are
produced in a way that complies with organic standards set by national governments
and international organic industry trade organizations.
10. SHEEPDOGS:
Considered highly intelligent, extremely energetic, acrobatic and athletic, they
frequently compete with great success in sheepdog trials and dog sports. They are often
cited as the most intelligent of all domestic dogs. Border Collies continue to be
employed in their traditional work of herding livestock throughout the world.
11. EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE:

High emotional intelligence can help a manager improve workplace communication
skills, employee motivation and organizational effectiveness. If a manager has high
empathy, a key component of emotional intelligence, he or she will be able to listen to
the concerns of employees and will be more understanding of their needs, wants and
concerns. This will most likely translate into increased motivation and satisfaction of
employees and ultimately will have a positive effect on the effectiveness of the business.
12. MONTEGO BAY:

Montego Bay is the second largest city in Jamaica by area and the third by population.
It is a lively and bustling beach resort and attracts a lot of tourists from many different
countries with its sandy beaches and peaceful relaxing atmosphere. Many Americans
and Europeans, as well as Jamaicans, have summer homes in Montego Bay, so it is a
cosmopolitan city and becomes more crowded during the holiday seasons. It is most
famous for Doctor’s Cave beach, which has clear, turquoise waters.
13. SUPER INTELLIGENCE:

A super intelligence is any intellect that vastly outperforms the best human brains in
practically every field, including scientific creativity, general wisdom, and social skills.
This definition leaves open how the super intelligence is implemented: it could be in a
digital computer, an ensemble of networked computers, cultured cortical tissue, or
something else. On this definition, Deep Blue is not a superintelligence, since it is only
smart within one narrow domain (chess), and even there it is not vastly superior to the
best humans. Entities such as corporations or the scientific community are not
superintelligences either.
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Although they can perform a number of intellectual feats of which no individual human
is capable, they are not sufficiently integrated to count as intellects, and there are many
fields in which they perform much worse than single humans. For example, you cannot
have a real-time conversation with the scientific community.
14. EMPLOYEE MOOD:

Research from the Terry College of Business reveals becoming a happy, helpful
employee takes effort and, eventually, that effort erodes the energy needed to do one’s
job. It could lead to quiet quitting - the new term for just doing your job but not going
above and beyond - or even actual quitting. The more people adjust their moods to be
happy, the fewer emotional resources they have at the end of the day. That means they
are less able to handle challenging tasks and interactions and have a harder time staying
on task. Their tank is empty despite being in a good mood, Frank explained. For
managers, this means it may make more sense to meet employees where they are
emotional and not force upbeat attitudes in the office. For employees, it may mean
letting bad days happen and leaving more mood-demanding work - such as sales calls
or tough conversations - for better days.
15. ACADEMIC WRITING:

Academic writing is an expression of logic that is the product of thinking. This means
that the writing that you produce is a reflection of your intellectual abilities. It puts into
words your knowledge and your conceptual understanding and shows evidence of your
ability to think critically.
16. DRAMA:
I do not think I am twisting the usual meaning of drama if I define it as a presentation
before spectators by performers who take on roles and who interact with each other to
further a story or a text intended for such presentations. This is intended as a working
definition simple enough to be recalled easily. Indeed, it is so simple that I should point
out that it makes one or two distinctions that are perhaps not immediately obvious. First,
to say that performers “take on roles” leaves open the possibility that they are not within
the roles to other performances as such alternative phrases as "performers in character"
or "characters represented by actors” do not. To say that the performers “interact with
each other" might seem unnecessary, but is in fact important, for in traditional societies
there are many performances in which different characters appear successively and
simultaneously but, nevertheless, do not interact. And I say "to further a story" because
a progression of the story may not provide the structure of the performance.
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17. TECHNOLOGY CALENDAR:
According to BT's futurologist, Ian Pearson, these are among the developments
scheduled for the first few decades of the new millennium (a period of 1,000 years),
when supercomputers will dramatically accelerate progress in all areas of life. Pearson
has pieced together the work of hundreds of researchers around the world to produce a
unique millennium technology calendar that gives the latest dates when we can expect
hundreds of key breakthroughs and discoveries to take place. Some of the biggest
developments will be in medicine, including an extended life expectancy and dozens of
artificial organs coming into use between now and 2040.
18. LEFT-HANDED POPULATION:

In any given population, about ten percent of the people are left-handed and this
figure remains relatively stable over time. So-called “handedness” runs in families,
but what causes it and why the proportion of left-handed to right-handed people is
a constant are still a mystery. One thing we do know is that hand dominance is
related to brain asymmetry; and it seems to be generally agreed that thehuman brain
is profoundly asymmetric, and that understanding how this works will tell us much
about who we are and how our brains work. Brain (function) is distributed into the
left and right hemispheres, and this is crucial for understanding language, thought,
memory, and perhaps even creativity. For right-handed people, language activity is
mainly on the left side. Many left-handers also have left-side language dominance,
but a significant number may have language either more evenly distributed in both
hemispheres or else predominantly on the right side of the brain. Because left-
handedness is seen as a key to the complex anatomy of the brain, scientists are
searching for links to other conditions, including immune disorders, learning
disabilities, and reduced life expectancy.
19. COMPUTER VIRUSES:

Computer viruses have been a fact of life at least since the 1980s, if not before. They
can cause companies to lose hours of working time and they can also spread panic
among computer users everywhere. There are, however, several distinct types of
computer infection - all loosely referred to as viruses - and they each work in a slightly
different way. A particularly nasty one is the worm, which is a program designed to
sneak its way into an entire computer network, and reproduce itself over and over again.
Then there is the Trojan, which strictly speaking isn’t a virus, but a piece of software
that appears to do one thing, but actually does something malicious instead. When the
'unsuspecting' operator introduces it into the computer, the alien program will take over
the machine. With Trojans you have to be particularly careful because they can often
be introduced by way of a message advertising an anti- virus product. So, what
motivates someone to introduce a virus into the computer systems of innocent victims?
Perhaps it’s simply the desire to prove that it can be done.
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Or because it gives the kind of pleasure you get from solving a difficult problem –
nowadays people protect their computers with all sorts of security software, so it takes
considerable skill to break through all the defences and introduce a virus.
20. LIGHT ENERGY:

Light is usually described as a form of energy and it is indeed a kind of
electromagnetic energy, not much different from radio waves, television signals,
heat, and X-rays. All of these are made up of waves that spread, bend, interfere with
one another, and react with obstacles in their path, rather like waves inwater. A
physicist might tell you that light, along with all its electromagnetic relatives, is
really a form of matter, little different from more substantial matter such as houses
and, like them, it is made up of individual particles. Light particles, called photons,
travel in streams, similar to the way in which water pours through a hose. To most
people, this might sound paradoxical or illogical, as many things to do with physics
seem to these days. How can light be both energy and matter, wave and particle?
The reason it can be is, in fact, not at all complicated: all energy is a form of matter.
Almost everybody recognizes - even if they do not understand - Einstein’s famous
equation, E =mc2, which spells it out: E refers to energy and m to the mass of matter.
Furthermore, all matter has some of the characteristics of waves and some of the
particles, but the waves of such solid-seeming things as houses are not discernible
and can generally be ignored because ordinary matter acts as if it were made up of
particles.
21. HEART FUNCTIONS:

The heart functions as a pump at the centre of the circulatory system. In humans it is
located in the chest cavity, between the lungs, a bit to the left. The heart consists of four
chambers surrounded by a very strong muscular wall, the myocardium. The upper
chambers, the right and left atria, receive blood entering the heart, and the lower
chambers, the right and left ventricles pump the blood out of the heart, via the
pulmonary and the systemic circulatory systems. The two systems work as follows.
Blood from the body enters the right atrium, is passed into the right ventricle and from
there is propelled through the pulmonary artery to the lungs. In the lungs the blood
releases carbon dioxide and absorbs oxygen and is then transported back to the heart
into the left atrium. From here it passes into the left ventricle, which pumps the
oxygenated blood around the body.
22. PROGRAM:
Our program will develop your theoretical knowledge of Computer Science and your
problem-solving and analytical skills, while enabling you to achieve the ultimate
qualification for the IT professional. The program structure is extremely flexible,
enabling you to personalize your MSc through a wide range of electives.
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23. OPENLEARN FREE COURSE:
This OpenLearn free course, therefore, looks at the nature of organizations, specifically
their objectives and structure. Organizational objectives and structure are key elements
of organizations and they determine management functions and responsibilities within
the organization. The course also considers the main environmental factors (economic,
social, political, legal and technological) that impact on organizational behavior.
24. MANAGEMENT ACCOUNTING:

Management accounting is concerned with providing information and analysis to
managers to help them plan, evaluate and control activities, in order to achieve an
organization’s objectives. Whereas financial accounting is concerned with reporting on
the past financial performance of an organization, management accounting is essentially
concerned with improving its future performance. In order to understand the concepts
and principles of management accounting it is necessary first to have some appreciation
of what managers do! This, in turn, requires an understanding of the organizations in
which managers work - and of the external environment in which these organizations
exist and operate.
25. COMPUTATIONAL THINKING:

Developing computational thinking helps students to better understand the world around
them. Many of us happily drive a car without understanding what goes on under the
bonnet. So, is it necessary for children to learn how to program computers? After all,
some experts say coding is one of the human skills that will become obsolete as artificial
intelligence grows. Nevertheless, governments believe coding is an essential skill. Since
2014, the principles of computer programming have featured on England’s curriculum
for children from the age of five or six, when they start primary school. While not all
children will become programmers, Mark Martin, a computing teacher at Sydenham High
School, London, argues that they should learn to understand what makes computers
work and try to solve problems as a computer might.
26. WORLD SHAKESPEARE CONGRESS:

Over 800 Shakespeare scholars from almost fifty countries will gather at King’s College
London next week as the university co-hosts the 10th World Shakespeare Congress to
explore and honor the Bard’s life and work. Organised by the International Shakespeare
Association (ISA) the World Congress is held every five years and 2016 is the first time
it will be co-hosted in two locations that were integral to both the personal and working
life of William Shakespeare. Delegates will arrive in London on Thursday following
the start of the Congress on Sunday in Stratford-upon-Avon. With a main theme of
‘Creating and Recreating Shakespeare’, the Congress will look at the continuing global
relevance of Shakespeare’s work through a varied program of plenaries, panels,
seminars and workshops.
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27. COLOR PREFERENCE:
Many tests have shown that, in a very broad way, peoples in most parts of the world
have similar color preferences. Blue is the most preferred and popular hue, followed in
order by red, green, purple, yellow and orange. Overlying this basic order of color
preference, however, are the responses of individuals, which of course vary widely and
may also be very powerful. Children are likely to have strong preferences for some colors
and aversions to others, but sometimes will not admit to them, since outside factors may
be influential in determining both color preferences and the way that they are expressed
or suppressed. Current fashions in clothes and accessories, gender-stereotyping and
peer- group pressure may all play a significant part. Boys in particular may be reluctant
to admit to any strong preferences for colors other than those of favorite football teams,
because color awareness may be regarded by their peer-group as feminine.
28. GM CORN:
Almost no one regards corn with suspicion. But the same can't be said for humans'
ingenious ability to engineer the plants we eat. Genetically modified (GM) crops are
viewed with such hostility that they are barely grown in Europe. However, a new study
by an independent group of scientists, who have done the most comprehensive review of
the evidence so far, shows that our aversion to GM food is pointless, unscientific and
harmful to farmers.
29. GIANT EXOPLANETS:

Giant exoplanets, like the so-called 'hot Jupiters' that are similar in characteristics to the
solar system's biggest planet and orbit very close to their host stars, are excellent targets
for astronomers in their search for their extrasolar worlds. The size and proximity of
these planets is easy to detect as they create a large decrease in brightness when passing
in front of their parent stars.
30. KIDS DISTINGUISH COMMERCIAL ADS:

From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on
TV done to give actors the opportunity to take a rest or practice their lines? Or is it done
to make people buy things? Furthermore, is the main difference between programs and
commercials that commercials are for real, whereas programs are not, or that programs
are for kids and commercials for adults? As has been shown several times in the
literature (e.g. Butter et al. 1981 Donohue, Henke, and Donohue 1980 Macklin 1983
and 1987 Robertson and Rossiter 1974 Stephens and Stutts 1982), some children are
able to distinguish between programs and commercials and are aware of the intent of
TV advertising, whereas others are not.
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31. WHITE PAPER:
Let us then suppose the mind to be, as we say, white paper, void of all characters,
without any ideas: How comes it to be furnished? Whence comes it by that vast store
which the busy and boundless fancy of man has painted on it with an almost endless
variety? Whence has it all the materials of reason and knowledge? To this I answer, in
one word, from experience: in that, all our knowledge is founded, and from that, it
ultimately derives itself.
32. TRUANCY:
In reality, however, the causes of truancy and non-attendance are diverse and
multifaceted. There are as many triggers of non-attendance as there are non-attenders.
Each child has her own unique story, and whilst there may often be certain identifiable
factors in common, each non-attending child demands and deserves an individual
response, tailored to meet her individual needs. This applies equally to the 14-year-old
who fails to attend school because a parent is terminally ill, the overweight 11 -year-
old who fails to attend because he is embarrassed about changing for PE in front of
peers, the 15-year-old who is 'bored' by lessons, and to the seven-year-old who is teased
in the playground because she does not wear the latest designer-label clothes.
33. SURFACE WATER:

Chemicals used to control weeds in crops such as corn and soybeans may sometimes
run off farmland and enter surface water bodies such as lakes and streams. If a surface
water body that is used as a drinking water supply receives excess amounts of these
herbicides, then the municipal water treatment plant must filter them out in order for
the water to be safe to drink. This added filtration process can be expensive. Farmers
can help control excess herbicides in runoff by choosing chemicals that bind with soil
more readily, are less toxic, or degrade more quickly. Additionally, selecting the best
tillage practice can help minimize herbicide pollution.
34. VOLCANOES:
Volcanoes blast more than 100 million tons of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere every
year but the gas is usually harmless. When a volcano erupts, carbon dioxide spreads out
into the atmosphere and isn't concentrated in one spot. But sometimes the gas gets
trapped underground under enormous pressure. If it escapes to the surface in a dense
cloud, it can push out oxygen-rich air and become deadly.
35. STUDYING LAW:

It is important to emphasize the need for hard work as an essential part of studying law,
because far too many students are tempted to think that they can succeed by relying on
what they imagine to be their natural ability, without bothering to add the expenditure
of effort.
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To take an analogy some people prefer the more or less instant gratification which
comes from watching television adaptation of a classic novel to the rather more
laborious process of reading the novel itself. Those who prefer watching television to
reading the book are less likely to study law successfully, unless they rapidly acquire a
taste for text-based materials.
36. NATURE CONSERVATION:

The Nature Conservation Amendment Act of 1996 enables the Minister of Environment
and Tourism to register a conservancy if it has a representative committee, a legal
constitution, which provides for the sustainable management and utilization of game in
the conservancy, the ability to manage the funds, an approved method for the equitable
distribution of benefits to members of the community and defined boundaries.
37. TIGER SHARKS:

The tiger shark is named for the dark, vertical stripes on either side of its body, which
are reminiscent of a tiger's markings. These stripes actually fade as the tiger shark ages,
so they can't be used as an identifying feature of every individual. Young tiger sharks
have dark blotches or spots, which eventually merge into stripes. For this reason, the
species is sometimes known as the leopard shark or the spotted shark.
38. HUMANS LOCOMOTION:

Humans are unique among primates because our chief mode of locomotion is walking
fully upright. Unfortunately, the changes made in our pelvis to help us move on two
legs, in combination with babies with large brains, makes human childbirth unusually
dangerous compared with the rest of the animal kingdom. Unlike other primates,
humans have a lumbar curve in the lower back, leaving us vulnerable to lower back pain
and strain.
39. COMMON GOODS:

As normally used today, the phrase “common good" refers to those facilities or
institutions that all or most members of a community agree are necessary to satisfy
certain interests they have in common. A few of the things making up the common good
in a modern democracy might include basic rights and freedoms, police and public
safety, and safe and ample food supply.
40. KATY MILKMAN:

Like many people, Katy Milkman knew she should be exercising more. But each day
she left her job as a professor at the University of Pennsylvania feeling exhausted and
drained. By the time she made it home, all she wanted to do was curl up on the couch
and read a book or turn on her favorite TV show. On this particular day, she wanted to
read The Hunger Games. That’s when she had an idea. What if she created a rule for
herself? What if she was only allowed to read The Hunger Games when she went to the
gym?
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41. BUYING PRODUCTS:
You might assume that humans buy products because of what they are, but the truth is
that we often buy things because of where they are. For example, items on store shelves
that are at eye level tend to be purchased more than items on less visible shelves.
In the best-selling book Nudge, authors Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein explain a
variety of ways that our everyday decisions are shaped by the world around us. The
effect that eye-level shelves have on our purchase habits is just one example. Here’s
another: The ends of aisles are money making machines for retailers. According to data
cited by the New York Times, 45 percent of Coca Cola sales come specifically from
the end of the aisle racks.
42. MOTIVATION:
Motivation is a powerful, yet tricky beast. Sometimes it is really easy to get motivated,
and you find yourself wrapped up in whirlwind of excitement. Other times, it is nearly
impossible to figure out how to motivate yourself and you’re trapped in a death spiral
of procrastination.
43. HARDEST THINGS:

One of the hardest things about improving your life is remembering to practice what
you’ve learned in a moment of temptation, frustration, or hardship. Anyone can follow
a strategy as they read about it, but remembering to stick with it in the real world is
tough.
44. OCEAN SURFACE:

At all of our operations including those far below the ocean’s surface, safety is always
our top priority and for that, all the deep-water wells must meet rigorous design and
construction standards. They are drilled and completed by engineers who receive
several year’s training.
45. COOKIES:
Cookies are used to learn how you interact with content and to improve your experience
when visiting a website. For example, some cookies remember your language or
preferences so that you do not have to repeatedly make these choices when you visit
any websites. And also, cookies can help with geolocation tracking in order to present
you with the closest locations. Additionally, cookies allow to serve you specific content,
such as videos on a website.
46. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:

Basic understanding of the concept of qualitative research methodology is necessary to
appreciate the program. Hence, the workshop will start with some theoretical input
sessions so as to help the participants to brush the knowledge in basic research methods.
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These sessions will be followed by software-enabled practical training with a
demonstration. Thus, both theoretical and practical sessions will be arranged so that the
participants could understand, appreciate and able to meaningfully interpret the output.
47. AMERICA’S SKIES:

By 2025, government experts say, America’s skies will swarm with three times as many
planes, and not just the kind of traffic flying today. There will be thousands of tiny jets,
seating six or fewer, at airliner altitudes, competing for space with remotely controlled
drones that need help avoiding midair collisions and with commercially operated
rockets carrying satellites and tourists into space.
48. ASTRONOMY:
There are two basic branches of the science of astronomy: observational and theoretical.
Observational astronomy, as the name suggests is concerned with observing the skies
and then analyzing the observations, using the principles of physics. Theoretical
astronomy focusses more on developing computer or analytical models to describe
astronomical phenomena. The two fields complement each other, with observational
astronomers attempting to confirm theoretical results, and theoreticians aiming to
explain what has been observed.
49. NEW CONNECTIONS:

The creative process is the act of making new connections between old ideas or
recognizing relationships between concepts. Creative thinking is not about generating
something new from a blank state, but rather about taking what is already present and
combining those bits and pieces in a way that has not been done previously.
50. AFFORDABLE CHILDCARE:

Affordable early years education and childcare potentially enables parents, particularly
mothers, to be in paid employment. International studies have found that countries with
greater enrolment rates in publicly funded or provided childcare also have higher
maternal employment rates, although untangling causal relationships is complex. From
the point of view of the household, additional income, especially for the less well-off,
is itself associated with better outcomes for children, as child poverty has been shown
to be a key independent determinant of children’s outcomes. From the point of view of
the public purse, as mothers enter employment they are likely to claim fewer benefits
and to generate extra revenues through income tax and national insurance.
51. ICELAND VOLCANIC EVENTS:

On average, Iceland experiences a major volcanic event once every 5 years. Since the
Middle Ages, a third of all the lava that has covered the earth's surface has erupted in
Iceland. However, according to a recent geological hypothesis, this estimate does not
include submarine eruptions, which are much more extensive than those on the land
surface.
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52. CLASS ATTENDANCE:
Because instructional methods, expected class participation, and the nature of the
courses vary, no fixed number of absences is applicable to all situations. Each instructor
is responsible for making clear to the class at the beginning of the semester his or her
policies and procedures in regard to class attendance and the reasons for them.
53. CONCRETE JUNGLE:

Spending too much time in the concrete jungle is bad for city dwellers' health and could
have potentially catastrophic consequences for the environment, conservation biologist
Richard Fuller will argue during a seminar at the University of Canberra today. Dr.
Fuller, lecturer in biodiversity and conservation at the University of Queens' and
CSIRO, will explore the fact that although there's evidence that the well-being of
humans increases with exposure to our surrounding biodiversity, the opportunities for
people to experience nature are declining rapidly in the modern world.
54. HOW TO INVEST:

To invest, you need to draw up a clear plan, do your own research, build in a margin of
safety by always thinking about the valuation and, ultimately, be patient. By all means
include some speculative picks if you wish , but ensure they are only a small part of
your portfolio. Looking for an oil explorer whose shares double, treble and double again
is exciting but such firms are very rare. There are a lot more companies that have a
consistent record of paying out the dividends which really make the markets work for
you, once they are reinvested.
55. INTELLIGENCE COMPARISON:

Comparing the intelligence of animals of different species is difficult, how do you
compare a dolphin and a horse? Psychologists have a technique for looking at
intelligence that does not require the cooperation of the animal involved. The relative
size of an individual's brain is a reasonable indication of intelligence. Comparing across
species is not as simple as generally expected. An elephant will have a larger brain than
a human has simply because it is a large beast. Instead, we use the Cephalization index,
which compares the size of an animal's brain with the size of its body. Based on the
Cephalization index, the brightest animals on the planet are humans, followed by great
apes, porpoises and elephants. As a general rule, animals that hunt for a living (like
canines) are smarter than strict vegetarians (you don't need much intelligence to
outsmart a leaf of lettuce). Animals that live in social groups are always smarter and
have larger EQ's than solitary animals.
56. ECO-FRIENDLY SMOOTHIES:

Students at the University of Leicester have recently whizzed up a storm of eco-
friendly smoothies. This comes as part of a week of events aimed at promoting
environmental initiatives on campus.
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A range of events and activities were organized by the University Environment Team
and the Students Union to encourage students to waste less, recycle more travel
sustainably and save energy to contribute to the University s target of cutting its
carbon footprint by 60% by the year 2020. The highlight of the week was a cycle-
powered smoothie maker Students rescued fruit from Leicester market which would
otherwise have been thrown away and salvaged it to create delicious smoothies.' No
electricity was used as the fruit was whizzed up in a blender attached to the back of
a bike pedaled by enthusiastic student volunteers.
57. ROMAN AND WATER:

Clean water was very important to the Romans. Cities, towns and forts were built near
springs. However, as Roman cities and towns grew, they needed to bring in water from
further afield. As the population grew, so did the need for clean water. Trying to shift
large volumes of water underground in pipes was not possible as lead pipes would be
too weak and bronze pipes would be too expensive. The Romans could not make cast
iron pipes as the techniques for doing this were not known to them. If water could not
be brought via pipes, the Romans decided to bring it overland in what were conduits.
When the water got to the city, it was fed off into smaller bronze or ceramic pipes. To
get the water to flow at an even (and slow) pace, conduits were built on a slight slope.
Valleys were crossed by using aqueducts. One of the most famous of these is the Pont
du Gard aqueduct at Nimes in southern France. Where possible, the Romans did take
water through tunnels but the hills needed to be relatively small for this to be successful.
58. CELL:
Cells are now accepted as a unifying concept. A cell is the smallest unit of structure and
function. Thus, cells are the basic building blocks of all organisms. Cells vary in size.
With few exceptions, individual cells are so small they cannot be seen unaided. In 1665,
a British scientist named Robert Hooke observed cells for the first time using a
microscope. A microscope is an instrument that magnifies an object. Most images of
cells are taken with a microscope and are called micrographs.
59. DARK SILVERY ROCK:

People in parts of western Africa and southwestern Asia were the first to realize that
the dark-silvery rocks poking out of the earth could be worked into tools and weapons,
sometime around 1500 B.C., evidence shows. The metal was probably discovered there
by accident when some ore was dropped into a fire and cooled into wrought iron,
historians think. The eureka moment didn't reach Europe for another 500 years,
traveling slowly north and west through Greece, Italy, central Europe and finally to
the British Isles with the spread of the famous Celtic tribes. The Celts diffused iron
technology over much of the continent through warfare, where their victory was
assured due to the strength of iron weapons. Perhaps not the most peaceful of cultural
exchanges, but where the technology did travel, it caught on fast.
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Iron made life a lot easier in those days, when just living to the age of 45 was a
feat. By that time, much of Europe had settled into small village life, toiling the soil
with bronze and stone tools.
60. COFFEE:
Coffee is enjoyed by millions of people every day and the 'coffee experience' has
become a staple of our modern life and culture. While the current body of research
related to the effects of coffee consumption on human health has been contradictory,
a study in the June issue of Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food
Safety, which is published by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT), found that the
potential benefits of moderate coffee drinking outweigh the risks in adult consumers
for the majority of major health outcomes considered.
61. CLASS PARTICIPATION:

Because of the instructional methods, expected class participation and the nature of the
courses vary, no fixed number of absences is applicable to all situations. Each instructor
is responsible for making clear to the class at the beginning of the semester his or her
policies and procedures in regard to class attendance and the reasons for them.
62. CRITICAL THINKING:

Critical thinking involves looking at something you may have seen many times and
examining it from many different angles and perspectives. It involves going beyond the
obvious or beyond 'easy' to seek new understanding and rare solutions. It involves
looking at common issues with uncommon eyes, known problems with new skepticism,
everyday conflicts with probing curiosity and daily challenges with greater attention to
detail.
63. FINANCIAL CRISIS:

Since the beginning of the financial crisis, there have been two principal explanations
for why so many banks made such disastrous decisions. The first is structural.
Regulators did not regulate. Institutions failed to function as they should. Rules and
guidelines were either inadequate or ignored. The second explanation is that Wall Street
was incompetent, that the traders and investors didn't know enough, that they made
extravagant bets without understanding the consequences.
64. ACCOUNTING:
While accounting focuses on the day-to-day management of financial reports and
records across the business world, finance uses this same information to project future
growth and to analyze expenditure in order to strategize company finances. By
studying this major you get to have a better insight on the market. With the right
knowledge and skills acquired you should be able, then, when you graduate, to advise
others in making strong investments.
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This major will help you gain responsibility of predicting and analyzing the potential
for profit and growth, assessing monetary resources, utilizing accounting statistics and
reports, and also looking externally for future funding options.
65. AUSTRALIAN DWELLINGS:

The stock of Australia's dwellings is evolving with current homes having more
bedrooms on average than homes ten years ago. At the same time, households are
getting smaller on average with decreasing proportions of couple families with children
and increasing couple-only and lone-person households. This article tells the changes
in household size and number of bedrooms from 1994-95 to 2003-04. It also looks at
the types of households with spare bedrooms and the size of recently purchased new
homes compared with existing stock.
66. SHAKESPEARE’S WORK:

Shakespeare produced most of his work between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were
comedies and histories - genres he raised to the peak of sophistication and artistry by
the end of the 16th century. He then wrote tragedies until about 1608, including Hamlet,
King Lear, Othello, and Macbeth, considered some of the finest examples in the English
language. In his last phase, he wrote tragicomedies, also known as romances, and
collaborated with other playwrights.
67. BRETON LANGUAGE:

It is difficult to tell precisely when the Breton language was born. As early as the VIth
century the new country was established and known as 'Lesser Britain', but for many
centuries its language remained close to the one of Great Britain's- very close even to
the dialect spoken in the South West. The VIIIth century is the milestone where Breton,
Cornish and Welsh are considered as different languages.
68. LINGUISTIC EFFECTS:

An important corollary of this focus on language as the window to legal epistemology
is the central role of discourse to law and other sociocultural processes. In particular,
the ideas that people hold about how language works combine with linguistic
structuring to create powerful, often unconscious effects. In recent years, linguistic
anthropologists have made much progress in developing more precisely analytic tools
for tracking those effects.
69. FINGERPRINT:
Fingerprints can prove that a suspect was actually at the scene of a crime. As long
as a human entered a crime scene, there will be traces of DNA. DNA can help the
police to identify an individual to crack a case. An institute in London can help
reserve DNA and be used to match with the samples taken from the crime scenes.
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70. SYDNEY:
Sydney is becoming effective in making the best of its limited available unconstrained
land. Sydney is suitable for integrating suitable business, office, residential, retail and
other development in accessible locations so as to maximize public transport patronage
and encourage walking and cycling. Also, this city can reduce the consumption of land
for housing and associated urban development on the urban fringe. For the proposed
mixed business, mixed use and business park areas, there was no employment data
available for comparable areas. It is also concluded that lack of housing supply will
affect affordability in Sydney.
71. HOLY GRAIL:

It's interesting that in our minds, we keep thinking of the vaccine discovery like it's the
Holy Grail. But there are a couple of shortcuts here that I'd like to unpack. I'm not a
doctor, I'm just a consultant. My clients focus on health care - biopharma companies,
providers, global health institutions - and they've educated me. We need to find the tools
to fight COVID, and we need to make them accessible to all.
72. STAFF MEMBER:

Seventeen years ago, I walked through city hall for the first time as a staff member. And
that walk revealed something to me. I was a unicorn. There weren't many people who
looked like me that worked in the building. And yet, there were folks committed to
addressing hundreds of years of systemic inequity that left some behind and many
ignored. Where there was promise, there was a huge problem. You see, democracy, as
it was originally designed, had a fatal flaw. It only laid pipeline for rich white men to
progress.
73. OFFICE:
One of the things that we are seeing is that we're seeing more young people run for
office, and the more people start running for office, they realize that local government
is what makes the most impact, at least here in America. So, if you want, for example,
some racial reform in your judicial system, vote for your district attorney, vote for your
city councilman. If you think that there are disparities in our education system, run for
your school board. So that's one. But the other thing to send very clearly to politicians
is that when young Americans voted their heart out. Young Latinos, youth in general,
outvoted the people before them, but they're voting on making a bet that their life will
change, because the last four years could not have been rockier.
74. VOTE:
Much has been said of the Latino vote in this election, which is something I know a
little bit about, having been working obsessively over it for the last 16 years. Latinos
are the fastest-growing demographic, with the largest voter registration cap in America.
A Latino youth turns 18 every 30 seconds.
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While the mode for whites in America is 58, the mode for Latinos is11 years old. You
heard that right. And it's these new voters and the youth who are translating America
for their immigrant families who are leading the charge for audacious change.
75. ACTIVE LEARNING CLASSROOMS:

Active learning classrooms (ALCs) are student-centered, technology-rich classrooms.
They are easily identified with their large circular tables and movable seating designed
to improve student engagement in class. Typically, each table is accompanied by a
whiteboard and flat-screen monitor to display student work and larger rooms frequently
have miniature bulb and microphones and at each table. In this way, students are able
to signal if they have questions or want to speak to the entire room. ALCs provide the
hands-on environment that has transformed old class from passive lecture to very active
group design work.
76. RUDMAN:
Rudman looks at how a poor understanding of Maths has led historians to false
conclusions about the Mathematical sophistication of early societies. Rudman's final
observation-that ancient Greece enjoyed unrivaled progress in the subject
while failing to teach it at school-leads to a radical punch line: Mathematics could be
better learnt after we leave school.
77. SHRIMP FARMS:

Over the past two decades around a third of the world’s mangrove swamps have
been converted for human use, with many turned into valuable shrimp farms. In
2007 an economic study of such shrimp farms in Thailand showed that the
commercial profits per hectare were $9,632. If that were the only factor, conversion
would seem an excellent idea. However, proper accounting shows that for each
hectare government subsidies formed $8,412 of this figure and there were costs,
too: $1,000 for pollution and $12,392 for losses to ecosystem services. These
comprised damage to the supply of foods and medicines that people had taken from
the forest, the loss of habitats for fish, and less buffering against storms. And
because a given shrimp farm only stays productive for three or four years, there was
the additional cost of restoring them afterwards.
78. PRODUCT SELLING:

Once an organization has its product to sell, it must then determine the appropriate
price to sell it at. The price is set by balancing many factors including supply-and-
demand, cost, desired profit competition, perceived value, and market behavior.
Ultimately, the final price is determined by what the market is willing to exchange
for the product. Pricing theory can be quite complex because so many factors
influence what the purchaser decides is a fair value.
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79. PLANTS AND ANIMALS:
From the earliest civilisations, plants and animals have been portrayed as a means
of understanding and recording the potential uses, such as their economic and
healing properties. From the first illustrated catalogue of medicinal plants, De
Materia Medica by Dioscorides, in the first century through to the late fourteenth
century the illustration of plants and animals changed very little. Woodcuts in
instructional manuals and herbals were often repeatedly copied over the centuries,
resulting in a loss of definition and accuracy so that they became little more than
stylized decoration. With the growing popularity of copperplate engravings, the
traditional use of woodcuts declined and the representation of plants and animals
became more accurate. Then, with the emergence of artists such as Albrecht Durer
and Leonardo Da Vinci, naturalists such as Otto Brunfels, Leonhard Fuchs in
botany and Conrad Gesner and Ulisse Aldrovandi in zoology, nature began to be
depicted in a more realistic style. Individual living plants or animals were observed
directly and their likeness rendered onto paper or vellum.
80. NAMING STORMS:

The practice of giving storms personal names appears to have originated with
Clement Wragge, an Australian meteorologist who in the 1890s entertained himself
by naming storms after women, mythical figures, and politicians that he didn't like.
The modern system of using personal names developed during World War II, when
meteorologists began using women's names - often those of wives or girlfriends -
instead of cumbersome designations based on latitude and longitude. Short and
quickly understood, names were easier to transmit over the radio and easier to keep
straight if there was more than one storm in a given area. The system was
formalized in 1953 when the National Weather Service put together an alphabetical
list of female names to be used for storms in the Atlantic basin. Male names were
added to the list in 1979 when women's groups pointed out the sexism of using only
female names.
81. UMAMI:
Umami was first identified in Japan, in 1908, when Dr. Kikunae Ikeda concluded
that Kombu, a type of edible seaweed, had a different taste than most foods. He
conducted experiments that found that the high concentration of glutamate in
Kombu was what made it so tasty. From there, he crystallized monosodium
glutamate (MSG), the seasoning that would become popular the world over.
Decades later Umami became scientifically defined as one of the five individual
tastes sensed by receptors on the tongue. Then in 1996, a team of University of
Miami researchers studying taste perception made another breakthrough. They
discovered separate taste receptor cells in the tongue for detecting Umami. Before
then, the concept was uncharted. 'Up until our research, the predominant wisdom
in the scientific community was that Umami was not a separate sense.
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It was just a combination of the other four qualities (salty, sweet, bitter, sour)',
explained Dr. Stephen Roper, the University of Miami physiology and biophysics
professor who helped zero in on the taste along with Nirupa Chaudhari, the team’s
lead researcher.
82. GOOD LOOKS IN VOTES:

It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many academics have
tried. The difficulty is that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and you cannot
behold a politician’s face without a veil of extraneous prejudice getting in the way.
Does George Bush possess a disarming grin, or a facetious smirk? It’s hard to find
anyone who can look at the president without assessing him politically as well as
physically.
83. INTERNET USE:

People are spending twice as much time online compared to 10 years ago, fueled
by increasing use of tablets and smartphones. The biggest increase has been among
young adults, with time spent online almost tripling from 10 hours and 24 minutes
each week in 2005 to 27 hours and 36 minutes in 2014. In total, the average adult
spends more than 20 hours online a week, which includes time spent on the internet
at work. Meanwhile the average person spends 2.5 hours every week 'online while
on the move' - away from their home, work or place of study. This is a five-fold
increase from 2005, when the figure was just 30 minutes. Overall, the proportion
of adults using the internet has risen by half - from six in ten in 2005 to almost
nine in ten today, according to Ofcom's Media Use and Attitudes 2015 report,
which questioned 1,890 adults aged 16 and over about their internet consumption
habits.
84. WEB SECURITY:

In the past, security teams have deployed a collection of on-premises solutions to
manage email and web security. But increasingly organizations are turning to
comprehensive email and web security solutions via integrated technologies that
simplify the task and reduce the cost of reducing risk. And because attackers often
leverage email and web channels together, a seamless and scalable strategy for
protecting both is essential.
85. POISONOUS ANIMALS:

Poisonous animals include most amphibians (that is, frogs, toads, salamanders, etc.),
which carry around some amount of toxins on their skin and within their other tissues,
such as the highly toxic poison secreted by various poison dart frogs. These chemicals
are strong enough that they can be deadly to humans, so you would be wise to keep
these creatures off your menu.
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86. SOCIAL NORMS:
Social norms are the unwritten rules of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that are
considered acceptable in a particular social group or culture. Norms provide us with an
expected idea of how to behave, and function to provide order and predictability in
society. For example, we expect students to arrive to a lesson on time and complete
their work.
87. MARRIAGE:
Marriage does more than change people’s living situation and daily routines; becoming
a spouse appears to change one’s personality as well, especially in the early years of
marriage. Men, for example, tend to become more conscientious and introverted than
they were when single, and women more emotionally stable.
88. DNA AND CRIME:

The presence or absence of DNA evidence at a crime scene could mean the difference
between a guilty verdict and an acquittal. DNA is so important that the United States
government has spent enormous amounts of money to unravel the sequence of DNA in
the human genome in hopes of understanding and finding cures for many genetic
diseases.
89. ADVERTISEMENT:
Almost all public spaces nowadays have advertisements in sight, and all forms of media,
from newspapers to the cinema to the Internet, are filled with adverts. This all-pervasive
presence reflects the value of advertising to us. Without it, businesses of all types and
sizes would struggle to inform potential customers about the products or services they
provide, and consumers would be unable to make informed assessments when looking
for products to buy and services to use. Without advertising, the promotion of products
and practices that contribute to our physical and psychological well-being-medicines to
treat minor ailments, insurance schemes to protect us, clothes and cosmetics to make us
look and feel better- would be infinitely more problematic than it is. And without
advertisements and the aspirations represented in them, the world would be a far duller
place.
90. REALITY:
Surely, the reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To
one extent or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I
certainly find myself thinking this way in day-today life; it's easy to be seduced by the
face nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since the first encountering
Camus' Text, I've learned that modern science tells a very different story.
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91. IKEBANA:
More than simply putting flowers in a container, ikebana is a disciplined art form in
which nature and humanity are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a parti-colored
or multicolored arrangement of blossoms, ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the
plant, such as its stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape, line, and form.
92. ORCHESTRA:
Away from the rumble of Shanghai's highways and the cacophony of the shopping
districts, stroll down side streets filled with rows of tall brick houses. In the early
evening or on a weekend morning, you'll hear the sound of classical music drifting from
a piano, played by a 10-year-old or a grandmother in her seventies. Wander down
another alley toward concrete skyscrapers and you'll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing
from a violin, or perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In China, classical music is booming
as mightily as the 1812 Overture.
93. GENDER BIAS IN AFRICA:

In African society, the gender peculiarities and patriarchal construct remain the bane
across virtually all spheres of life in the society. There is a greater level of gender
sensitivity to the extent that boys are brought up to see themselves as superior sex to
girls, while the females are trained to see themselves as weaker sex or even as
appendages to the men folk.
94. DATA ANALYSIS:

To be accepted as trustworthy, qualitative researchers must demonstrate that data
analysis has been conducted in a precise manner through systematizing the methods of
analysis with enough detail to enable the reader to determine whether the process is
credible. Although there are numerous examples of how to conduct qualitative research,
few sophisticated tools are available to researchers for conducting a rigorous and
relevant thematic analysis.
95. CHILDREN AND BOOKS:

Books introduce children to social life and provide them with the opportunity to expand
their imaginary worlds. Preschool children are influenced by books more than adults.
Children can identify themselves with the heroes in the books and choose to act like
them. Therefore, the features of the heroes in the intended message of the story have
significant importance in terms of children’s development.
96. SUBCULTURE:
Subculture has long been seen as separate from or rebelling against mainstream culture
in a multitude of aspects, including values, beliefs, symbols and styles. It is often able
to achieve a certain level of spaces for meanings.
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Best positioned to analyze this culture is post-subcultural theory, which is seen as the
critique and correction of the classic subcultural theory.
97. POLITENESS IN COMMUNICATION:

In human communication, the communicators involved in the interaction have an
obligation to show politeness to each other for a successful conversation. Non-
observance of politeness in a communicative act has the potential to infringe upon the
public self-image of the addressees. When people become aware of the importance of
the needs of their interlocutors, they tend to avoid embarrassments and incendiary
language.
98. ART AND LIFE:

The connection between art and life is a complex one. It creates new and complex
actions depending on the aesthetic form of the work of art, which has the pedagogical
potential to influence and educate people in the long run. Art releases emotions that
may not be expressed in everyday life, and is an important tool in communication
among different cultures.
99. PRESS FREEDOM:

Journalists and their media outlets exist to publish stories. The constitution offers press
freedom, but the government has been battling court cases to try to curtail such freedom,
especially on matters that touch on national security. Freedom to publish is not the same
as ‘the people's right to know’, which usually complicates the aspect of journalists’ right
to publish stories on matters concerning national security.
100. ASTRONOMY:
Astronomy is a science discipline that studies virtually everything beyond the earth. It
emphasizes the when and where a celestial object can be observed. Astronomy requires
the skill of careful observation in order to understand and discover depth of the universe.
It was through observations that preliminary understanding of timing of days, nights,
and monthly patterns was achieved.
101. ANTINUCLEAR DEMONSTRATION:

Police fired tear gas and arrested more than 5,000 passively resisting protesters Friday
in an attempt to break up the largest antinuclear demonstration ever staged in the United
States. More than 135,000 demonstrators confronted police on the construction site of
a 1,000-megawatt nuclear power plant scheduled to provide power to most of southern
New Hampshire. Organizers of the huge demonstration said, the protest was continuing
despite the police actions. More demonstrators were arriving to keep up the pressure on
state authorities to cancel the project.
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102. FINANCIAL PROGRAM:
President Arling has put his long-awaited economic restructuring program before the
Congress. It provides a coordinated program of investment credits, research grants,
education reforms, and changes designed to make American industry more competitive.
This is necessary to reverse economic slide into unemployment, lack of growth, and
trade deficits that have plagued the economy for the past six years.
103. HUMAN IRRATIONALITY:

The test is designed to winkle out a pervasive and intractable source of human
irrationality, the ‘my side’ bias. It expresses the tribal thinking that evolution has gifted
us: a tendency to seek and accept evidence that supports what we already believe. You
direct your reasoning to end up with a conclusion that is already a sacred belief or a
shibboleth in your side, your team, your coalition, your party, your posse.
104. ACID MINE DRAINAGE:

Mineral resources are the lifeblood of human society and national economic
development. At present, more than 200 kinds of mineral resources have been
discovered in the world, mainly in Russia, China and other countries, among which
coal, oil and natural gas are equivalent to 120 trillion tons of standard coal. Acid mine
drainage is produced in the process of mining and seriously endangers the health of
plants, animals and human.
105. ENERGY MARKET:

With the aim of liberalizing and de-monopolizing the energy market, and the natural
gas market along with it, special companies dealing with energy were introduced. These
companies perform the job of traders and suppliers of individual market categories with
the usage of the aforementioned technological infrastructure. In such conditions, it is
necessary to define special rules of behavior for all the participants in the energy sector.
106. EGYPTIAN MUSIC:

Music was as important to the ancient Egyptians as it is in our modern society. Although
it is thought that music played a role throughout the history of Egypt, those that study
the Egyptian writings have discovered that music seemed to become more important in
what is called the ‘pharaonic' period of their history. This was the time when the
Egyptian dynasties of the pharaohs were established and music was found in many parts
of every day Egyptian life
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107. SEMINARS:
Seminars are not designed to be mini-lectures. Their educational role is to provide an
opportunity for you to discuss interesting and difficult aspects of the course. This is
founded on the assumption that it is only by actively trying to use the knowledge that
you have acquired from lectures and texts that you can achieve an adequate
understanding of the subject. If you do not understand a point it is highly unlikely that
you will be the only person in the group in that position, you will invariably be
undertaking a service for the entire group if you come to the seminar equipped with
questions on matters which you feel you did not fully understand. The seminar is to
introduce and provoke discussion.
108. TRADITIONAL JOBS:

According to traditional stereotypes, men make things and women (Answer: take} care
of people. These days both men and women should have the opportunity. It is still true
that very few women are engineers, currently more women are studying medicine at
university. In addition, because of high unemployment rates that exist in many
countries, more men are choosing jobs that are traditionally female's ones. They are
working in kindergartens or primary schools, and more are training to be nurses. Of
course, women traditionally stay at home but these days men are doing it too, either
because they want to or because their wives have more secure jobs.
109. BARRED OWLS:

Barred owls can be found in dense forests right across North America. They feed on
small mammals, fish, birds and small reptiles pretty much anything that comes their
way. The barred owl grows up to half a meter tall and has emerged as a very adaptable
nocturnal predator. And, whereas they have been long-thought to live in old-growth
forests, they are now building up quite an urban population. In Charlotte, North
Carolina, barred owls tend to nest in the cavities of the numerous willow oak trees that
line the city's streets. Far from being endangered, the owls have expanded their range;
and now, in some places, conservationists are worried about the effects they might have
on other native species.
110. CONTAGIOUS EMOTIONS:

As research has shown, emotions are contagious. And empaths are especially sensitive
to others’ emotional energies because they're so attuned to others. They can get easily
exhausted in crowds, be drawn into codependent relationships, exhaust themselves
trying to solve others’ problems, or burn out from too much caregiving. Yet empathy is
also a gift that brings greater insight and understanding. Some of the finest therapists,
doctors, nurses, professors, writers, designers, musicians, artists and leaders in many
have been empaths.
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111. BEES:
It sounds like something out of a science fiction movie - or nightmare millions of
honeybees suddenly dying off, their bodies never found. Scientists have named the
phenomenon ‘Colony Collapse Disorder’, but they aren't united on the reason. Theories
abound as to the cause of the mass die-off, ranging from the unlikely (cell phones
affecting bees navigational abilities) to the more plausible though still debated
(widespread pesticide use).
112. MARTENS’ DIET:

Studies of pine martens in Scotland have shown that the diet varies seasonally with
small mammals berries (in late summer/autumn) and small birds being the main foods.
Recent work on a plantation has shown that martens establish their home ranges in areas
dominated by forests and dense shrubs. Within home ranges, martens utilize areas of
grassy vegetation within the forest which are typically associated with Microtus voles,
for which a strong selective preference over other small mammals is shown.
113. NEW IDEAS:

First, new ideas are the wheels of progress. Without them, stagnation reigns. Whether
you're a designer dreaming of another world, an engineer working on a new kind of
structure, an executive charged with developing a fresh business concept, an advertiser
seeking a breakthrough way to sell your product, a fifth-grade teacher trying to plan a
memorable school assembly program, or a volunteer looking for a new way to sell the
same old raffle tickets, your ability to generate good ideas is critical to your success.
114. JOHN MILTON:

John Milton wrote in a wide range of genres, in several languages, and on an
extraordinary range of subjects. His was a more general education than is offered at
Cambridge these days, and it continued after his seven years here, equipping him with
the tools to write some of the most groundbreaking literature ever seen, and to engage
as a polemicist on many different social, political, and theological questions.
115. POWER STATION:

The ruins of the South Fremantle Power Station have stood empty since 1985, home
only to urban explorers and street artists. Opened in 1951, the power station was once
a pillar of progress for the expanding energy demands of Perth. Here it stood proud and
strong for 34 years, supplying energy to its surrounding metropolis until 1985 when it
was deemed to no longer be worth the money. The doors were shuttered, and the plant's
four tall chimney stacks were demolished, leaving the rest of the plant to rot by the sea.
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116. NATIVE SPECIES:
Of the more than 1,000 bat species worldwide, 22 are native to North America. And
while there are no pollinator bats in our area, gardeners should champion those that do
live here, because they're insectivorous. These bats consume moths, beetles and
mosquitoes, and can eat up to 500 mosquito-sized insects per hour. They also protect
gardens and crops from such pests as cucumber beetles, cutworms and leafhoppers.
117. AMAZON BASIN

Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great diversity to ancestors that leapt
into the region from the Andes Mountains several times during the last 10 million years,
a new study from The University of Texas at Austin suggests. This is the first study to
show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity for the Amazon basin, one
of the largest reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to
the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropical
forest itself. Basically, the Amazon basin is a melting pot for South American frogs,
says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. Poison frogs there have
come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions
of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by
looking only in the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major role.
118. PLASMONIC MATERIAL

One of the best studied applications of plasmonic materials is sensors for detecting
chemical and biological agents. In one approach, researchers coat a plasmonic
nanomaterial with a substance that binds to a molecule of interest--say, a bacterial
toxin. In the absence of the toxin, light shining on the material is reemitted at a
specific angle. But if the toxin is present, it will alter the frequency of the surface
plasmon and, thus consequently, the angle of the reflected light. This effect can be
measured with great accuracy, enabling to even trace amounts of the toxin.
119. MEDICAL JARGON

British doctors have been urged to use simple language when communicating with their
patients, says the BBC. The Academy of Medical Royal Colleges says very often
correspondence contains complex medical jargon rather than plain and simple English.
Using of phrase "twice daily" to explain the dosing of a medicine is better than Latin
abbreviation "bd".
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The Please Write to Me initiative is aimed basically at doctors working in outpatient
clinics, although it is the best practice for all clinicians who need to write clinical letters
and they are being asked to write directly to patients, rather than sending them a copy
of a letter penned to their GP. The Academy suggests any medical words should be
translated in plain English.
120. UNIVERSITY SCIENCE

University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology
bits of itsuch as chemistry. Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering chemistry
degrees, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. The society predicts that as few
as six departments (those at Durham, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol and Oxford)
could remain open by 2014. Most recently Exeter University closed down its chemistry
department, blaming it on "market forces", and Bristol took in some of the refugees.
The closures have been blamed on a fall in student applications, but money is a factor:
chemistry degrees are expensive to provide - compared with English, for example - and
some scientists say that the way the government concentrates research funding on a
small number of top departments, such as Bristol, increases the problem.
121. GPS
Mapping software works with your phone's GPS for the location and then the in-built
compassfinds north, adjusting to the direction you're facing and pointing the way. But
that's not easy because there are two 'North’s. There's true north - which is the direction
of the North Pole andwhich reliably stays put - and there's magnetic north which, thanks
to the flowing layer of molten iron in the Earth's outer core, has a habit of moving
around.
122. CIVIL SOCIETY

For too long we have held preconceived notions of the ‘market and the’ state that were
seemingly independent of local societies and cultures. The debate about civil society
ultimately is about how culture, market and state relate to each other. Concern about
civil society, however, is not only relevant to central and eastern Europe and the
developing world. It is very much of interest to the European Union as well. The Civil
Dialogue Initiated by the Commission in the 1990s was a first attempt by the EU to give
the institutions of society - and not only governments and businesses-a voice at the
policy-making tables in Brussels.
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The EU, like other international institutions, has a long way to go in trying to
accommodate the frequently divergent interests of non-governmental organizations
and citizen groups. There is increasing recognition that international and national
governments have to open up to civil society institutions.
123. MARSHALL MCLUHAN

McLuhan's preeminent theory was his idea that human history could be divided into
four eras: the acoustic age, the literary age, the print age and the electronic age. He
outlined the concept in a 1962 book called The Gutenberg Galaxy, which was released
just as the television was starting to become popular. He predicted the world was
entering the fourth, electronic age, which would be characterized by a community of
people brought together by technology. He called it the "global village", and said it
would be an age when everyone had access to the same information through
technology. The "global village" could be understood to be the internet.
124. PLAINNESS
Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style or that you should become
a slave to spare, unadorned writing. Formality and innateness have their place, and in
competent hands complexity can carry us on a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most
students, most of the time, should strive to be sensibly simple, to develop a baseline
style of short words, active verbs, and relatively simple sentences conveying clear
actions or identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the
chances a busy reader will bother to pay attention, and it lets you focus more attention
on your moments of rhetorical flourish, which I do not advise abandoning altogether.
125. PLAGIARISM
How is plagiarism detected? It is usually easy for lecturers to identify plagiarism within
students work. The University also actively investigates plagiarism in students’
assessed work through electronic detection software called Turnitin. This software
compares students work against text on the Internet, in journal articles and within
previously submitted work (from LSBU and other institutions) and highlights any
matches it finds.
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126. CONSUMPTION PATTERN
Number and form are the essence of our world: from the patterns of the stars to the
pulses of the market, from the beats of our hearts to catching a ball or tying our
shoelaces. Drawing on science, literature, history and philosophy, and introducing
geniuses from Alcibiades to Gauss, this inspiring book makes the mysteries of math
accessible and its rich patterns brilliantly clear.
127. JUST IN TIME

Just-in-time is a management philosophy and not a technique. It originally referred to
the production of goods to meet customer demand exactly, in time, quality and
quantity, whether the customer is the final purchaser of the product or another process
further along the production line. It has now come to mean producing with minimum
waste. Waste is taken in its most general sense and includes time and resources as well
as materials.
128. CHILD CENTRIC MOTHER

The conducted study serves three objectives. The first objective is to reveal the values
loaded to the child by the child-centric mother’s attitude and the effect of 5-6-year-old
nursery school children on the purchasing decision of families who belong to a high
socio-economic class. The second objective is to develop a child centricity scale and
the third object is to examine the attitude and behavior differences between low child-
centric and high child-centric mothers. Analyzing the data gathered from 257 mother
respondents, the researchers have found that the lowest influence of the child upon the
purchasing decisions of the family are those which carry high purchasing risk and are
used by the whole family, whereas the highest influence of the child upon the
purchasing decision of the family are the products with low risk used by the whole
family. Findings also reveal that there are statistically significant differences between
the high child-centric and low child-centric mothers regarding purchasing products that
are highly risky and used by the whole family.
129. HOUSING
Housing agencies pay the utility bills, generally because units in developments do not
have individual meters. Some buildings have individual meters, and each family pay its
own to the utility company, so agencies will deduct this from the family's rent.
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130. FINGERPRINTS
Fingerprints, referred to as - finger marks in forensics are formed when residue from
the ridged skin of the fingers or palms is transferred onto a surface, leaving behind
an impression. Finger marks are often made of sweat and colorless contaminating
materials such as soap, moisturizer and grease. These finger marks are described as -
latent as they are generally invisible to the naked eye, which means that locating them
at a crime scene can be challenging.
131. PEOPLE
When people worry about a glut of liquidity, they are thinking of the first of these
concepts. If money is too abundant or too cheap, inflationary pressure may build
up or bubbles may appear in financial markets - until central banks tighten policy or
market opinion suddenly changes. A slackening of economic activity or a drop in asset
prices can leave households, businesses and financial institutions in trouble if their
balance sheets are not liquid enough (the second concept) or if they cannot find a buyer
for assets.
132. SPORTSWOMEN
Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records
don't exist, we need to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too fine a point
on it, while we still have a chance. After all, if the records aren't kept in some form or
another, then the stories are lost too.
133. MILKY WAY SYSTEM

Stars and the material between them are almost always found in gigantic stellar systems
called galaxies. Our own galaxy, the Milky Way System, happens to be one of the two
largest systems in the Local Group of two dozen or so galaxies. The other is the
Andromeda galaxy; it stretches more than one hundred thousand light-years from one
end to the other, and it is located about two million light-years distant from us.
134. WALT DISNEY WORLD

Walt Disney World has become a pilgrimage site partly because of the luminosity of its
cross- cultural and marketing and partly because its utopian aspects appeal powerfully
to real needs in the capitalist society. Disney’s marketing is unique because it captured
the symbolic essence of childhood but the company has gained access to all public
shows, comic books, dolls, apparels, and educational film strips all point to the parks
and each other.
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135. FORCE
The overall result of two or more forces acting on an object is called the resultant force
the resultant of two forces is a single force, which has the same effect as the two forces
combined. If two forces pull an object in opposite directions, the size of the resultant
can be found by subtracting one force from the other. If the forces are equal, they
balance each other.
136. CANADA GALLERY

An exhibit that brings together for the first time landscapes painted by French
impressionist Pierre-Auguste Renoir comes to the National gallery of Canada this June.
The gallery in Ottawa worked with the National Gallery of London and the Philadelphia
Museum of Art to pull together the collection of 60 Renoir paintings from 45 public
and private collections.
137. UW COURSE
The UW course descriptions are updated regularly during the academic year. All
announcements in the General Catalog and Course Catalog are subject to change
without notice and do not constitute an agreement between the University of
Washington and the student. Students should assume the responsibility of consulting
the appropriate academic unit or adviser for more current or specific information.
138. THE LIBRARY

The Dag Hammarskjold Library at United Nations Headquarters in New York is a
library designated to facilitate the work of the United Nations and focuses mainly on
the needs of the UN Secretariat and diplomatic missions. Anyone with a valid United
Nations Headquarters grounds pass, including specialized agencies, accredited media
and NGO staff, is able to visit the library. Due to security constraints in place at the
United Nations Headquarters complex, the library is not open to the general public.
139. ANTIBIOTICS
Although for centuries preparations derived from living matter were applied to wounds
to destroy infection, the fact that a microorganism is capable of destroying one of
another species was not established until the latter half of the 19th century. When
Pasteur noted the antagonistic effect of other bacteria on the anthrax organism and
pointed out that this action might be put to therapeutic use.
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140. GROWTH OF INTERNET
The exponential growth of the internet was heralded, in the 1990s, as revolutionizing
the production and dissemination of information. Some people saw the internet as a
means of democratizing access to knowledge. For people concerned about African
development, it seemed to offer the possibility of leapfrogging over the technology gap
separating Africa from advanced industrialized countries.
141. INFLUENTIAL MUSIC

Those were his halcyon days, when his music was heard constantly in Venice and his
influence blanketed Europe. He spent much of his time on the road, performing and
overseeingproductions of his music. In Germany, Bach studied Vivaldi's scores, copied
them for performance and arranged some for other instruments.
142. AN EXPERT TEACHER

The casual observer does not necessarily recognise the skill in how a teacher, for
instance, responds to a thoughtful question from a normally quiet student and how that
may be very different from the 'standard response' to a commonly inquisitive or
talkative student. Expert teachers are aware of what they are doing; they monitor and
adjust their teaching behaviors to bring out the best in their students.
143. RADIOACTIVITY
So, what is the concern? It's partly because radioactivity is invisible. If you receive a
large dose, or if you ingest radioactive heavy metals, it is certainly toxic, and we tend
to associate it with cancer, a great fear in modern society. Nuclear waste is also highly
concentrated. While this is seen as a "problem" it can be an advantage - it is very
localized and its radioactive nature means we can detect easily, the movement of tiny
amounts of material.
144. REALITY
Surely, reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To
one extent or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I
certainly find myself thinking this way in day-to-day life; it's easy to be seduced by
the face nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since first
encountering Camus' test, I've learned that modern science tells a very different story.
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145. MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS
Mathematics and statistics play a part in almost all daily activities. They are at the
heart of advances in science and technology, as well as providing indispensable
problem-solving and decision-making tools in many areas of life.
146. CHAUCER’S TALES

Chaucer’s Tales quickly spread throughout England in the early fifteenth century.
Scholarsfeel The Canterbury Tales reached their instant and continued success because
of their accurate and oftentimes vivid portrayal of human nature, unchanged through
600 years since Chaucer’s time. George Macy, founder of The Limited.
147. DOG EMOTION

Can dogs tell when we are happy, sad or angry? As a dog owner, I feel confident not
only thatI can tell what kind of emotional state my pets are in, but also that they respond
to my emotions. Yet as a hard-headed scientist, I try to take a more rational and
pragmatic view. These personal observations seem more likely to result from my desire
for a good relationshipwith my dogs.
148. LINGUISTIC IDEOLOGIES

An important corollary of this focus on language as the window to legal epistemology
is the central role of discourse to law and other socio-cultural processes. In particular,
the ideas that people hold about how language works (linguistic ideologies) combine
with linguistic structuring to create powerful, often unconscious effects. In recent years,
linguistic anthropologists have made much progress in developing more precisely
analytic tools for tracking those effects.
149. MOST RESPECTED COMPANIES

Look at the recent Most Respected Companies survey by the Financial Times. Who are
the most respected companies and business leaders at the current time? Rather
predictably they are Jack Weich and General Electric, and Bill Gates, and Microsoft.
Neither has achieved their world class status through playing nice. Weich is still
remembered for the brutal downsizing he led his business through and for the
environmental pollution incidents and prosecutions Microsoft has had one of the
highest profile cases of bullying market dominance of recent times- and Gates has been
able to achieve the financial status where he can choose to give lots of money away by
being ruthless in business.
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150. THE TEEN BRAIN
Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and
volunteers at a shelter for homeless people. But while driving the family car, her text
messages her best friend and rear-ends another vehicle. How can teens be so clever,
accomplished, and responsible-and reckless at the same time? Easily, according to two
physicians at Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who
have been exploring the unique structure and chemistry of the adolescent brain.
"The teenage brain is not just an adult brain with fewer miles on it," says Frances E.
Jensen, a professor of neurology. "It's a paradoxical time of development. These are
people with very sharp brains, but they're not quite sure what to do with them."
151. CARBON PRICE

Carbon prices in the European Union also reached their highest level in a decade this
summer following a series of reforms meant to limit the oversupply of credits and
expand many industries subjected to the cap. The biggest development of all may be in
China, the world's largest greenhouse gas emitter, which has taken steps toward its own
emissions trading program. China's move has the potential to narrow the gap between
global carbon prices and climate costs to 63 percent in the early 2020s, OECD found.
152. AGRARIAN PARTIES

Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the interests of peasants or,
more broadly, the rural sector of society. The extent to which they are important, or
whether they even exist, depends mainly on two factors. One, obviously, is the size of
an identifiable peasantry, or the size of the rural relative to the urban population.
The other is a matter of social integration: for agrarian parties to be important, the
representation of countryside or peasantry must not be integrated with the other major
sections of society. Thus, a country might possess a sizeable rural population, but have
an economic system in which the interests of the voters were predominantly related to
their incomes, rather than their occupations or location; and in such a country the
political system would be unlikely to include an important agrarian party.
153. SEATBELT
I am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a helmet on
my bike to reduce the risk of injury. I am convinced that these are prudent safety
measures. I have persuaded many friends to wear helmets on the grounds that transplant
surgeons call those without helmets, "donors on wheels. But a book on Risk by my
colleague John Adams has made me re-examine my convictions.
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Adams has completely undermined my confidence in these apparently sensible
precautions. What he has persuasively argued, particularly in relation to seat belts, is
that the evidence that they do what they are supposed to do is very suspect. This is
in spite of numerous claims that seat belts save many thousands of lives every year.
There is remarkable data on the years 1970 and 1978 countries in which the wearing of
seat bells is compulsory have had on average about 5 per cent more road accident
deaths following the introduction of the law. In the UK, road deaths have decreased
steadily from about 7,000 a year in 1972 to just over 4,000 in 1989. There is no evidence
in the trend for any effect of the seat belt law that was introduced in 1983. Moreover,
there is evidence that the number of cyclists and pedestrians killed actually increased
by about 10 per cent.
154. PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the West since the late
nineteenth century. During this period there has been an emphasis on scientific thinking.
Because of this emphasis, there have been many scientific studies in psychology which
explore different aspects of human nature. These include studies into how biology
(physical factors) influence human experience, how people use their senses (touch,
taste, smell, sight and hearing) to get to know the world, how people develop, why
people behave in certain ways, how memory works, how people develop language, how
people understand and think about the world, whatmotivates people why people have
emotions and how personality develops. These scientific investigations all contribute
to an understanding of human nature.
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READING AND WRITING FILL IN THE BLANKS
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1. POWERLESS CREATURES:
Individual human beings are relatively powerless creatures, no match for lions or bears. It’s
what they can do as groups that has enabled them to take over the planet. These groupings
- corporations, religions, states – are now part of a vast network of interconnected
information flows. Finding points of resistance, where smaller units can stand up to the
waves of information washing around the globe, is becoming harder all the time.
2. RIGHT QUESTIONS:
Used in a variety of courses in various disciplines, Asking the Right Questions helps
students bridge the gap between simply memorizing or blindly accepting information, and
the greater challenge of critical analysis and synthesis. Specifically, this concise text
teaches students to think critically by exploring the components of arguments - issues,
conclusions, reasons, evidence, assumptions, language - and on how to spot fallacies and
manipulations and obstacles to critical thinking in both written and visual communication.
It teaches them to respond to alternative points of view and develop a solid foundation for
making personal choices about what to accept and what to reject.
3. CLASS PARTICIPATION:
Because the instructional methods, expected class participation and the nature of the
courses vary, no fixed number of absences is applicable to all situations. Each instructor is
responsible for making clear to the class at the beginning of the semester his or her policies
and procedures in regard to class attendance and the reasons for them.
4. EVOLUTION:
A creature may have fine physical defenses such as hard armor or sharp spines. It may have
powerful chemical defenses such as an appalling smell or a foul taste but non of these
defenses is much used in the struggle for survival unless the animal also has the right
behavior to go with it. Evolution shapes a living creature’s size and color, and it also shapes
an animal’s actions and behavioral patterns. The most automatic behaviors are instinctive
or in-built. In other words, the creatures can perform the actions without having to learn
what to do it by trial and error.
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5. SCIENTIFIC METHOD:
The logic of the scientific method was set out by John Stuart Mill in 1843 and was named
the method of difference. A simple example of what he meant by this is to take two glasses
of water which are identical in every respect. Introduce a few drops of ink into one of these
glasses. The water changes color! According to Mill’s method of difference it is safe to
assume that the change in the color of the water is due to the introduction of a new factor -
the independent variable -in this case, the ink.
6. EUROPEAN CULTURE:
Many people today think of culture in the way that it was thought of in Europe during the
18th and early 19th centuries. This concept of culture reflected inequalities within
European societies and their colonies around the world. This understanding of culture
equates culture with civilization and contrasts both with nature or non-civilization.
According to this understanding of culture, some countries are more civilized than others,
and some people are more cultured than others. Anything that doesn’t fit into this category
is labeled as chaos or anarchy. From this perspective, culture is closely tied to cultivation,
which is the progressive refinement of human behavior. In practice, culture referred to elite
goods and activities such as haute cuisine, high fashion or haute couture, museum-caliber
art and classical music. The word cultured referred to people who knew about and took part
in these activities. For example, someone who used culture in this sense might argue that
classical music is more refined than music by working-class people, such as jazz or the
indigenous music traditions of aboriginal peoples.
7. SUN AND MOON:

In these distant times the sun was seen to make its daily journey across the sky. At night
the moon appeared. Every new night the moon waxed or waned a little and on a few nights
it did not appear at all. At night the great dome of the heavens was dotted with tiny specks
of light. They became known as the stars. It was thought that every star in the heavens had
its own purpose and that the secrets of the universe could be discovered by making a study
of them. It was well known that there were wandering stars, they appeared in different
nightly positions against their neighbours and they became known as planets. It took
centuries, in fact it took millennia, for man to determine the true nature of these wandering
stars and to evolve a model of the world to accommodate them and to predict their positions
in the sky.
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8. SELFIES:
To better understand selfies and how people form their identities online, the researchers
combed through 2.5 million selfie posts on Instagram to determine what kinds of identity
statements people make by taking and sharing the photos. Nearly 52 percent of all selfies
fell into the appearance category: pictures of people showing off their make-up, clothes,
lips, etc. Pics about looks were two times more popular than the other 14 categories
combined. After appearances, social selfies with friends, loved ones, and pets were the
most common (14 percent). Then came ethnicity pics (13 percent), travel (7 percent), and
health and fitness (5 percent). The researchers noted that the prevalence of ethnicity selfies
(selfies about a person’s ethnicity, nationality or country of origin) is an indication that
people are proud of their backgrounds. They also found that most selfies are solo pictures,
rather than taken with a group. Overall, an overwhelming 57 percent of selfies on Instagram
were posted by the 18-35-year-old crowd, something the researchers say isn't too surprising
considering the demographics of the social media platform. The under-18 age group posted
about 30 percent of selfies.
9. SHRIMP FARM:
Over the past two decades around a third of the world’s mangrove swamps have been
converted for human use, with many turned into valuable shrimp farms. In 2007 an
economic study of such shrimp farms in Thailand showed that the commercial profits per
hectare were $9,632. If that were the only factor, conversion would seem an excellent idea.
However, proper accounting shows that for each hectare government subsidies formed
$8,412 of this figure and there were costs, too: $1,000 for pollution and $12,392 for losses
to ecosystem services. These comprised damage to the supply of foods and medicines that
people had taken from the forest, the loss of habitats for fish, and less buffering against
storms. And because a given shrimp farm only stays productive for three or four years,
there was the additional cost of restoring them afterwards.
10. BIOSPHERE:
Many people rely on the biosphere for basic necessities including food, medicine,
construction materials, and fuel. Except for salt, all food comes from the biosphere, but
established societies prefer to farm rather than forage. The biosphere is a relatively thin
layer of the Earth’s surface that supports life, reaching from a few kilometers into the
atmosphere to deep-sea vents. The biosphere is a global ecosystem made up of living
organisms (biota) and the nonliving (abiotic) factors that provide them with energy and
nutrients. The biosphere is a narrow zone on the surface of the earth where soil, water, and
air combine to sustain life. Life can only occur in this zone. From fungi and bacteria to
large animals, there are several different types of life. The biosphere is characterized as an
area that contains all living organisms and the products of their activities.
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As a result, it plays a critical role in the maintenance of ecosystems, i.e., the existence of
species and their reciprocal interactions.
11. DENTISTRY:
Dentistry is a profession concerned with the prevention and treatment of oral disease.
Dentistry also encompasses the treatment and correction of malformation of the jaws,
misalignment of the teeth, and birth anomalies of the oral cavity such as cleft palate.
Dentistry, in some form, has been practiced since ancient times. For example, Egyptian
skulls dating from 2900 to 2750 BCE contain evidence of small holes in the jaw in the
vicinity of a tooth’s roots. Such holes are believed to have been drilled to drain abscesses.
In addition, accounts of dental treatment appear in Egyptian scrolls dating from 1500 BCE.
It is thought that the Egyptians practiced oral surgery perhaps as early as 2500 BCE,
although evidence for this is minimal. An early attempt at tooth replacement dates to
Phoenicia (modern Lebanon) around 600 BCE, where missing teeth were replaced with
animal teeth and were bound into place with cord.
12. GREEN SPACES:

Green spaces contribute significantly to a reduction in soil and aerial temperatures during
spells of hot weather, so contributing to human wellbeing. In the garden context, there is,
however, little information as to what extent various types of plants differ in their cooling
potential and how certain planting combinations may maximize cooling under a scenario
off low rainfall and minimal water inputs.
13. PRODUCT SELLING:

Once an organization has its product to sell, it must then determine the appropriate price to
sell it at. The price is set by balancing many factors including supply-and-demand, cost,
desired profit competition, perceived value, and market behavior. Ultimately, the final price
is determined by what the market is willing to exchange for the product. Pricing theory can
be quite complex because so many factors influence what the purchaser decides is a fair
value.
14. SNAKE’S BITE:

Some people who are bitten by snakes (or suspect or imagine that they have been bitten)
may develop quite striking symptoms and signs, even when no venom has been injected.
This results from an understandable fear of the consequences of a real venomous bite.
Anxious people may hyperventilate so that they develop pins-and-needles sensation in the
extremities, spasm of their hands and feet, and dizziness.
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Some may develop vasovagal shock after the bite or suspected bite, with faintness and
collapse with profound slowing of the heart. Others may become highly agitated and
irrational and may manifest a wide range of misleading symptoms. The clinical
presentation of a snakebite victim varies with the age and size of the patient, the species of
snake, the number and location of the bites, and the quantity and toxicity of the venom.
15. STARVATION:
Over weeks and months, malnutrition can result in specific diseases, like anemia when
people don't get enough iron or beriberi if they don't get adequate thiamine. A severe lack
of food for a prolonged period - not enough calories of any sort to keep up with the body's
energy needs - is starvation. The body's reserve resources are depleted. The result is
substantial weight loss, wasting away of the body's tissues and eventually death. When
faced with starvation, the body fights back. The first day without food is a lot like the
overnight fast between dinner one night and breakfast the next morning. Energy levels are
low but pick up with a morning meal. Within days, faced with nothing to eat, the body
begins feeding on itself. Metabolism slows; the body cannot regulate its temperature;
kidney function is impaired and the immune system weakens. When the body uses its
reserves to provide basic energy needs, it can no longer supply necessary nutrients to vital
organs and tissues. The heart, lungs, ovaries and testes shrink. Muscles shrink and people
feel weak. Body temperature drops and people can feel chilled. People can become irritable,
and they become difficult to concentrate.
16. DEATH SENTENCE:

You are more likely to be sentenced to death if you are a member of a minority group within
a state that executes. The death penalty disproportionately affects members of racial, ethnic
and religious minorities, as well as those living in poverty. In the US, there's extensive
evidence of racial bias on death row. The race of the victim remains the single most reliable
factor in determining whether a defendant will be given a death sentence. African American
defendants are three times more likely to receive the death penalty than white defendants,
where the victims are white. Serious mental health issues are also common in defendants
sent to death row. At least one in ten prisoners executed in the US between 1977 and 2007
had experienced severe mental health problems that meant they were literally unable to
comprehend the crime they were alleged to have committed, and unable to understand the
terms of their sentence and imminent execution.
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17. DENTISTRY:
Dentistry is a profession concerned with the prevention and treatment of oral disease.
Dentistry also encompasses the treatment and correction of malformation of the jaws,
misalignment of the teeth, and birth anomalies of the oral cavity such as cleft palate.
Dentistry, in some form, has been practiced since ancient times. For example, Egyptian
skulls dating from 2900 to 2750 BCE contain evidence of small holes in the jaw in the
vicinity of a tooth’s roots. Such holes are believed to have been drilled to drain abscesses.
In addition, accounts of dental treatment appear in Egyptian scrolls dating from 1500 BCE.
It is thought that the Egyptians practiced oral surgery perhaps as early as 2500 BCE,
although evidence for this is minimal. An early attempt at tooth replacement dates to
Phoenicia (modern Lebanon) around 600 BCE, where missing teeth were replaced with
animal teeth and were bound into place with cord.
18. BIOSPHERE:
Many people rely on the biosphere for basic necessities including food, medicine,
construction materials, and fuel. Except for salt, all food comes from the biosphere, but
established societies prefer to farm rather than forage. The biosphere is a relatively thin
layer of the Earth’s surface that supports life, reaching from a few kilometers into the
atmosphere to deep-sea vents. The biosphere is a global ecosystem made up of living
organisms (biota) and the nonliving (abiotic) factors that provide them with energy and
nutrients. The biosphere is a narrow zone on the surface of the earth where soil, water, and
air combine to sustain life. Life can only occur in this zone. From fungi and bacteria to
large animals, there are several different types of life. The biosphere is characterized as an
area that contains all living organisms and the products of their activities. As a result, it
plays a critical role in the maintenance of ecosystems, i.e., the existence of species and their
reciprocal interactions.
19. INFORMATION REVOLUTION:

Some have begun to call it the Information Revolution. Technological changes brought
dramatic new options to Americans living in the 1990s. From the beginning of the decade
until the end, new forms of entertainment, commerce, research, work, and communication
became commonplace in the United States. The driving force behind much of this change
was an innovation popularly known as the Internet. Personal computers had become
widespread by the end of the 1980s. Through a device called a modem, individual users
could link their computer to a wealth of information using conventional phone lines. What
lay beyond the individual computer was a vast domain of information known as cyberspace.
Upon its release in 1983 the Apple "Lisa" computer was supposed to revolutionize personal
computing. But interest in “Lisa” was minimal due to its nearly $10,000 price tag and the
introduction of the much more affordable “Macintosh” a year later.
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20. PSYCHOLOGY:
Psychology changed dramatically during the early 20th-century as another school of
thought known as behaviorism rose to dominance. Behaviorism was a major change from
previous theoretical perspectives, rejecting the emphasis on both the conscious and
unconscious mind. Instead, behaviorism strove to make psychology a more scientific
discipline by focusing purely on observable behavior. Behaviorism had its earliest start
with the work of a Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov demonstrated that this
learning process could be used to make an association between an environmental stimulus
and a naturally occurring stimulus. An American psychologist named John B. Watson soon
became one of the strongest advocates of behaviorism. Initially outlining the basic
principles of this new school of thought in his 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist
Views It, Watson later went on to offer a definition in his classic book “Behaviorism”
(1924), writing: “Behaviorism that holds the subject matter of human psychology is the
behavior of the human being”.
21. COLLISION OF PLANETS:

A dramatic glimpse of the aftermath of a collision between two exoplanets is giving
scientists a view at what can happen when planets crash into each other. A similar event in
our own solar system may have formed our Moon. Yet this mature system has shown signs
of swirling dusty debris that is not cold, as would be expected around stars of this age.
Rather, the debris is warm, reinforcing that it was made relatively recently by the impact
of two planet-sized bodies. A decade ago, observations of this system by ground
observatories and NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope gave the first hints of this collision
when the warm debris was first found. Now the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared
Astronomy, SOFIA, revealed the infrared brightness from the debris has increased by more
than 10%, which is a sign that there is now even more warm dust.
22. SPACE DEBRIS:

Space debris or space junk is basically discarded material from launch vehicles like rockets
or parts of spacecraft that are left to roam around in space. Since this junk material floats
around space, it can often come in contact with satellites or space stations risking collision.
Space debris can also come from explosions in space or through missile tests to destroy
satellites. Since space debris floats in low Earth orbit and at speeds of around 15,700 miles
per hour, this makes it highly possible for satellites or a spacecraft to collide with the
materials. According to the US Department of Defense’s global Space Surveillance
Network, more than 15,000 pieces of space debris larger than 4 inches have been tracked.
It is also estimated that there are around 200,000 pieces sized between 0.4 and 4 inches,
and millions of pieces smaller than 1cm.
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23. WHY STUDENTS FORGET:
Teachers have long known that rote memorization can lead to a superficial grasp of material
that is quickly forgotten. But new research in the field of neuroscience is starting to shed
light on the ways that brains are wired to forget - highlighting the importance of strategies
to retain knowledge and make learning stick. In a recent article published in the journal
Neuron, neurobiologists Blake Richards and Paul Frankland challenge the predominant
view of memory, which holds that forgetting is a process of loss - the gradual washing
away of critical information despite our best efforts to retain it. According to Richards and
Frankland, the goal of memory is not just to store information accurately but to ‘optimize
decision-making’ in chaotic, quickly changing environments. In this model of cognition,
forgetting is an evolutionary strategy, a purposeful process that runs in the background of
memory, evaluating and discarding information that doesn’t promote the survival of the
species.
24. INTERNET USE:

People are spending twice as much time online compared to 10 years ago, fueled by
increasing use of tablets and smartphones. The biggest increase has been among young
adults, with time spent online almost tripling from 10 hours and 24 minutes each week in
2005 to 27 hours and 36 minutes in 2014. In total, the average adult spends more than 20
hours online a week, which includes time spent on the internet at work. Meanwhile the
average person spends 2.5 hours every week ‘online while on the move’ - away from their
home, work or place of study. This is a five-fold increase from 2005, when the figure was
just 30 minutes. Overall, the proportion of adults using the internet has risen by half - from
six in ten in 2005 to almost nine in ten today, according to of com's Media Use and Attitudes
2015 report, which questioned 1,890 adults aged 16 and over about their internet
consumption habits.
25. GOOD LOOKS IN VOTES:

It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many academics have tried.
The difficulty is that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and you cannot behold a
politician's face without a veil of extraneous prejudice getting in the way. Does George
Bush possess a disarming grin, or a facetious smirk? It’s hard to find anyone who can look
at the president without assessing him politically as well as physically.
26. FOOD MINDING:

At supper Johnson talked of good eating with uncommon satisfaction. "Some people,” said
he, “have a foolish way of not minding, or pretending not to mind, what they eat. For my
part, I mind my belly very studiously, and very carefully; for I look upon it, that he who
does not mind his belly will hardly mind anything else,”
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He was, for the moment, not only serious but vehement. "Yet I have heard him, upon other
occasions, talk with great contempt of people who were anxious to gratify their palates;
and the 206th number of his Rambler is a masterly essay against gulosity. His practice,
indeed, I must acknowledge, may be considered as casting the balance of his different
opinions upon this subject; for I never knew any man who relished good eating more than
he did.
27. SPEECH OF ALCHEMY

To learn the speech of alchemy, an early form of chemistry in which people attempted to
turn metals into gold, it helps to think back to a time when there was no science: no atomic
number or weight, no periodic chart no list of elements. To the alchemists the universe
was not made of leptons, bosons, gluons, and quarks. Instead it was made of substances,
and one substance-say, walnut oil-could be just as pure as another-say, silver even though
modern scientists would say one is heterogeneous and the other homogeneous. Without
knowledge of atomic structures, how would it be possible to tell elements from
compounds?
28. GOOD SCHOOL

A big rise in state schools rated among the best institutions in the country is revealed in
the latest edition of the Good Schools Guide. Middle-class parents facing financial
pressures in the downturn are increasingly looking beyond the private sector to educate
their children. The 23-year-old Good Schools Guide - a popular reference book for fee
paying families set on the best private school - has increased the number of state schools
in this year’s edition to 251, pushing the figure to more than a quarter of its 1,000 entries
for the first time. Explaining why the guide has more than doubled the number of schools
it features outside the private sector in only five years, Sue Fieldman, regional editor, told
the Financial Times: The parents we speak to want more information on the state sector and
the best it has to offer.
29. QUESTIONS
You have about 30 minutes to answer each question. You must take account of how many
marks are available for each part when you answer it. Even if you think you can write
more, don't spend 15 minutes answering a part worth only 5 marks. Leave space at the end
of your answer and come back to it if you have time to spare later. And if you can't think
of an answer to some part, leave a space and move on tothe next part. Don't write about
something else if you don't know the correct answer - this is just a waste of your valuable
time (and the examiner's).
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30. CLOTH-MAKING
About 10,000 years ago, people learned how to make cloth. Wool, cotton, flax, or hemp
was first spun into a thin thread using a spindle. The thread was then woven into a fabric.
The earliest weaving machines probably consisted of little more than a per of sticks that
held a set of parallel threads, called the wrap, while the cross-thread, called the weft, was
inserted. Later machines called looms had roads that separatedthe threads to allow the west
to be inserted more easily. A piece of wood, called the shuttle, holding a spool of thread,
was passed between the separated threads. The basic principles of spinning and weaving
have stayed the same until the present day, though during the industrial revolution of the
18th century many ways were found of automating the processes. With new machines
such as the spinning mule, many threads could be spun at the same time, and, with the help
of devices like the flying shuttle, broad pieces of cloth could be woven at great speed.
31. PROGRESSIVE ENHANCEMENT

Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead of designing
for the least capable browser, or mangling our code to make a site look the same in every
browser, we should providea core set of functionality and information to all users, and then
progressively enhance the appearance and behavior of the site for users of more capable
browsers. It's very productive development practice. Instead of spending hours working
out how to add drop shadows to the borders of an element in every browser, we simply use
the standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don't even attempt to
implement it in browsers that don't. After all, the users of older and less capable browsers
won’t know what they are missing. The biggest challenge to progressive enhancement is
the belief among developers and clients that websites should look the same in every
browser. As a developer, you can simplify your life and dedicate your time to more
interesting challenges if you let go of this outdated notion and embrace progressive
enhancement.
32. PINKER
In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works,
Pinker has argued the swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have
originated as evolutionary adaptations, well suited to the lives our ancestors eked out on
the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is immune from being
explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism,our tendency to reward senior
executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the smaller number of women who
become mechanical engineers - all may have their roots in natural selection, Pinker claims.
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The controversial implications are obvious: that men and women might differ in their
inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting may have little
influence on personality.
33. BUSINESS
One distinguishing feature of business is its economic character. In the world of business,
we interact witheach other not as family members, friends, or neighbors, but as buyers and
sellers, employers and employees, and the like. Trading, for example, is often
accompanied by hard bargaining, in which both sides conceal their full hand and perhaps
engage in some bluffing. And a skilled salesperson is well- versed in the art of arousing
a customer’s attention (sometimes by a bit of puffery) to clinch the sale. Still, there is
an "ethics of trading" that prohibits the use of false or deceptive claims and tricks such
as bait-and-switch advertising.
34. KIMBELL
The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell
(Goldsmith College, London) responds to criticisms of design programs as formalistic and
conventional, stating that a focus on risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation
is equally problematic. His research contains three parts that include preliminary
exploration of design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom practices,
and development of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented
in the form of a structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative element and digital
photographs, in story format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not
recognize students as design innovators. The assessment sheet includes holistic
impressions as well as details about - having, growing, and proving‖ ideas. Colloquial
judgments are evident in terms such as wow and yawn and reward the quality and quantity
of ideas with the term, sparkiness, which fittingly is a pun as the model project was to
design light bulb packaging. In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of
optimizing or complexity control as well as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not
just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for qualities such as technical and aesthetic
pertaining to users is too narrow and ill-defined. The author provides examples of the
project, its features and structures, students’ notes and judgments, and their sketches and
photographs of finished light bulb packages, in the Appendix.
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35. AUSTRALIAN OVERSEAS DEPARTURES
Over the past ten years, Australian overseas departures have grown from 1.7 million to 3.2
million. This represents strong average, annual growth of 6.5 per cent. This paper analyses
outbound travel demand to each destination country using the travel demand models of
short-term resident departures. The modelsare specified in terms of a double logarithmic
linear functional form, with overseas departures as the dependent variable and real
household disposable income prices of travel and accommodation in Australia, and
overseas and the exchange rate as independent variables. The models were estimated using
historical time series data from 1973 to 1998. The data were obtained from several sources
such as the World Tourism Organization, Australian Bureau of Statistics, World Bank and
International Monetary Fund. The results suggest that the estimated elasticity parameters
are consistent with standard economic theory. The number of short-term resident
departures is positively influenced by per capita real householddisposable income; and the
price of domestic travel and accommodation, and negatively influenced by the price of
travel and accommodation overseas. The estimated demand models were used to develop
the Tourism Forecasting Council’s long run forecasts. The forecasts suggest that the
number of short-term resident departures will increase strongly over the next ten years,
largely due to the strength of the Australian economy, competitive trove prices, and
Australians’ interest in experiencing different cultures and lifestyles.
36. IMPRESSIONISM
Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association of
Paris-based artists who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of
Impressionist painting include visible brush strokes, light colours, open composition,
emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage
of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The name of the movement is
derived from Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant). Critic Louis
Leroy inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari. Radicals
in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by
giving colours, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of
painters such as Eugene Delacroix. They also took the act of painting out of the studio and
into the world. Previously, not only still-lives and portraits, but also landscapes had been
painted indoors, but the Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and
transient effects of sunlight by painting air (in plain air).
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37. DOG
By the Bronze Age drinking vessels were being made of sheer metal, primarily bronze or
gold. However, the peak of feasting - and in particular, of the political type of feast came
in the late Hallstatt period (about 600 - 450 BC), soon after the foundation of the Greek
colony of Massalia (Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhine. From that date on, the blood of
the grape began to make its way north and east along major river systems together with
imported metal and ceramic drinking vessels from the Greek world. Wine was thus added
to the list of mood-altering beverages - such as and ale available to establish social
networks inIron Age Europe. Attic pottery fragments found at hill forts such as Heuneburg
in Germany and luxury goods such as the monumental 5th century Greek bronze krater (or
wine mixing vessel) found at Vix in Burgundy supply archaeological evidence of this
interaction. Organic containers such as leather or wooden wine barrels may also have
travelled north into Europe but have not survived. It is unknown what goods were traded
in return, but they may have included salted meat, hides, timber, amber and slaves.
38. ATMOSPHERE ON THE MOVE

The world’s atmosphere is forever on the move. Wind is air in motion. Sometimes air
moves slowly, giving a gentle breeze. At other times it moves rapidly, creating gales and
hurricanes, gentle or fierce, wind always starts in the same way. As the sun moves through
the sky, it heats up some parts of the sea and lands more than others. The air above these
hot spots is warmed, becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and begins to rise.
Elsewhere, cool air sinks, because it is heavier. Winds blow because air squeezed out by
sinking, cold air is sucked in under rising, warm air. Winds will blow wherever thereis a
difference in air temperature and pressure, always flowing from high to low pressure.
Some winds blow in one place, and have a local name - North America’s Chinook and
Frances mistral. Others are part of a huge circulation pattern that sends winds over the
entire globe.
39. HIGH-PROTEIN DIET

In our studies, those people on a high-protein diet lost the same amount of weight as those
on a higher- carbohydrate diet, since the two diets offered an equal amount of kilojoules
and the same amount of fat. However, body composition (that is, the ratio of fat to muscle)
showed greater improvement among those people on the higher protein diet. When the
participants in other studies were allowed to eat until they were no longer hungry, those
on the higher-carbohydrate diet, even after more than a year.
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The reduction in hunger and the beneficial effect on muscle provided by the higher-protein
diet is mostly related to its protein content, while the reduced triglyceride levels and
enhanced fat-loss seem to be related to its lower amounts of carbohydrate. The diet is
healthy because its protein comes from lean red meat, fish, chicken and low-fat dairy
products, all of which provide good nutrition. A high protein diet in which the protein
comes from protein powders and supplements is unlikely to be healthy, unless the
supplements and are fortified with vitamins and minerals.
40. AUSTRALIAN OVERSEAS DEPARTURES

Over the past ten years, Australian overseas departures have grown from 1.7 million to 3.2
million. This represents strong average, annual growth of 6.5 per cent. This paper analyses
outbound travel demand to each destination country using the travel demand models of
short-term resident departures. The modelsare specified in terms of a double logarithmic
linear functional form, with overseas departures as the dependent variable and real
household disposable income prices of travel and accommodation in Australia, and
overseas and the exchange rate as independent variables. The models were estimated using
historical time series data from 1973 to 1998. The data were obtained from several sources
such as the World Tourism Organization, Australian Bureau of Statistics, World Bank and
International Monetary Fund. The results suggest that the estimated elasticity parameters
are consistent with standard economic theory. The number of short-term resident
departures is positively influenced by per capita real householddisposable income; and the
price of domestic travel and accommodation, and negatively influenced by the price of
travel and accommodation overseas. The estimated demand models were used to develop
the Tourism Forecasting Council’s long run forecasts. The forecasts suggest that the
number of short-term resident departures will increase strongly over the next ten years,
largely due to the strength of the Australian economy, competitive trove prices, and
Australians interest in experiencing different cultures and lifestyles.’
41. POVERTY
Measuring poverty on a global scale requires establishing a uniform poverty level across
extremely divergent economies, which can result in only rough comparisons. The World
Bank has defined the international poverty line as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which adjusts for differences in the prices of goods and
services between countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the least developed
countries, primarily African; the $2-per-day level is used for middle-income economies
such as those of East Asia and Latin America.
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42. THREE DEGREES
Three degrees does not sound like much but it represents a rise in temperature compatible
with the globalheating that occurred between the last ice age, some 15,000 years ago, and
the warmth of the eighteenth century. When Earth was cold giant glaciers sometimes
extended from the polar-regions as far south as St Louis in the US and the Alps in Europe.
Later this century when it is three-degree hotter glaciers everywhere will be melting in a
climate of often unbearable heat and drought punctuated with storms and floods. The
consequences for humanity could be truly horrific, if we fail to act swiftly, the full impact
of global heating could cull us along with vast populations of the plant and animals with
whom we share Earth. In a worst case scenario, there might in the 22nd century be only a
remnant of humanity eking out a diminished existence in the polar-regions and the few
remaining oases left on a hot and arid Earth.
43. BEHAVIOR OF LIQUIDS

If you see a movie, or a TV advertisement, that involves a fluid behaving in an unusual
way, it was probably made using technology based on the work of a Monash researcher.
Professor Joseph Monaghan who pioneered an influential method for interpreting the
behavior of liquids that underlies most special effects involving water has been honored
with election to the Australian Academy of Sciences. Professor Monaghan, one of only 17
members elected in 2011, was recognized for developing the method of Smoothed Particle
Hydrodynamics (SPH) which has applications in the fields of astrophysics, engineering and
physiology, as well as movie special effects. His research started in 1977 when he tried to
use computer simulation to describe the formation of stars and stellar systems. The
algorithms available at thetime were incapable of describing the complicated systems that
evolve out of chaotic clouds of gas in the galaxy. Professor Monaghan, and his colleague
Bob Gingold, took the novel and effective approach of replacing the fluid or gas in the
simulation with large numbers of particles with properties that mimicked those of the fluid.
SPH has become a central tool in astrophysics, where it is currently used to simulate the
evolution of the universe after the Big Bang, the formation of stars, and the processes of
planet building.
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44. AMAZON BASIN
This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity
for the Amazon basin, one of the largest reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth. The
finding runs counter to the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only
within the tropical forest itself. "Basically, the Amazon basin is 'melting pot' for South
American frogs," says graduate student Juan Santos, lead authorof the study. "Poison frogs
there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many
millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by
looking only in the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major role."
45. CLIMATE
Climate is the word we use for weather over a long period of time. The desert has a dry
climate because there is very little rain. The UK has a temperate climate which means
winters are, overall, mild and, summers generally, don’t get too hot.
46. SEATBELT
I am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a helmet on my
bike to reduce the risk of injury. I am convinced that these are prudent safety measures. I
have persuaded many friends to wear helmets on the grounds that transplant surgeons call
those without helmets, "donors on wheels". But a book on ‘Risk' by my colleague John
Adams has made me re-examine my deeply held convictions. Adams has completely
undermined my confidence in these apparently sensible precautions. What he has
persuasively argued, particularly in relation to seat belts, is that the evidence that they do
what they are supposed to do is very suspect. This is in spite of numerous claims that seat
belts save many thousands of lives every year. There is remarkable data on the years 1970
and 1978 countries in which the wearing of seat belts is compulsory have had on average
about 5 per cent more road accident deaths following the introduction ofthe law. In the UK,
road deaths have decreased steadily from about 7,000 a year in 1972 to just over 4,000 in
1989. There is no evidence in the trend for any effect of the seat belt law that was introduced
in 1983. Moreover, there is evidence that the number of cyclists and pedestrians killed
actually increased by about 10 per cent.
47. VIDEO CONFERENCE

Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense
scrutiny. Inter-city train journeys and long-haul flights to conduct face-to-face business
meetings contribute significantly to greenhouse gases and the resulting strain on the
environment.
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The Anglo-US company Teliris has introduced a new video-conferencing technology and
partnered with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate outfits to become more
environmentally responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face meetings to be
held across continents without the time pressure or environmental burden of international
travel. Previous designs have enabled video-conferencing on a point-to- point, dual-
location basis. The firm's VirtuaLive technology, however, can bring people together from
up to five separate locations anywhere in the world - with unrivalled transmission quality.
48. GIANT TURTLE

A giant turtle made from discarded plastic trash will greet visitors to the British Science
Festival thisweek. The plastic containers, bottles and cups were collected locally in Hull,
where the event is taking place at the city’s university. Standing 3.5m tall (11.5 ft), the art
installation was commissioned by the University of Hull with the aim of raising awareness
of plastic waste. Professor Dan Parsons, director of the university’s Energy and
Environment Institute, said: ―Marine pollution is a mounting global challenge, which is
already having devastating consequences. We have a duty to protect these fragile
environments and the marine life and ecosystems which we call home. The university has
commissioned this installation as a physical reminder of what is ending up in the oceans,
but also to ask visitors to campus to stop and think what they could do to try to reduce their
own waste.
49. INVESTMENT CHOICE

Men and women are making different choices about their retirement savings, which could
lead to very different investment outcomes, according to Dr Claire Matthews, Director of
Financial Planning at Massey University's Centre for Banking Studies. Speaking at the
2012 New Zealand Finance Colloquium, held at Massey University's Albany campus last
week, Dr Matthews said demographic characteristics had a substantial impact on the
choices people made about KiwiSaver funds and retirement savings more generally. When
it came to fund selection, she found there were significant differences based on gender.
Men are more likely to invest in aggressive and growth funds, while women are more likely
to choose conservative funds. "Males are risk takers, whether it's in their choice of car or
their investment fund," she says. "But when it comes to long-term savings, risk taking can
actually be an advantage." Dr Matthews also found that men are more likely than women
to have prior savings when joining KiwiSaver. Just over half of male respondents said they
had savings already, while only 38% of women did. "These figures reflect and confirm,
quite disappointingly, the difference between males and females and the level of interest
they take in financial planning," Dr Matthews says.
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"It's important for all New Zealanders to be better educated about their personal finances,
but this is particularly so for women." Other demographic factors, including age, ethnicity,
education and income, can also influence the choices being made about retirement savings.
Dr. Matthews found that those with bachelor and higher degrees, and those in households
with a pre-tax income of $100,000 or more, were more likely to choose aggressive
and growth funds. On the other hand, both the youngest and oldest age groups were more
likely to be invested in conservative funds. While this might be appropriate for the life-
cycle stage of older investors, it might not be so appropriate for younger, longer-term
investors.
50. BURGER KING

Drive down any highway and you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants-most likely, if
you travel long and far enough you’ll see McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for
Burger King, Hardee’s and Wendy’s the big four of burgers. Despite its name, though
Burger King has fallen short of claiming theburger crown, unable to surpass market leader
McDonald's No. 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King
remains No. 2. Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22percent decline
in customer traffic, with its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the other three
contenders have increased. The decline has been attributed to inconsistent product
quality and poor customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at
the problem, an understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would
suggest that internal management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be
rectified before a unified, long-term strategy can be put in place. The importance of
consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has become a
basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the customer’s order must
communicate the same message as Burger King's famous tagline, "Have it your way, or
the customer will just buzz up the highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent
and, therefore, more reliable.
51. BIZARRE UNIVERSE

It seems we live in a bizarre universe. One of the greatest mysteries in the whole of science
is the prospectthat 75% of the Universe is made up from a mysterious substance known as
'Dark Energy', which causes an acceleration of the cosmic expansion. Since a further 21%
of the Universe is made up from invisible Cold Dark Matter' that can only be detected
through its gravitational effects, the ordinary atomic matter making up the rest is apparently
only 4% of the total cosmic budget.
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These discoveries require a shift in our perception as great as that made after Copernicus'
revelation that the Earth moves around the Sun. This lecture will start by reviewing the
chequered history of Dark Energy, not only since Einstein's proposal for a similar entity in
1917, but by tracing the concept back to Newton's ideas. This lecture will summarize the
current evidence for Dark Energy and future surveys in which UCL is heavily involved:
the ' Dark Energy Survey', the Hubble Space Telescope and the proposed Euclid space
mission.
52. ESTEE LAUDER

Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she always
thought she "was growing a nice little business" and that it is, a little business that controls
45% of the cosmetics market in U.S. department stores. A little business that sells in 118
countries and last year grew to be $3.6 billionbig in sales. The Lauder family's shares are
worth more than $6 billion. But early on, there wasn't a burgeoning business; there weren't
houses in New York, Palm Beach, Fla., or the south of France. It is said that at one point
there was one person to answer the telephones who changed her voice to become the
shipping or billing department as needed. You more or less know the Estée Lauder story
because it's a chapter from the book of American business folklore. In short, Josephine
Esther Mentzer, daughter of immigrants, lived above her father's hardware store in Corona,
a section of Queens in New York City. She started her enterprise by selling skin creams
concocted by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty shops, beach clubs and resorts. No doubt the
portions were good - Estée Lauder was a quality fanatic - but the salesladywas better. Much
better and she simply outworked everyone else in the cosmetics industry. She stalked the
bosses of New York City department stores until she got some counter space at Saks Fifth
Avenue in 1948. And once in that space, she utilized a personal selling approach that
proved as potent as the promise of her skin regimens and perfumes.
53. DEFINITION OF COUNTRY

What is a country and how is a country defined? When people ask how many countries
there are in the world, they expect a simple answer. After all, we've explored the whole
planet; we have international travel, satellite navigation and plenty of global organizations
like the United Nations, so we should really know how many countries there are! However,
the answer to the question varies according to whom you ask. Most people say there are
192 countries, but others point out that there could be more like 260 of them. So why isn't
there a straightforward answer? The problem arises because there isn't a universally agreed
definition of 'country' and because, for political reasons, some countries find it convenient
to recognize or not recognize other countries.
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54. PUSH AND PULL
People move to a new region for many different reasons. The motivation for moving can
come from a combination of what researchers sometimes call 'push and pull factors - those
that encourage people to leave a region, and those that attract people to a region. Some of
the factors that motivate people to move include seeking a better climate, finding more
affordable housing, looking for work or retiring from work, leaving the congestion of city
living, wanting a more pleasant environment, and wanting to be near to family and friends.
In reality many complex factors and personal reasons may interact to motivate a person or
family to move.
55. POLITICS DISCIPLINES

This course provides students with an in-depth understanding of the exciting disciplines of
politics and international relations and commerce. Students will learn about the workings
of political institutions in countries around the world and explore the complex field of
relations between nations. Topics in governance, public policy, public administration,
national security, border control and commerce ensure that students receive a broad and
current education in the range of issues which are covered under the label of politics and
international relations and commerce. In addition to acquiring specialist knowledge and
competencies in Politics and International Relations and Commerce, students will graduate
with a range of generic skills such as critical thinking, enhanced communication abilities,
problem solving and strong capacities to work with others. They will also develop ethically
based and socially responsible attitudes and behaviors.
56. FILM
Film is where art meets commerce. As Orson Welles say - A painter just needs a brush and
the writer just needs a pen, but the producer needs an army. And an army needs money a
producer is just like an entrepreneur, we raise money to make films. First we need to find
an original idea or a book or a play andpurchase the rights, then we need money to develop
that idea often a reasonably small sum besides, to commission a writer for the screenplay
isn't something you would want to gamble your own money on, so you find a partner. We
are lucky here in the UK, as we have Film4, BBC Films and the UK Film Council, all of
these are good places to develop an idea. Producing in Britain is very different to producing
in America or even Europe because the economic dynamic is different.
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57. PAPAL REFORM
Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been offered to make the Western
calendar more useful or regular Very few reforms, such as the rather different decimal
French Republican and Soviet calendars, had gained official acceptance, but each was put
out of use shortly after its introduction.
58. SLEEP PATTERNS

Children have sound sleep patterns. They can successfully sleep for 8-9 hours and get up
at a fixed time. But teenagers don’t. Their need of early start to schools or other schedules
can influence.
59. INTERDISCIPLINARY CENTER

A new interdisciplinary centre for the study of the frontiers of the universe, from the tiniest
subatomic particle to the largest chain of galaxies, has been formed at The University of
Texas at Austin. The Texas Cosmology Centre will be a way for the university's
departments of Astronomy and Physics to collaborate on research that concerns them both
―This centre will bring the two departments together in an area where they overlap -in
the physics of the very early universe, I said Dr. Neal Evans, Astronomy Department chair.
Astronomical observations have revealed the presence of dark matter and dark energy,
discoveries that challenge our knowledge of fundamental physics. And today's leading
theories in physics involve energies so high that no Earth-bound particle accelerator can
test them. They need the universe as their laboratory Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate
and professor of physics at the university, called the Centre's advent a very exciting
development for that department.
60. DARK ENERGY

Arguably the greatest mystery facing humanity today is the prospect that 75% of the
universe is made up of a substance known as - dark energy‖, about which we have almost
no knowledge at all. Since a further21% of the universe is made from invisible - dark matter
that can only be detected through its gravitational effects, the ordinary matter and energy
making up the Earth, planets and stars is apparently only a tiny part of what exists. These
discoveries require a shift in our perception as great as that made after Copernicus’s
revelation that the Earth moves around the Sun.
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61. HAIRSTYLES
With their punk hairstyles and bright colors, marmosets and tamarins are among the most
attractive primates on earth. These fast-moving, lightweight animals live in the rainforests
of South America. Their small size makes it easy for them to dart about the trees, catching
insects and small animals such as lizards, frogs, and snails. Marmosets have another
unusual food source - they use their chisel-like incisor teeth to dig into tree bark and lap
up the gummy sap that seeps out, leaving telltale, oval-shaped holes in the branches when
they have finished. But as vast tracts of rainforest are cleared for plantations and cattle
ranches marmosets and tamarins are in serious danger of extinction.
62. DELEGATION
The process of delegation comprises the decision to delegate, the briefing, and the follow-
up. At each of these points, anticipate the potential problems. When you delegate, you are
not delegating the right to perform an action, you are delegating the right to make
decisions. It is important to be flexible, as the person to whom you delegate may have a
better and faster way of completing a job than you. Overall responsibility for a delegated
task remains with you. It is helpful to others if you can provide constructive feedback on
their performance.
63. UNITED NATION

Founded after World War II by 51 "peace-loving states" combined to oppose future
aggression, the United Nations now counts 192 member nations, including its newest
members, Nauru, Kiribati, and Tonga in 1999, Tuvalu and Yugoslavia in 2000, Switzerland
and East Timor in 2002, and Montenegro in 2006. United Nations Day has been observed
on October 24 since 1948 and celebrates the objectives and accomplishments of the
organization, which was established on October 24, 1945. The UN engages in
peacekeeping and humanitarian missions across the globe. Though some say its influence
has declined in recent decades, the United Nations still plays a tremendous role in world
politics. In 2001 the United Nations and Kofi Annan, then Secretary- General of the UN,
won the Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for a better organized and more peaceful world."
Since 1948 there have been 63 UN peacekeeping operations, 16 are currently underway.
Thus far, close to 130 nations have contributed personnel at various times; 119 are
currently providing peacekeepers. As of August 31, 2008, there were 16 peacekeeping
operations underway with a total of 88,230 personnel. The small island nation of Fiji has
taken part in virtually every UN peacekeeping operation, as hasCanada.
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64. ALLERGIES
Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that are typically harmless to
most people. When you’re allergic to something, your immune system mistakenly believes
that this substance is harmful to your body. Substances that cause allergic reactions - such
as certain foods, dust, plant pollen, or medicines - are known as allergens. In an attempt
to protect the body, the immune system produces IgE antibodies to that allergen. Those
antibodies then cause certain cells in the body to release chemicals into the bloodstream,
one of which is histamine. The histamine then acts on a person's eyes, nose, throat, lungs,
skin, or gastrointestinal tract and causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Future
exposure to that same allergen will trigger this antibody response again. This means that
every time you come into contact with that allergen, you'll have an allergic reaction.
65. LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH

Life expectancy at birth is one of the most widely used and internationally recognised
indicators of population health. It focuses on the length of life rather than its quality, and
provides a useful summary of the general health of the population. While an indicator
describing how long Australians live that simultaneously takes into account quality of life
would be a desirable summary measure of progress in thearea, currently no such measure
exists, and this is why life expectancy at birth is used as the MainProgress Indicator
here. During the decade 1999 to 2009, life expectancy at birth improved for both sexes. A
girl born in 2009 could expect to reach 83.9 years of age, while a boy could expect to live
to 79. 3 years. Over the decade, boys 'life expectancy increased slightly more than girls'(3.
1 compared with 2. 1 years). This saw the gap between the sexes' life expectancy
decrease by one year to 4.6 years. In the longer term, increases in life expectancy also
occurred over most of the 20th century. Unfortunately, life expectancy isn't shared across
the whole population though, being lower in Tasmania and the northern Territory, and for
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
66. AUSTRALIAN WOMEN NOVELISTS

In the literary world, it was an accepted assumption that the 1970s was a time of
unprecedented growth in homegrown Australian fiction. And everybody was reading and
talking about books by young Australian women. But it was not until recently that a
researcher was able to measure just how many novels were published in that decade, and
she found that there had been a decline in novels by Australian writers overall, but
confirmed an increase in women' s novels. It is this sort of research - testing ideas about
literary history - that is becoming possible with the spread of 'Digital Humanities.'
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The intersection of Humanities and digital technologies is opening up opportunities in the
fields of literature, linguistics, history and language that were not possible without
computational methods and digitized resources to bring information together in an
accessible way. Transcription software is being developed for turning scans of books and
documents into text, as the field of digital humanities really takes off.
67. MOVEMENT IN PAINTING

Movement in painting that originated in France in the 1860s and had enormous influence
in European and North American painting in the late 19th century. The Impressionists
wanted to depict real life, to paint straight from nature, and to capture the changing effects
of light. The term was first used abusivelyto describe Claude Monet's painting Impression:
Sunrise (1872). The other leading Impressionists included Paul Camile, Edgar Degas,
Edouard Manet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley, but only
Monet remained devoted to Impressionist ideas throughout his career. The core of the
Impressionist group was formed in the early 1860s by Monet, Renoir, and Sisley, who met
as students and enjoyed painting in the open air - one of the hallmarks of Impressionism.
They met other members of the Impressionist circle through Paris café society. They never
made up a formal group, but they organized eight group exhibitions between 1874 and
1886, at the first of which the name Impressionism was applied. Their styles were diverse,
but all experimented with effects of light and movement created with distinct brush strokes
and fragments of color dabbed side-by-side on the canvas rather than mixed on the palette.
By the 1880s the movement's central impulse had dispersed, and a number of new styles
were emerging, later described as post-impressionism. British Impressionism had a major
influence on the more experimental and progressive British painters in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries. Many of the painters were affected in the circle of Walter Sickert, who
spent much of his career in France and was an influential figure who inspired many
younger artists. His friend and exact contemporary Philip Wilson Steer are generally
regarded as the most outstanding British Impressionist.
68. LUMIERE BROTHERS

Our sense of cinema as a site of commercial entertainment can be traced back to the
Lumiere brothers. In December 1895 they attracted a fee-paying public in Paris to sit and
watch flickering images on an illuminated screen. The commercial Pandora's Box they
opened was to blossom in a few years into a world cinema industry and, at its peak, the
fantastical Hollywood. Yet in the 30 years in which this miraculous construction was
accomplished, audiences rarely had to listen to films, only watch them. Hence, the early
decades of cinema were characterized by the title 'silent'.
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In fact, there was a lot of noise, machinery, audiences, musicians and commentators. Even
so, the absence of the human voice and dialogue make the films seem rather strange when
viewed by a modem audience.
69. PETER GARRETT

No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyright can
confer so it may seem right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5
percent of all sales after the original one, which can go on giving to their families for as
much as 150 years. But that ignores the truth that copyright law is a scandal, recently
exacerbated by the Free Trade Agreement with the US which required extension of
copyright to 70 years after death. Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end up in
the ownership of corporations (although Agatha Christie's no-doubt worthy great-
grandchildren are still reaping the benefits of West End success for her who dunnits and
members of the Garrick Club enjoythe continuing fruits of A.A. Milne's Christopher Robin
books)?
70. CHARLES DARWIN

Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places of tremendous intricacy
and energy. He and his cohort of scientific naturalists were awed by the beauty of the
Neotropics, where they collected tens of thousands of species new to science. But they
couldn't have guessed at the complete contents of the rainforest, and they had no idea of
its value to humankind.
71. POPULATION CHANGE

Populations can change through three processes: fertility, mortality and migration. Fertility
involves the number of children that women have and differs from fecundity (a woman's
childbearing potential). Mortality involves the causes, consequences and measurement of
processes affecting death in a population. Demographers most commonly study mortality
using the Life Table, a statistical device which provides information about the mortality
conditions (most notably the life expectancy) in the population. Migration refers to the
movement of persons from an origin place to a destination place across some pre- defined
political boundary. Migration researchers do not designate movements as migrations'
unless they are somewhat permanent. Thus, demographers do not consider tourists and
travelers to be migrating. While demographers who study migration typically do so
through census data on place of residence, indirect sources of data including tax forms and
labor force surveys.
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72. ORIGINS OF MUSIC
Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily and use it as
a way of protecting our self-identities to the people around us. The music we enjoy -
whether it’s country or classical, rock n ‘roll or rap - reflects who we are. But where did
music, at its core, first come from? It’s a puzzling question that may not have a definitive
answer. One leading researcher, however, has proposed that the key to understanding the
origin of music is nestled snugly in the loving bond between mother and child. In a lecture
at the University of Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born professor of
systematic musicology, endorsed the idea that music originally spawned from mother’s -
the playful voices mothers adopt when speaking to infants and toddlers.
73. LEGAL DEPOSIT

Legal deposit for printed books and papers has existed in English law since 1662. It helps
to ensure thatthe nation’s published output (and thereby its intellectual record and future
published heritage) is collected systematically, to preserve the material for the use of future
generations and to make it available for readers within the designated legal deposit
libraries. The legal deposit system also has benefits for authors and publishers: Deposited
publications are made available to users of the deposit libraries on their premises, are
preserved for the benefit of future generations, and become part of the nation’s heritage.
Publications are recorded in the online catalogues, and become an essential research
resource forgenerations to come.
74. CARSKI AWARD

In 2001 he received the SIUC Outstanding Scholar Award. In 2003 he received the Carski
Award for Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching from the American Society for
Microbiology. Mike’s research is focused on bacteria that inhabit extreme environments,
and for the past 12 years he has studied the microbiology of permanently ice-covered lakes
in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In addition to his research papers, he has edited
a major treatise on phototrophic bacteria and served for over a decade as chief editor of
the journal Archives of Microbiology. He currently serves on the editorial board of
Environmental Microbiology. Mike’s non-scientific interests include forestry, reading,
and caring for his dogs and horses. He lives beside a peaceful and quiet lake with his wife,
Nancy, five shelter dogs (Gaino, Snuffy, Pepto, Peanut, and Merry), and four horses
(Springer, Feivel, Gwen, and Festus).
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75. WATER SECURITY
Equally critical is the challenge of water security. The UN Environment Program (UNEP)
has pointed out that about one- third of the world's population lives in countries with
moderate to high water stress, with a disproportionate impact on the poor. With current
projected global population growth, the task ofproviding water for human sustenance
will become increasingly difficult. And increasing competition over this scarce but vital
resource may fuel instability and conflict within states as well as between states. The UN
is doing a great deal in both areas to proactively foster collaboration among Member
States. UNEP has long been actively addressing the water issue together with partner UN
agencies and other organizations. Looking ahead, the UN can do more to build synergies
of technology, policy and capacityin this field. In this regard, events like the annual World
Water Week in Stockholm come to the forefront of the public mind when talking about
championing water issues.
76. ORIGIN OF SPECIES

In The Origin of Species, Darwin provided abundant evidence that life on Earth has
evolved over time, and he proposed natural selection as the primary mechanism for that
change. He observed that individuals differ in their inherited traits and that selection acts
on such differences, leading to evolutionary change. Although Darwin realized that
variation in heritable traits is a prerequisite for evolution, he did not know precisely how
organisms pass heritable traits to their offspring. Just a few years after Darwin published
The Origin of Species, Gregory Mendel wrote a ground breaking paper on inheritance in
pea plants in that paper, Mendel proposed a model of inheritance in which organisms
transmit discrete heritable units (now called genes) to their offspring. Although Darwin
did not know about genes, Mendel’s paper set the stage for understanding the genetic
differences on which evolution is based.
77. BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM

Since biological systems with signs of complex engineering are unlikely to have arisen
from accidents or coincidences, their organization must come from natural selection, and
hence should have functions useful for survival and reproduction in the environments in
which humans evolved.
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78. SALES ACTIVITIES
Organizations need to integrate their sales activities more both internally and with
customers' needs according to a new book co-authored by an academic at the University
of East Anglia. The book addresses how sales can help organizations to become more
customer oriented and considers how theyare responding to challenges such as increasing
competition, more demanding customers and a more complex selling environment. Many
organizations are facing escalating costs and a growth in customer power, which makes it
necessary to allocate resources more strategically. The sales function can provide critical
customer and market knowledge to help inform both innovation and marketing. However,
the authors say that within the industry there is still uncertainty about the shape a future
sales team should take how it should be managed, and how it fits into their organizations
business model.
79. CONSERVANCY
To qualify as a conservancy, a committee must define the conservancy’s boundary elect a
representative conservancy committee negotiate a legal constitution, prove the
committee’s ability to manage funds, and produce an acceptable plan for equitable
distribution of wildlife-related benefits. Once approved, registered conservancies acquire
the rights to a sustainable wildlife quota, set by the ministry.
80. FATHER’S BOOKS

None of the books in my father’s dusty old bookcase were forbidden. Yet while I was
growing up, I never saw anyone take one down. Most were massive tomes - a
comprehensive history of civilization, matching volumes of the great works of western
literature, numerous others I can no longer recall - that seemed almost refused to shelves
that bowed slightly from decades of steadfast support?
81. FARMS
Both farms were by far the largest, most prosperous, most technologically advanced
farms in their respective districts. In particular, each was centered around a magnificent
state-of-the-art barn for sheltering and milking cows. Those structures, both neatly
divided into opposite facing rows of cow stalls, dwarfed all other barns in the district. Both
farms let their cows graze outdoors in lush pastures during the summer, produced their
own hay to harvest in the late summer for feeding the cows through the winter, and
increased their production of summer fodder and winter hay by irrigating their fields.
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82. COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES
Complementary therapies - such as those practiced by naturopaths, chiropractors and
acupuncturists - have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades.
Interest initially coincided with enthusiasm for alternative lifestyles, while immigration
and increased contact and trade with China have also had an influence. The status of
complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of areas: legal regulation; the
stances of doctors' associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific
research into their efficacy.
83. CORN PEOPLE

Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves as - the corn
people. The phrase is not intended as metaphor. Rather, it's meant to acknowledge their
abiding dependence on this miraculous grass, the staple of their diet for almost 9,000 years.
The supermarket itself-the wallboard and joint compound, the linoleum and fiberglass and
adhesives out of which the building itself has been built- is in no small measure a
manifestation of corn.
84. CHEMISTRY
Chemistry is an extremely important topic in physiology. Most physiological processes
occur as the resultof chemical changes that occur within the body. These changes include
the influx/efflux of ions across a neuron's membrane, causing a signal to pass from one end
to the other. Other examples include the storage of oxygen in the blood by a protein as it
passes through the lungs for usage throughout the body.
85. ENGLISH IN CHANGE

English has been changing throughout its lifetime and it's still changing today. For most of
us, these changes are fine as long as they’re well and truly in the past. Paradoxically, we
can be curious about word origins and the stories behind the structures we find in our
language, but we experience a queasy distaste for any change that might be happening
right under our noses. There are even language critics who are convinced that English is
dying, or if not dying at least being progressively damaged through long years of
mistreatment.
86. DICTATORSHIP
Dictatorship is not a modern concept. Two thousand years ago, during the period of the
Roman Republic, exceptional powers were sometimes given by the Senate to individual
dictators such as Sulla and Julius Caesar.
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The intention was that the dictatorship would be temporary and that it would make it
possible to take swift and effective action to deal with an emergency. There is some
disagreement as to how the term should be applied today. Should it be used in its original
form to describe the temporary exercise of emergency powers? Or can it now be applied in
a much broader sense-as common usage suggests?
87. COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES

Complementary therapies - such as those practiced by naturopaths, chiropractors and
acupuncturists - have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades.
Interest initially coincided with enthusiasm for alternative lifestyles, while immigration
and increased contact and trade with China have also had an influence. The status of
complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of areas: legal regulation; the
stances of doctors' associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific
research into their efficacy.
88. WHOLENESS OF THOUGHT

The writer-or, for that matter, the speaker conceives his thought whole, as a unity, but must
express it in a line of words; the reader- or listener-must take this line of symbols and from
it reconstruct the original wholeness of thought. There is little difficulty in conversation,
because the listener receives innumerable cues from the physical expressions of the
speaker; there is a dialogue, and the listener can cut in at any time. The advantage of group
discussion is that people can overcome linear sequence of words by converging on ideas
from different directions; which makes for wholeness of thought. But the reader is
confronted by line upon line of printed symbols, without benefits of physical tone and
emphasis or the possibility of dialogue or discussion.
89. EGG-EATING SNAKES

Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs. Some eat
only small eggs, which they have to swallow whole, as the snake has no teeth. Instead,
some other snakes eat bigger eggs, but it requires special treatment. These snakes have
spines that stick out from the backbone. The spines crack the egg open as it passes through
the throat.
90. NANOTECHNOLOGY
What is nanotechnology? Well, a report that was put together by a combination of the
Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering that came out last summer,
identified two topics.
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Nano-science is the study of phenomena and the manipulation of materials at atomic,
molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ significantly from those as
a larger scale. Nanotechnologies are the design characterization, production and
application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size at the
nanometer scale. So, I'll talk a little bit more in a moment about what a nanometer is, but
loosely speaking people think of nanotechnologies as being a sort of a hundred nanometers
or less.
91. BEAUTIFUL BUILDINGS

Along the way we have built unashamedly beautiful buildings, two of which have won and
another was runner- up in the prestigious United Nations World Habitat Award: the first
time an Australian building has received that international honour. We rely on older
concepts of Australian architecture that are heavily influenced by the bush. All residents
have private verandhas which allow them to socialize outdoors and also create some
"defensible space" between their bedrooms and public areas. We use a lot of natural and
soft materials to build beautiful landscape gardens.
92. SOUTH AUSTRALIA

Now that the story's been scratched, it is only part of contingency planning. But it was a
symptom of the dramatic turn of events in South Australia, and it flushed out other remarks
from water academics and people like Tim Flannery, indicating that things were really
much worse than had been foreshadowed, even earlier this year. So is Adelaide, let alone
some whole regions of South Australia, in serious bother? Considering that the vast amount
of its drinking water comes from the beleaguered Murray, something many of us outside
the state may not have quite realized. Is their predicament something we have to face up to
as a nation?
93. CLONES OF EASTERN COTTONWOOD

Clones of an Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) in the Bronx and other city spots grew
to double the biomass of clones planted outside small towns upstate or on Long Island, says
Jillian Gregg, now of the Environmental Protection Agency's western-ecology division in
Corvallis, Ore. The growth gap comes from ozone damage, she and her New York
colleagues report. Ozone chemists have known that concentrations may spike skyscraper
high in city air, but during a full 24 hours, rural trees actually get a higher cumulative ozone
exposure from urban pollution that blows in and lingers. A series of new experiments now
shows that this hang-around ozone is the overwhelming factor in tree growth, the
researchers say in the July 10 Nature.
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"This study has profound importance in showing us most vividly that rural areas pay the
price for urban pollution," says Stephen P. Long of the University of Illinois at Urbana-
Champaign. "This work should be a wake-up call," he adds.
94. CLONES OF EASTERN COTTONWOOD

Understanding the number of species we have in our marine environment is a basic need if
we are to protect and conserve our biodiversity. This is vital in today's rapidly changing
world, not just here in Hong Kong, but especially in Southeast Asia which holds the
world's most diverse marine habitats. SWIMS is playing a major role in trying to measure
and conserve these important resources, both within Hong Kong but also, together with its
regional collaborators, in Southeast Asia." said Professor Gray A. Williams, the leader of
this study and the Director of HKU SWIMS. The enormous array of marine life in Hong
Kong, however, has yet to receive its desirable level of conservation as currently only less
than 2% of Hong Kong's marine area is protected as marine parks or reserve as compared
with approximately 40 % of our terrestrial area. The Government has committed to
designate more new marine parks in the coming years. The Brothers Marine Park in the
northern Lantau waters will be launched soon, which will bring Hong Kong's total
protected marine area to more than 2%. The research team welcomed the initiative of the
new marine park while also urging the Hong Kong government to move towards the global
target of at least 10% marine protected area by the year 2020 under United Nation's
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
95. WELFARE MORALITY

The morality of the welfare state depends on contribution and responsibility. Since some
people don't contribute and many are irresponsible, the choices of those who do contribute
and are responsible are either to tolerate the free riders, refuse to pay for the effects of their
irresponsibility or trust the state to educate them. Hence the government campaigns against
smoking, alcoholism, obesity and gas guzzling ‐ the first two solidly in place, the other two
ramping up. But the British state now goes further: it acts in favor of sexual and racial
minorities. In the case of gay men and women this means progressively removing the legal
disadvantages under which they have lived, and ensuring that society as a whole observes
the new order.
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96. ASSOCIATION FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
The APS supports the development of an Australian curriculum for psychological science.
The APS Division of Psychological Research, Education and Training, in consultation
with teacher and curriculum representatives from every State and Territory in Australia,
have developed a proposed framework for senior secondary school studies in
psychological science. This framework is modeled on the current senior science curricula
that were developed and published by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and
Reporting Authority. The APS hopes that this framework will facilitate a dialogue between
educators and their local curriculum authority, with the aim of working towards a more
consistent approach to the teaching of psychological science at secondary school level and
optimising the preparation for students going on to undergraduate psychology studies at
university, as well as the effective use of psychological principles in everyday life.
97. LEADERSHIP
Leadership is all about being granted permission by others to lead their thinking. It is a
bestowed moral authority that gives the right to organize and direct the efforts of others.
But moral authority does not come from simply managing people effectively or
communicating better or being able to motivate. It comes from many sources, including
being authentic and genuine, having integrity, and showing a real and deep understanding
of the business in question. All these factors build confidence. Leaders lose moral
authority for three reasons: they behave unethically; they become plagued by self-doubt
and lose their conviction; or they are blinded by power lose self-awareness and thus lose
connection with those they lead as the context around them changes. Having said all this,
it has to be assumed that if someone becomes a leader, at some point they understood the
difference between right and wrong it is up to themto abide by a moral code and up to us
to ensure that the moment we suspect they do not, we fire them or vote them out.
98. WHEN TO REVISE?

Timing is important for revision. Have you noticed that during the school day you get times
when you just don't care any longer? I don't mean the lessons you don t like, but the ones
you find usually find OK, but on some occasions, you just can't be bothered with it. You
may have other things on your mind, be tired, restless or looking forward to what comes
next. Whatever the reason, that particular lesson doesn't get 100 percent effort from you.
The same is true of revision. Your mental and physical attitudes are important.If you try
to revise when you are tired or totally occupied with something else, your revision will be
inefficient and just about worthless. If you approach it feeling fresh, alert and happy, it will
be so much easier, and you will learn more, faster.
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However, if you make no plans and just slip in a little bit ofrevision when you feel like
it, you probably won’t do much revision! You need a revision timetable, so you don't keep
putting it off.
99. OXFORD COURSE

When I enrolled in my master's course at Oxford last year, I had come straight from medical
school with the decision to leave clinical science for good. Thinking back, I realize that I
didn't put very much weight on this decision at the time. But today, I more clearly
understand the consequences of leaving my original profession. When I meet old friends
who are now physicians and surgeons, I sense how our views on medical problems have
diverged. They scrutinize the effects of disease and try to eliminate or alleviate them; I try
to understand how they come about in the first place. I feel happier working on this side of
the problem, although I do occasionally miss clinical work and seeing patients. However,
when I think about the rate at which my medical skills and knowledge have dissipated, the
years spent reading weighty medical textbooks, the hours spent at the bedside, I sometimes
wonder if these years were partly a waste of time now that I am pursuing a research career.
Nonetheless, I know the value of my medical education. It is easy to forget the
importance of the biosciences when working with model organisms in basicresearch
that seem to have nothing to do with a sick child or a suffering elderly person. Yet, I still
have vivid memories of the cruel kaleidoscope of severe diseases and of how they can
strike a human being. I hope to retain these memories as a guide in my current occupation.
100. ANDERSEN
Fans of biographical criticism have a luxurious source in the works of Hans Christian
Andersen. Like Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth Grahame), Andersen was
near-pathologically uncomfortable in the company of adults. Of course, all three had to
work and interact with adults, but all three really related well to children and their simpler
worlds. Andersen, for a time, ran a puppet theater and was incredibly popular with children,
and, of course, he wrote an impressive body of fairy tales which have been produced in
thousands of editions since the 19th century. Most everyone has read or at least knows the
titles of many of Andersen’s works: The Ugly Duckling, - The Emperor’s New Clothes,
The Nightingale, The Little Mermaid, The Match Girl, and many others. Though, as with
most folk and fairy tales, they strike adult repeaters much differently than they do young
first-time readers. Charming tales of ducks who feel awkward because they don’t fit in,
only to exult in the discovery that they are majestic swans, gives child readers clearly-
identifiable messages: don’t tease people because they’re different; don’t fret about your
being different because some day you’ll discover what special gifts you have.
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A closer, deeper look at many of Andersen’s tales (including - The Ugly Duckling, which
is not on our reading list), reveals a darker, harder, more painful thread. People are often
cruel and unfeeling; love is torturous–in general, the things of the material world cause
suffering. There is often a happy ending, but it’s not conventionally happy. Characters are
rewarded, but only after they manage (often through death) to transcend the rigors of the
mortal world.
101. SPANISH LANGUAGE

If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to understand some
native speakers, they should not worry. This does not necessarily mean the lessons were
wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use neither standard Latin American Spanish nor
Castilian, which predominate in US schools. The confusion is partly political - the
Spanish-speaking world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate countries
and Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standard dialect. The most common
Spanish dialect taught in the US is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called
"Highland" Spanish since it is generally spoken in the mountainous areas of Latin
America. While each country retains its own accents and has some unique vocabulary,
residents of countries such as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally speak Latin
American Spanish, especially in urban centers. This dialect is noted for its pronunciation
of each letter and its strong "r" sounds. This Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries and was brought to the Americas by the early colonists.
However, the Spanish of Madrid and of northern Spain, called Castilian, developed
characteristics that never reached the New World. These include the pronunciation of "ci"
and "ce" as "th." In Madrid, "gracias" (thank you) becomes"gratheas" (as opposed to "gras-
see-as" in Latin America). Another difference is the use of the word "vosotros" (you all or
you guys) as the informal form of "ustedes" in Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans
much like British English sounds to US residents.
102. LINDA FINCH

Over sixty years after Amelia Earhart vanished mysteriously in the Pacific during her
attempt to become the first person to circumnavigate the world along the equator, Linda
Finch, a San Antonio businesswoman, accomplished pilot, and aviation historian,
recreated and completed her idol's last flightas a tribute to the aviation pioneer's spirit and
vision. On March 17, 1997, Ms. Finch and a navigator tookoff from Oakland International
Airport, California, in a restored Lockheed Electra 10E, the same makeand model aircraft
that Earhart used on her last journey. The mission to fulfill Amelia Earhart's dream was
called World Flight 1997.
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Although Ms. Finch was not the first to attempt Earhart's around-the-world journey, she
was the first to do it in a historic airplane. Linda Finch closely followed the same route that
Earhart flew, stopping in 18 countries before finishing the trip two and a half months later
when she landed back at the Oakland Airport on May 28. Over a million school children
and others were able to follow the flight daily through an interactive web site part of a free
multimedia educational program called - You Can Soar, provided by the project's sponsor.
103. FOREIGN POLICY

The foreign policy of a state, it is often argued, begins and ends with the border. No doubt
an exaggeration, this aphorism nevertheless has an element of truth. A state's relation with
its neighbours, at least in the formative years, is greatly influenced by its frontier policy,
especially when there are no settled borders. Empire builders in the past sought to extend
imperial frontiers for a variety of reasons; subjugation of kings and princes to gain their
allegiance (as well as handsome tributes or the coffers of the state), and, security of the
'core' of the empire from external attacks by establishing a string of buffer states in areas
adjoining the frontiers. The history of British Empire in India was no different. It is
important to note in this connection that the concept of international boundaries (between
two sovereign states), demarcated and delineated, was yet to emerge in India under
Mughal rule.
104. ONLINE CAMPUS

Remember when universities were bursting at the seams with students sitting in the
aisles, balancing books on their knees? No more, it seems. E-learning is as likely to stand
for empty lecture theatres as for the internet revolution, which has greatly increased the
volume and range of course materials available online in the past five years. "The
temptation now is to simply think, 'Everything will be online so I don't need to go to
class'," said Dr Kerri-Lee Krause, of the Centre for the Study of Higher Education at the
University of Melbourne. The nation's universities are in the process of opening the doors
for the new academic year and, while classes are generally well attended for the early
weeks, it often does not last. "There is concern at the university level about student
attendance dropping and why students are not coming to lectures," Dr Krause said. But
lecturers' pride - and fierce competition among universities for students - mean few are
willing to acknowledge publicly how poorly attended many classes are.
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105. TRIGGER POINTS
All approaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to release painful knots
of muscle known as "trigger points". "Trigger points are tense areas of muscle that are
almost constantly contracting," says Kippen. "The contraction causes pain, which in turn
causes contraction, so you have a vicious circle. This is what deep tissue massages aims to
break. "The way to do this, as I found out under Ogedengbe's elbow, is to apply pressure
to the point, stopping the blood flow, and then to release, which causes the brain to flood
the affected area with blood, encouraging the muscle to relax. At the same time, says
Kippen, you can fool the tensed muscle into relaxing by applying pressure to a
complementary one nearby. "If you cause any muscle to contract, its opposite will expand.
So, you try to trick the body into relaxing the muscle that is in spasm."
106. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE:

For all his fame and Arab celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure
with regards to personal history. There are just two primary sources for information on the
Bard: his works, and various legal and church documents that have survived from
Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gaps in this body of information, which tells
us little about Shakespeare the man.
107. NEXT TASK:

Having tracked down research that is relevant to your area of interest, the next task is to
actually make sense of that research. This section is intended to show you how to be
critical of the research you are reviewing and how to check that the evidence is credible
and represented appropriately. Unfortunately, this means discussing the ways in which
research findings may be misrepresented.
108. SUN:
The Sun provides the primary source of energy driving Earth’s climate system, but its
variations have played very little role in the climate changes observed in recent decades.
Direct satellite measurements since the late 1970s show no net increase in the Sun’s output,
while at the same time global surface temperatures have increased.
109. SPOTTED OWLS

Our analysis of the genetic structure of northern spotted owls across most of the range of
the subspecies allowed us to test for genetic discontinuities and identify landscape features
that influence the subspecies’ genetic structure. Although no distinct genetic breaks were
found in northern spotted owls, severallandscape features were important in structuring
genetic variation.
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Dry, low elevation valleys and the high elevation Cascade and Olympic Mountains
restricted gene flow, while the lower Oregon CoastRange facilitated gene flow, acting
as a genetic corridor. The Columbia River did not act as a barrier, suggesting owls readily
fly over this large river. Thus, even in taxi such as northern spotted owls with potential for
long distance dispersal, landscape features can have an important impact on gene flow
and genetic structure.
110. NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

The principal recommendation of the world conferences was that countries must take full
responsibility for their own development. National responsibility for national development
is the necessary consequence of sovereignty. The Monterrey Consensus states that ‗Each
country has primary responsibility for its own economic and social development, and the
role of national policies and development strategies cannot be over-emphasized. The
Johannesburg Plan of Implementation called for all governments to begin implementing
national sustainable development strategies (NSDS) by 2005 and the 2005 Summit agreed
on a target of 2006 for all developing countries to adopt and start implementation of these
strategies to achieve the internationally agreed goals. The automatic corollary of that
principle is that each country must be free to determine its own development strategy. It is
essential that all donors and lenders accept the principle of country ownership of national
development strategies. This implies the acceptance of the principle that development
strategies should not only be attuned to country circumstances, but also be prepared and
implemented under the leadership of the governments of the countries themselves. The
2005 World Summit also acknowledged, in this regard, that all countries must recognize
the need for developing countries to strike a balance between their national policy
priorities and their international commitments.
111. JURY
Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are qualified for jury service.
A jury is intended to be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict. There are often
procedures and requirements, including a fluent understanding of the language and the
opportunity to test juror’s neutrality or otherwise exclude jurors who are perceived as
likely to be less than neutral or partial to one side.
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112. AUSTRALIA HIGHER EDUCATION FUNDING
Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the late 1950s, in
1974; it assumed full responsibility for funding higher education - abolishing tuition fees
with the intention of making university accessible to all Australians who had the ability
and who wished to participate in higher education. Since the late 1980s, there has been a
move towards greater private contributions, particularly student’s fees. In 1989, the
Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS)
which included a loans scheme to help students finance their contributions. This enabled
universities to remain accessible to students by delaying their payments until they could
afford to pay off their loans. In 2002, the Australian Government introduced a scheme
similar to HECS for postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme
(PELS). Funding for higher education comes from various sources. This article examines
the three main sources Australian Government funding, student’s fees and charges, and
HECS. While the proportion of total revenue raised through HECS is relatively small,
HECS payments are a significant component of students' university costs, with many
students carrying a HECS debt for several years after leaving university.
113. JEAN PIAGET

Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of his
professional life listening to children, watching children and poring over reports of
researchers around the world who were doing the same. He found, to put it most succinctly,
that children don't think like grownups. After thousands of interactions with young people
often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind their cute and
seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own kind of order and
their own special logic. Einstein called it a discovery so simple that only a genius could
have thought of it. Piaget's insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the
mind. By the end of a wide-ranging and remarkably prolific research career that spanned
nearly 75 years, from his first scientific publication at age 10 to work still in progress when
he died at 84, Piaget had developed several new fields of science: developmental
psychology, cognitive theory and what came to be called genetic epistemology. Although
not an educational reformer, he fashioned a way of thinking about children that provided
the foundation for today’s education-reform movements. It was a shift comparable to the
displacement of stories of "noble savages and "cannibals by modern anthropology. One
might say that Piaget was the first to take children's thinking seriously.
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114. ENGLISH LANGUAGE
English is the world's language. Such dominance has its downside, of course. There are
now about 6,800 languages left in the world, compared with perhaps twice that number
back at the dawn of agriculture. Thanks in part to the rise of uber-languages, most
importantly English, the remaining languages are now dying at the rate of about one a
fortnight.
115. VISUAL ART

It is the assertion of this article that students who use visual art as a prewriting stimulus are
composing their ideas both in images and in words. The result of the art creation process
allows students the distance to elaborate, add details, and create more coherent text. The
process of writing is more than putting wordson a piece of paper. Effective authors are able
to create imagery and to communicate ideas using well- chosen words, phrases, and text
structures. Emergent writers struggle with the mechanics of the writing process, i.e. fine
motor control for printing legibly, recall of spelling patterns, and the use of syntax and
grammar rules. As a result, texts written by young writers are simplistic and formulaic. The
artwork facilitates the writing process, resulting in a text that is richer in sensory detail and
more intricate than the more traditional writing-first crayon drawing-second approach.
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SUMMARIZE SPOKEN TEXT
Expert Advice
1. CITIZENSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Last month I published alongside my annual report a subject report on the development of
citizenship in schools. The report celebrates the success of some schools in implementing
the citizenship curriculum. It praises those schools where there have been substantial
developments in the subject, and which now go a long way towards fulfilling national
curriculum requirements. In the report we are critical of schools which have not taken
citizenship seriously, either through reluctance or lack of capacity to make appropriate
provision in the curriculum. Citizenship is marginalised in the curriculum in one fifth of
schools. It is less well established in the curriculum than other subjects, and less well taught
and some critics have seized on this as a reason for wanting to step back from supporting
it. Yet, the progress made to date by the more committed schools suggests that the reasons
for introducing citizenship are both worthwhile and can be fulfilled, given the time and
resources. Indeed, those reasons are given added weight by national and global events of
the past few months. While not claiming too much, citizenship can address core skills,
attitudes and values that young people need to consider as they come to terms with a
changing world.
Keywords: subject report, development of citizenship, schools, Substantial developments,

fulfilling, national, curriculum requirements, well - established subject, other subjects, well
- taught subject, Committed, Worthwhile reasons, Global, events, subject expertise
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2. BIG BANG THEORY
One of the most amazing things that’s happened even in my lifetime is the prediction
of cosmology.When I started out forty odd years ago, we thought we knew that the universe
began a big bang, some people doubted even then. We thought the universe was about ten
or twenty billion years old. But now for really very sound scientific reasons we can say that
the universe did started in a Big bang and it’s 13.8 billion years old. So it’s not 14, its not
13 because a decimal point in there and that’s a stunning achievement to know that. And
we also know that the laws of physical that apply to tiny particles inside atoms also explains
what happened in the big bang, you can’t have one without the other. A very neat example
of this is that when you apply nuclear physics, that kind of physics to understand how stars
work,you find out that the oldest star in the universe is about 13 billion years old. So their
universe is just a little bit older than the stars. Fantastic, if we done it and counted in the
other way around and said that the stars were older than the universe, we would say science
were in deep trouble. But it’s not, everything fits together and we know how the universe
began, we got to know how the way it is. The future that it suspects we don’t know quite
well what’s going, but we got some ideas, which are as good as those ideas we had 40 years
ago about how big bang happened.
Keywords: Amazing, things, lifetime, prediction of cosmology, forty, odd, years ago,
universe, big bang, people, doubted, twenty billion years, sound, scientific reasons, decimal
point, stunning, achievement, physical, atoms, nuclear physics, oldest star, stars, science,
universe, 13.8 billion years old, nuclear physics, Universe, atoms, stunning achievement,
tiny particles.
3. VITAMIN D VERSION 2
So today we're going to finish talking about the fat soluble vitamins. I'm going to start with
Vitamin D. And I think probably most of you know that Vitamin D is called the sunshine
vitamin. And it's called that because there's absolutely no dietary need for vitamin D if you
get adequate sunshine. And the real important word there is ―it is because it turns out that
in climates which aren't near the equator there's a big question as to whether or not using
these you get adequate sunshine. And that's important because foods are not naturally
abundant in vitamin D. And that's why milk is fortified but the fortification may not be
enough. So again just exposure to sunlight is adequate, no need for vitamin D. So Vitamin
D really isn't the Vitamin, it's a prohormone when human beings evolve, we evolved in
tropical climates and ran around naked. There was plenty of skin exposure to sunlight.
And so there was no dietary need for Vitamin D.
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As humans migrated away from that tropical region, they actually created a need for
Vitamin D in food because sunlight was inadequate, particularly during the winter.
Keywords: Finish, talking, fat, soluble, vitamins, Vitamin D, sunshine, dietary, adequate
sunshine, climates, equator, big question, foods, naturally abundant, fortification, exposure
to sunlight, prohormone, human beings, tropical climates, plenty, skin exposure, sunlight,
humans migrated, tropical regions, sunlight, winter
4. LAUGHTER
Laughter is one of the greatest therapies in combating adversity and whole communities
and nations have frequently relied on humor to get them through the bleakest time. On
August 13th, 1961, the barbed wire was rolled out of Berlin to create the Berlin Wall. For
nearly 30 years until it was dismantled, wall jokes proliferated especially among those
living in the east. Laughing was all that was left. Jokes about those who rule and sometimes
those who tyrannize you are a form of folklore that is existed in societies as seemingly
different as communist Eastern Europe, Czarist Russia, modern Egypt, 12th century Persia
and modern day (Iran). Humor can also be wonderfully subversive. They can protect self-
respect and identity. In more totalitarian societies laughter relieves, at least temporarily, the
pressures and anxiety of political oppression. Political jokes may not in themselves topple
dictators, but they can provide solace. In a democracy like our own, perhaps the trouble
with political jokes is that they sometimes get elected.
Keywords: The benefits of laughter, A great therapy, Combating adversity, Different

communities (or nations), The Berlin Wall, Wall jokes (or the proliferation of wall jokes),
A form of folklore, Subversive humor, Protecting self-respect and identity, Relieving
political oppression, Political jokes, Providing (or giving) solace, Getting through the
bleakest time (or difficult times), Jokes about rulers and tyrants, Communist Eastern
Europe, Czarist Russia, modern Egypt, 12th century Persia and modern day (Iran),
Totalitarian societies, Toppling (or overthrowing) dictators, Getting elected
5. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Before we consider international environmental law and climate change we need to
consider domestic legislation, as it is within the sovereign states that international law is
put into practice. This reflects the environmentalists' maxim, 'think globally, and act
locally.' United Kingdom legislative control over the impacts of mans' activity on the
environment is not new. As long ago as the reign of Charles II the main concern was the
production of smoke from the burning of 'sea coal. Almost all areas of trade and industry
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were subject to very detailed legislative controls at that time, although some were governed
by 'self- regulation' in the form of guilds, which regulated both supply and methods of
production. However, the measures implemented were mostly ineffective because then, as
now, the specifying of legal duties and standards without providing any appropriate
enforcement merely indicated good intentions but were of little practical effect. The next
stage was prompted by the Industrial Revolution with the urbanization of society and its
profound effects on the environment. Local industrialists used the Adam Smith model to
maximize their economic benefit, but this was to the detriment of the local environment
with the operation of 'Gresham's Law' that is, the bad drives out the good. Those
industrialists who were concerned for either the health of their employees or the local
environment faced higher costs than their competitors. The result was the need for
increasingly comprehensive statutory controls on the discharge of pollutants into various
receiving media.
Keywords: International environmental law on climate change, Domestic legislation,

Thinking globally and acting locally, The UK government, The Human impacts on the
environment, Inappropriate law enforcement, The Industrial Revolution, Local
industrialists, The Adam Smith model, Maximizing economic benefits, Employees' health,
Facing higher costs (or becoming less competitive), An environmental maxim, Sea coal
smoke, Legislative controls Self-regulation, Ineffective measures, Legal duties and
standards, Little practical effects, Urbanization, Gresham's law, The local environment.
6. HOUSING PRICE IN AUSTRALIA

Well, it’s like, why is Australian housing is so expensive? Essentially, it‘s showing of how
well the Australian economy has been doing over the last 15 years. We have had 15 years
more or less of an uninterrupted economic growth during which average earning has been
raised by close to 90 percent. While over the course of that period, the standard variable
mortgage rate has roughly halved. That meant that the amount which a typical home buying
household can afford to borrow under rules which aren’t strictly applied as they used to be
had more than doubled. Over the same period, rising immigration in falling average
household size has meant that the number of households looking for accommodation has
risen by about one and a half million. That’s around 200 thousand more than the number
of dwellings has increased by. So, you have had a substantial increase in the purchasing
power of households. No net increase in the supply of housing enhances all that addition
purchasing power has gone into pushing up the price of housing.
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Keywords: Australian housing, expensive, Australian economy, uninterrupted economic
growth, average earning, standard, variable mortgage rate, mortgage rate, buying
household, afford to borrow, rising immigration, falling average household, number of
households, accommodation, 200 thousand, number of dwellings, purchasing power,
supply of housing, purchasing power, price of housing.
7. MUSEUM CURATOR
I am going to talk today really mostly about what I do as a curator here at the National
Museum of Australia, but I want to draw some kind of generalities from that in terms of
how this series of curatorial practices if you like, tools, techniques and methods that I think
could be of interest to your students and of interest to you in developing extension history
courses. I want to talk about what I do as a curator and then from that also talk a little bit
about the kinds of history that I think museums are particularly good at creating and
communicating. I think this is something I would really like to discuss because it is not
necessarily very well understood that museums as Dave insisted by putting up my
quote in his slide,create a very particular kind of history.
Keywords: talk, curator, National Museum, Australia, kind of generalities, curatorial,

practices, tools, techniques, students, developing extension, museums, creating,
communicating, Dave, compositions, kind of history, collections, uncontested view,
material culture, living, construct, world, historians, interrogate the past, elements,
communicate, academic historians, concentrate on words, university history, draw on
things, archival accounts, manuscripts, promulgated, filmmakers, photographers, creating
images, meaningful sequences, exhibitions
8. GOVERNMENT POWER
Well, that’s one aspect of what’s called, reducing government - modifying government, to
be more precise. Another aspect of it is what’s called ―devolution - reducing - moving
governmental power from the Federal to the State level. And that has a kind of a rationale
which you hear all over the time - place. For example, there was an op-ed a couple of weeks
ago in the New York Times by John Cogan - Hoover Institute at Stanford, who has pointed
out what he called a philosophical issue that divides the Democrats from the Republicans.
The philosophical issue is that the Democrats believe in big government and entitlements,
and the Republicans believe in getting power down closer to the people, to the States,
because they’re kind of populist types.
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Well, it takes about maybe three seconds’ thought to realize that moving power down to
the States, in funding and so on, is just moving it away from the people, for a perfectly
elementary reason: there’s a hidden part of the system - of the power system that you’re
not supposed to know about, or think about, and that’s private power. Because of our
mounting credit card debt and monthly payments that far exceed our family’s incomes and
my kids will also join the class of citizens who can’t rely on their parents for college
support. Do I wish I’d chosen another educational route? You bet. Perhaps trade school –
I’ve thought that being a plumber might not be such a bad gig. But if your job aspirations
require a four-year degree, take my advice and choose a college you can afford, both during
and after graduation. Take a realistic look at your anticipated income, and factor in
priorities that don’t carry a price - like the spouse and children you might want to have
some day. I was overconfident that my student loan debt would pale in comparison to the
lucrative writing career I’d enjoy after graduation. Now I’m paying for that decision - in
more ways than I’d ever imagined.
Keywords: reducing government, modifying government, precise, devolution, reducing,

moving, governmental power, federal, state, time, place, weeks ago, New York Times,
Zhang Cong Stanford, philosophical issue, democrats, republicans, big government, big
entitlement, republicans, powered down, people, popular states, three seconds, zones,
elementary reason, hidden part, system, power system,United States, private power
9. TALENT VERSION
In late 1990s, when management consultants wrote books with titles such as the war for
talent, etc. There was a great deal of talk about the talent wars. And I think that was the
bursting of the bubble with the bursting of the dot-dom bubble and a sense of the people
who had been the masters of the universe just a few weeks before we're out on the streets
looking for jobs. I think this created a reaction, it gave me ideas that there was a war for
talent. In fact, all of things we saw in the late 1990s are reasserting themselves now. All
those shortages are reasserting themselves and the real reason the auditing was really
the bursting of the bubble, not the shortages of talent. There are very profound structural
forces which are creating these talent shortages, one is the fact that the nature of the
economy is changing, it's putting more and more premium upon intellectual skills analytical
skills, creative skills which are in short supply. So, there is a demand increase, but there is
also a decrease in supply. Because we are seeing now the aging of the baby boom, the
shirking of populations in Europe and Japan and not very long in China as well and the
sort of stabilization of the population of the United States so we see a time when there is a
greater demand for intellectual skills and slowing down in the supply of people who
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possess those skills and alsoa mismatch between the sort of things that people are learning
at school and university and the sort of things the economy is placing a premium on
particularly with the shortage of trained people in thesciences and engineering. So for
all sort of reasons, there's a premium on talent.
Keywords: late 1990s, management, consultants, wrote books, war for talent, talent wars,
bursting of the bubble, bursting, dot - com bubble, sense of the people, masters of the
universe, streets, looking, jobs, reasserting themselves, real reason, auditing, profound,
structural forces, nature of the economy, intellectual skills, analytical skills, creative skills,
decrease in supply, baby boom, shirking of populations, Europe, Japan, China, United
States, supply of people, school, university, premium, trained people, sciences, engineering
10. EINSTEIN
For thousands of years, philosophers and astronomers and thinkers of all sorts have
imagined that the universe, the space around us was rather like this floor in front of us. It
was fixed and unchangeable and things happen on it, just as people walk around. So the
stars, the comets, and the planets, and the other heavenly bodies moved around and traced
down their parts on this completely unchanging stage of space. In the 20th century, as the
result of Einstein’s work, that view of the universe was completely transformed. We began
to understand that there was no absolutely fixed stage of space at all on which all celestial
notions were played out. But in some sense on the larger scale in the universe, the space
itself was in this state of a continuous dynamic change. That was a prediction made by
Einstein. But wasn’t Einstein Harold the owner of making the discovery that our universe
was really like that.
Keywords: thousands, thousands of years, philosophers, astronomers, imagined, universe,

space, unchangeable, walk around, stars, comets, planets, heavenly bodies, stage of space,
20th century, Einstein’s work, transformed, fixed stage, celestial notions, larger scale,
dynamic change, prediction, Einstein, theory, astronomer, Hubble, 1920s
11. BIOLOGY, DNA AND RNA

Now, the study of biology is responsible for some of the most profounding insights that
humans have, about the world around them. So, take a look at these four panoramas. In the
upper left, you see some bacteria this happen to be equal line; you obviously see a butterfly,
a flower, a dolphin. If you see that at the outer space, just looks these different forms and
structures. You have no idea that they were all related to one to another.
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So, one of the most profound things that biology told us is that all life on earth is
exceptionally related similar to one to another. So, for example, all of these life forms rely
on DNA and RNA for storing and transmitting in using their genetic and inherited
information. They are all based on cell. Cell is the fundamental building blocks of all life.
All of these organisms consist of cells, and thecells essentially have the same chemicals
inside of them - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, and the whole bunch of other stuff
and much smaller amount. All these organisms conducted metabolism, in other words,
chemical reactions that using convert energy from one form to another. And the basic
chemistry is all very similar to one and another. The type of molecule is used very similar
to one and another.
Keywords: Study of biology, profounding insights, humans, four panoramas, upper left,
equal line, butterfly, flower, dolphin, outer space, forms, structures, biology, DNA, RNA,
storing, transmitting, genetic, inherited information, cell, fundamental, building blocks,
organisms, chemicals, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, bunch, organisms, conducted
metabolism, chemical reactions, convert energy, basic chemistry, types of molecule
12. PAYING OFF STUDENT LOAN

I'm 43 years old and I owe tens of thousands of dollars in student loans. Oh sure, I knew
the loans were piling up as I went through school. But with one loan coming from here,
another from there, I had no idea of the rockslide that was building. Fifteen years later, I
still experience moments of sheer horror regarding my family's financial situation. My
monthly student loan payment is more than triple my car payment. OK, so without my
college degree, I would not have been able to get my current job. For that I'm grateful; but
at what cost? My loans have been accruing at a rate of 10 percent, and now they have
burgeoned to - well, I'm an English major, you do the math. I don't think they'll ever get
paid off. We're in debt way past our eyeballs, and there's no hope in sight. I'm being kept
in class - a financial class of graduates whose only hope for attending college meant
borrowing money from the government. Because of our mounting credit card debt and
monthly payments that far exceed our family's income, my kids will also join theclass
of citizens who can't rely on their parents for college support. Do I wish I'd chosen
anothereducational route? You bet. Perhaps trade school - I've thought that being a plumber
might not be such a bad gig. But if your job aspirations require a four-year degree, take my
advice and choose a college you can afford, both during and after graduation. Take a
realistic look at your anticipated income, and factor in priorities that don't carry a price -
like the spouse and children you might want to have some day.
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I was overconfident that my student-loan debt would pale in comparison to the lucrative
writing career I'd enjoy after graduation. Now I'm paying for that decision - in more ways
than I'd ever imagined.
Keywords: thousands of dollars, family, financial situation, college degree, financial class,
graduates, borrowing money, mounting, credit card, debt, college support, Job aspirations,
anticipated income, student - loan debt, lucrative, writing, career, Paying off student loans,
Monthly loan payment, Finding a job at a high cost, Being in massive debts, Using
governmental support, Joining the class of citizens, Relying on parents’ income, Choosing
a different educational route, An affordable college, Family’s financial situation, A
financial class of graduates, Mounting credit card debt, College support, Job aspirations,
The anticipated income
13. NEW ZEALAND

This is my next contribution to New Zealand's super diverse future the status quo is not
sustainable super diversity stock take which I will talk to you about now is designed to help
us to adapt to a super diverse New Zealand to make sure that we fit for the future because
New Zealand is super diverse right now predominately in Auckland but actually throughout
New Zealand here we're already 50% mere Pacifica an Asian 44% are not born in New
Zealand and we have over 200 ethnicities now the definition academicallyof super diversity
is 25% not born in New Zealand a hundred ethnicities so we are almost double that number
already and Auckland will continue to become younger and browner as the Anglo-Saxon
population ages and shrinks so the mega trend here is not age and the myth the mega trend
here is not urbanization the mega trend is demography it's ethnicity and we need to get our
head around that because most of the benefits from super diversity that we as a country are
enjoying at the moment such as greater innovation productivity and a vestment increase
New Zealand's financial capital whereas most of the challenges from super diversity
adversely affect New Zealand's social capital however if you don'tmitigate the challenges
to your social capital you are not going to maximize sustainably the diversity dividend
benefits for your financial capital.
Keywords: Next, contribution, New Zealand, super diverse future, stocktake, designed,
adapt, super diverse New Zealand, Auckland, 50 percent, Maori, Pacifican, Asian, born,
two hundred ethnicities, younger, browner, Anglo Saxon, population, ages, shrinks,
megatrend, urbanization, demography, benefits, country, great renovation, productivity,
investment, financial capital, social capital, mitigate the challenges, social capital,
financial capital
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14. VITAMIN D
Okay, to understand what Vitamin D does, we need to understand the central concept. The
function of Vitamin D is to maintain blood calcium. You probably think the function of
Vitamin D is to maintain strong bones and teeth. But it does that by accident. Its real
function is to maintain your blood calcium level in a very narrow range. And the reason for
that is if your blood calcium level falls below about 9 milligrams per 100 milliliters, then
you're longing to be in a big trouble, and die rather quickly. And that's because blood
calcium is important for muscle contraction and nerve transmission. And if you don't have
enough of it, you can't contract muscles normally. There can't be normal nerve impulses.
And this result in a disease called tetany, where you got these uncontrolled convulsions
followed by rapid death. Calcium is also important for enzymic activities and blood clotting
Keywords: understand, vitamin D, central, concept, function of vitamin D, blood calcium,

strong bones, teeth, accident, real function, calcium level, narrow, level, falls, below, 9 mg,
100 mls, big trouble, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, contract muscles, nerve
impulses, disease, Tetany, uncontrolled convulsions, rapid death, calcium, enzyme
activities, blood clotting
15. AMORY LOVINS

Amory Lovins, who knows who Amory Lovins is? Nobody. Amory Lovins is an unusual
character. He’s something of polymath. Just to say, he sorts of soaks up knowledge across
the wide range of fields. He’s not an academic. He has a consulting company which he runs
off until him recently out of his home in Colorado. He’s outside snow mass in a house built
into the side of a mountain that has no furnace. For about thirty years, he has been kind of
iconoclastic or bold genius, thinking of ways save energy, thinking of ways to solve
problems, using technology that already exist. And he has demonstrated several of them.
He also offers he’s something that he’s such a rebel that people tends to think he’s kind of
crazy. Anyway, Elizabeth Kolbert went and spent some time with Amory Lovins and so
he‘s written this piece called Mr. Green.
Keywords: Amory Lovins, unusual character, polymath, sorts of soaks, knowledge, wide
range of fields, academic, consulting company, home, Colorado, snow mass, house built,
mountain, furnace, iconoclastic, bold genius, save energy, solve problems, technology,
rebel, people, Elizabeth Kolbert, piece, Mr. Green
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16. UNIVERSITY COMPETITION
Today a university like the LSE certainly has to acknowledge that it is in competition for
the best students, all of whom have choices they can exercise, and many of them choices
which run across nationaland continental borders. We are in competition, too, for staff. The
academic job market is one of the most global 25 there is. And in the 21st century English
is the new Latin, so universities in English speaking countries are exposed to more intensive
competition than that elsewhere. We are in competition for government funding, through
the assessment of research quality. We are in competition for research contracts, from
public and private sector sources, and indeed we are in competition for the philanthropic
pound. Many of our own donors were at more than one university, and indeed think of the
LSEs requests alongside those of other charities to which they are committed. That is a
competitive environment whichis particularly visible to a Vice-Chancellor.
Keywords: LSE, University, national, continental borders, academic, job market,

assessment, research quality, Donors, Being committed, charities, Being visible, vice –
chancellor, The LSE University, Being in Competition for best students, Being in
competition for staff, English speaking countries’ universities, Being exposed to more
intensive competition, Government funding, Research contracts, Public andprivate sector
sources, The philanthropic pound, A competitive environment, Exercising (or making)
choices, National and continental borders, The academic job market, The assessment of
research quality, Donors, Being committed to charities, Being visible to a vice chancellor
17. STANFORD MANAGEMENT

The Education Leadership Initiative was started by Dean Bob Joss, of Stanford Graduate
School of Business. He talked a lot about the importance of education leadership. Education
leaders need to be dynamic and entrepreneurial change agents. Managing is not enough --
increasingly leaders must rise to the challenge of changing their organizations through
innovative, problem-solving strategies. So, we are combining forces from our School of
Education and School of Business to support the development of management skills and
leadership capacity for current superintendents and other central office leaders. The
purpose of School of Education is learning while the purpose of School of Business is
management. Now many institutes are providing education leadership learning
opportunities, for profit or non-profit.We want to make sure that here at Stanford, we are
not only delivering the services but with good quality. The program incorporates case-
studies and research-based presentations, discussions, and exercises. Participants also
collaborate and build relationships through group work.
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However, they must realize thatit is their own responsibility to achieve and accomplish -
what others can do does not indicate what you are capable of.
Keywords: Education, Leadership, Initiative, Dean Bob Joss, Stanford, Stanford Graduate
School of Business, Business, education leadership, Education leaders, dynamic,
entrepreneurial, leaders, organizations, innovative, problem - solving strategies, School of
Education, School of Business, development, management skills, leadership,
superintendents, central office leaders, institutes, learning opportunities, profit, non -
profit, Stanford, good quality, case - studies, research, research - based presentations,
discussions, exercises, collaborate, build, group work, achieve, accomplish
18. INDIAN DEBT VERSION

The debt today is so high; it‘s two hundred thousand rupees, three hundred thousand
rupees of peasant who have no capital. They, who know within a year or two, when they
accumulate that kind of debt, they will never be able to pay back. Where is the debt coming
from? It’s coming from a seed that is costing a hundred thousand to two hundred thousand
rupees per kilogram, depending on what you got. Seed that used to be free used to be theirs.
Pesticides each time, the more they use, the more they have to use, 12 sprays, 15 sprays,
20 sprays. Pesticides used in just the last five years in the land areas of India have shot up
by 2000 percent. That’s what the free market and globalization have brought. And since
we are talking about peasants, who have no money, who have no capital, they can only buy
expensive seeds and expensive pesticides by borrowing. And who lend them that money?
The same companies that sell the pesticides, which are the same companies that sell the
seeds, as you know, are now also the major creditors.
Keywords: 150,000 farmers, India, committed suicide, seed, destroyed, Monsanto, high
cost, debt, suicide, community seed, banks, save seeds, disappearance, farmers needs, 40
community seed, breadth of India, places, created farmers, distress, biggest cost, seeds and
chemicals, crisis of globalization, climate change, Globalization, suicide zones, farmers ,
dependency, grow, food crops, community, extreme flooding, Cyclones, Hurricanes,
salinization, word concede, worst tragedies, crises, Huge (high) debts, Having no capital,
Indian peasants, The free market, Globalization, Expensive seeds and pesticides,
Borrowing money from the seed companies, The major creditors, Accumulating debts,
Having no money
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19. LANGUAGE DEATH
However, we have to be realistic. Language death is not mainstream theatre. It is not
mainstream anything. Can you imagine Hollywood taking it on? It is so far outside the
mindsets of most people that they have difficulty appreciating what the crisis is all about,
because they are not used to thinking more about language as an issue in itself. Somehow
we need to change these mindsets. We need to get people thinking about language more
explicitly, more intimately, more enthusiastically. Interest in language is certainly there, in
the general population - most people are fascinated by such topics as where words come
from, or what the origin of their town‘s name is, or whether their baby‘s name means
anything; they are certainly prepared to play Scrabble and a host of other language games
ad infinitum; and language games are often found on radio and television, too - but a
willingness to focus that interest on general issues, a preparedness to take on board the
emotion and drama inherent in the situation of language endangerment, is not something
that happens much.
Keywords: Language, death, mainstream, theatre, imagine Hollywood, mindsets, most

people, difficulty, appreciating, thinking more, language, mindsets, people, explicitly,
intimately, enthusiastically, language, general population, fascinated, words, origin,
town’s name, baby’s name, Scrabble, host, language games, ad infinitum, radio, television,
willingness, focus, general issues, preparedness, emotion, drama, situation, language
endangerment, endangerment
20. INSTINCT
Instinct is a term used to describe a set of behaviors that are both unlearned and set in
motion as the result of some environmental trigger. Instincts are also often discussed in
relation to motivation since they can also occur in response to an organism's need to satisfy
some innate internal drive tied to survival. Instincts are present across species and are
consistent within individual species. In other words, many different species rely on
instincts, and if one member of a species possesses an instinct, then they all do. Before we
move into a discussion of specific types of instincts, it is important to distinguish the
difference betweenan instinct and a reflex. Both are types of unlearned behavior that tend
to serve a survival purpose. The difference is that a reflex is a typically a simple reaction
or a response to an environmental trigger whereas an instinct is a much more complex set
of behaviors.
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Keywords: Instinct, term used, behaviors, unlearned, set in motion, environmental trigger,
Instincts, relation, motivation, response, organisms, innate, internal drive, survival,
species, individual species, species possesses, specific types of instincts, reflex, unlearned
behavior, survival purpose, simple reaction, environmental trigger, complex, baby turns,
head, pressed, cheek, effort, nurse, reactionary process, mother, bird regurgitates, food,
young, signals of hunger, reactions, environmental cues, engage, complex behaviors
21. DRUG ADVERTISEMENT

The amount of money drug companies spend on TV ads has doubled in recent years. And
it's no wonder: studies show the commercials' work: consumers go to their doctors with a
suggestion for a prescription drug they saw advertised on TV. Now a study in the Annals
of Family Medicine raises questions about the message these ads promote, NPRs Patty
Neighmond reports. You're most likely to see drug ads during prime time, especially around
the news. Researchers analyzed 38 ads aimed at people with conditions like hypertension,
herpes, high cholesterol, depression, arthritis, and allergies. The drug industry says the ads
arm consumers with information. But researchers found that though the information was
technically accurate, the tone was misleading. UCLA psychologist Dominick Frosch
headed the study. "What we would see in these ads is that before taking the prescription
drug, the character's life was out of controland the loss of control really extended beyond
just the impact of the health condition, " For example, herpes patients were portrayed as
being incapacitated for days, insomniacs utterly out of synch on the job and depressed
patients friendless and boring at parties. "When the character is then shown taking the drug,
he then magically regains complete control of his life." None of the ads, of course,
mentioned lifestyle changes that could also help treat the condition. After that, it's mass
marketing. But in this case, Frosch says, prescription medications are not soap.
Keywords: drug companies, TV ads, commercials’ work, prescription drug, advertised, TV,
Annals, Family Medicine, NPRs, Patty Neighmond, Researchers, analyzed, hypertension,
herpes, high cholesterol, depression, arthritis, allergies, arm consumers, information,
UCLA, psychologist, Dominick Frosch, prescription drug, loss of control, insomniacs, TV
ads, Drug companies, Advertising prescription drug, Promoted messages by ads, See ads
during prime time, Arming consumers with technically accurate information, The
misleading tone, Taking prescription drugs, The health condition, Regaining complete
control of life, Lifestyle changes, Mass marketing, Not being like a soap
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22. SECRET BEE LIFE
I have been writing non-fiction for years, and secretly wanting to be a novelist. When I first
started writing at the age of 30, it was with the intention of writing fiction, but I took a little
detour for 10 or 12 years, and write non-fiction which I absolutely have no regret about
at all. I think it's exactly the right thing for me to do, but there's this dream tucked away
inside of me to do this. Now I remember reading something that Eudora Welty wrote, who
is a great novelist from Mississippi who had a big influence on me actually. She said, "no
art ever came out of not risking your neck." And I think she's absolutely right.It felt that
way to me at the time, it actually feels that way every time I sit down to write something.
Finally, in the early 90s, I took my deep breath, and started writing fiction. It felt risky to
me at the time to do that. And one of the very first things I wrote was, what I thought was
going to be the first chapter of a novel, called "The Secret Life of Bees". I wrote it in 1992,
and it is actually essentially the first chapter of the novel as it is now.
Keywords: writing non - fiction, novelist, writing fiction, little detour, dream, tucked,
Eudora, Welty, novelist, Mississippi, risky, Sitting, write, Secret Life of Bees, chapter, novel
Writing non-fiction, Wanting to be a novelist, Starting writing at the age of thirty, The
intention of writing fiction, Taking a little detour,The tucked away dream, The influential
quote, The first chapter of a novel, The Secret Life of Bees,Having no regret, The early
90s, Eudora Welty, the great novelist from Mississippi, No art ever came out of not risking
your neck, feeling risky, Sitting to write something
23. SEA CREATURES AND WAVE POWER

Sea creatures are inspiring the latest devices that harness wave power. This one called the
oyster, sits on the sea floor, and opens and closes as waves pass over it. Cables attach it to
generators on the shore. Since the November 2009, it’s been powering 9000 homes in the
Orkney Islands. Another device looks like a snake. The anaconda is made from a rubber
tube filled with water that floats just below the surface. When the swell hits the front of it,
the tube squeezed above ripples done its links and powers a turbine in its tail. Prototypes
are currently being tested, but the full-scale version will be 200 meters long. This system
also looks like a snake. But this one is made of steel. It floats near the surface, where waves
make its joints move, this drive hydraulic system that power electrical generators, like
the anaconda. It’s still being tested; results will prove that these devices are up to the job
of supplying viable sources of green energy.
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Keywords: Sea creature, Inspiring, latest devices, Powering, 9000 homes, Orkney, Islands,
rubber tube, filled, bulge ripples, Testing prototypes, full - scale version, Floating, water
surface, driving, hydraulic systems, power, electrical generators, green energy, Sea
creatures, Harnessing wave power, The Oyster, Sitting on the ocean floor (or being
installed on the ocean floor), Opening and closing cycles, Onshore generators, The
Anaconda (a snake), A rubber tube Powering a turbine (electrical generators), A 200-
meter-long device, Being made of steel, Green energy, Inspiring the latest devices,
Powering 9000 homes, Testing prototypes. The full-scale version, Floating near the water
surface, Driving hydraulic systems
24. DEFINITION OF RISK

What's the literal definition of "risk"? Business schools use risk analysis. So, what do you
mean by "risk", and we need a dictionary. When you look at dictionary, this is literal, literal
definition of risk. What it says is, the definition for example, the possibility of injury, a
dangerous element or factor, chance of, degree or possibility of such loss, and so on. So,
risk has two parts, as you look at the literal definition of risk. One part is the consequence
of some kind of particular danger, hazard loss. And the other is about the probability, of
it: chance and consequence, OK? And then at least just as English language concerns,
when you look up the word of safe and safety, which you'll earn as, it's a little bit of a loop,
a little circular argument that free from harm or risks, secure from danger, harm or loss,
the condition of being safe and so on for all. And why we take out of it? At least when we
talk about safe at least in English language, we are talking absolute something is safe, or it
sounds safe.
Keywords: Literal, definition, risk, Business schools, risk analysis, dictionary, literal,
definition, example, possibility of injury, dangerous element, factor, chance, degree, loss,
two parts, danger, hazard loss, probability, English language, word of safe, safety, little
bit, loop, circular argument, danger, harm, being safe, absolute something, sounds safe
25. EARTHQUAKE AND FAULTS

So faults are breaks in the earth crust, we can identify them because of the discontinuity in
the structure within the earth crust across fault and earthquake occur on these faults, so vary
processes by which these faults moves to a large extent is due to earthquakes. So, we have
a fault plane and the earthquake is so focus on this fault plane and the earthquake starts at
the particular point on the fault plane and we call that the focus of the earthquake. The rock
prorogate out from that point on the rupture plain to cover the entire fault plane.
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The rupture is in that particular earthquake. We talked about the epicenter of the earthquake
a lot. The epicenter is just the surface projection of the focus of the earthquake. So, if you
wanted to looking at map view where the earthquake was located we would be able to look
that into the earth. We would see the focus down some depth in the earth or the epicenter
just a point vertically above that focus at the surface of the earth. So, this is the focus
between the faults and the earthquakes.
Keywords: faults, breaks, earth crust, discontinuity, structure, fault, earthquake, processes,
faults moves, earthquakes, fault plane, rock prorogate, rupture plain, entire fault, rupture,
epicenter of the earthquake, epicenter, projection, looking at map, located, earth, depth,
earth, vertically, surface
26. LANGUAGE DEATH

Language death is not mainstream theatre. It is not mainstream anything. Can you imagine
Hollywood taking it on? It is so far outside the mindsets of most people that they have
difficulty appreciating what the crisis is all about, because they are not used to thinking
more about language as an issue in itself. Somehow we need to change these mindsets. We
need to get people thinking about language more explicitly, more intimately, more
enthusiastically. Interest in language is certainly there, in the general population - most
people are fascinated by such topics as where words come from, or what the origin of their
town‘s name is, or whether their baby‘s name means anything; they are certainly prepared
to play Scrabble and a host of other language games ad infinitum; and language games are
often found on radio and television, too - but a willingness to focus that interest on general
issues, a preparedness to take on board the emotion and drama inherent in the situation of
language endangerment, is not something that happens much.
Keywords: Language, death, mainstream, theatre, imagine Hollywood, mindsets, most

people, difficulty, appreciating, thinking more, language, mindsets, people, explicitly,
intimately, enthusiastically, language, general population, fascinated, words, origin,
town’s name, baby’s name, Scrabble, host, language games, ad infinitum, radio, television,
willingness, focus, general issues, preparedness, emotion, drama, situation, language
endangerment, endangerment
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27. UGLY BUILDING
It seems to me that architecture is very much something that causes us both pleasure and
trouble. I live in the part of western London where I think many of the streets are, where I
live are really-really ugly, and this distresses me every time I walk to a supermarket or walk
to a tube. I think why did they built that and with terribly without architecture. It last so
long, and if you write a bad book or do a bad play, you know, Iwill be shocked when it be
showed and then no one would suffer. A bad building has a serious impact for, could be
hundreds of years on the people around it. And suppose the book arose a little bit from the
frustration, almost anger than there is so much bad architecture around. And then I realize
if you talk about architecture, you will say why building is not more beautiful. Then you
will say I can use such word as "beauty", that's a really arrogant word. And no one knows
what beautiful is. It's all in the eye of beholder. I couldn't help but think that actually. Well,
you know that we all attempt to agree that Rome is nice than Milky kings, and San
Francisco has the edge of Frankfurt, so we can make that sort of generalization, surely they
are something we can say about why a building work or why it doesn't.
Keywords: architecture, pleasure, trouble, western London, streets, really ugly, distresses,
supermarket, walk, terribly, architecture, bad play, shocked, suffer, bad building, serious
impact, hundreds of years, frustration, anger, beautiful, beauty, arrogant, beholder,
attempt to agree, Rome, Milky kings, San Francisco, Frankfurt, generalization, books
28. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

Globalization, what is globalization? I think that it takes on a few different definitions in
one sense of theword. Globalization means proliferation of transactions across country. So,
one way of thinking about globalization is a way to describe, increase international
communications, more trade happening between countries and be less self-sufficient in
providing goods and services to their people and more companies that have offices in
multiple countries, which we call multinationals. So, the source of growth in travel and
communication and corporate trade across borders. And this way of thinking about
globalization is the continuation of thinking that has been around for a long time, such as
when the Europeans went to theOrient, to find spices, which was also an example of global
trade and communication. Another way to think of globalization though, is an economic
system. It is a system in which countries become integrated in a way that never had been
before. In this system, we see a global split in the process between consuming and
producing goods. Some countries produce goods, some countries consumed goods, and
then these countries in different areas of the globe depend on each other in a kind of organic
solidarity rather than having an economic system being just inside your country.
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Keywords: Globalization, different definitions, sense, word, proliferation of transactions,
country, international communications, trade, self - sufficient, goods and services, people,
companies, countries, multinationals, source of growth, travel, communication, corporate
trade, borders, thinking, Europeans, Orient, global trade, communication, economic
system, integrated, global split, consuming and producing goods, produce goods, consume
goods, areas, globe, organic solidarity, economic system, country functions, economy,
economic progression, industrialist economy, global issue
29. AGRICULTURE AND URBANIZATION

I am trying here to capture the dynamics that is conventionally being associated with
urbanization developments. And get back once again, to this question of agriculture. Once
you have cities and you also the reverse of the cities, you have countryside. You have rural
areas and have this relationship with urban areas, and it needs to developed agricultural
goods. And you trade with increasing industrial goods. Increasing agriculture productivity
reduces labor needs and opportunities in the rural areas, pushing people towards to the
cities. There is this notion that in order to have progress and development in cities, you
need people. If everybody is busing growing to crops, growing food that exists, you can't
have people all going into the city. You need to increased productivity in the countryside.
You need to have one farmer producing enough food for more than one family. And then
you will have growth and productivity in the countryside, which will free of people move
to the cities. In fact, in many ways, it will compel it. They will go to the cities and search
for jobs and provide labor force for the production of all kinds of things.
Keywords: trying, capture, dynamics, conventionally, urbanization, developments,

agriculture, cities, countryside, rural areas, relationship, urban areas, developed
agricultural goods, industrial goods, agriculture productivity, labour, pushing people,
progress, development, busing growing, crops, growing food, productivity, farmer, food,
growth, productivity, people, labor force,
30. MISUSE OF DRUGS

But what are the dangers of keeping these drugs at home? There are a number of dangers.
Parents should know that leftover drugs are dangerous because they may be accidentally
ingested by children. Either adults don’t keep the bottles properly closed and stored or
because even many kids can sometimes open childproof lids. Patients may use the drugs
after their expiration date. The leftover drugs may be taken for the wrong reasons. For
example, someone may have a viral infection and self-prescribed to leftover into microbial
that was prescribed for a bacterial infection.
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But that drug will have no effect as the viral infections. Drugs that are left over might be
given to or taken by someone else who may have a serious allergy to the medicine and who
for that reason would not be prescribed to medicine under the supervision of a physician.
Finally, inappropriate use of drugs promotes drug resistance if the drug is taken for the
wrong indication, the wrong duration, or in the wrong dosage. Todd, what can people do
about this how can the situation be improved? I think physicians, patients and parents of
patients can take steps to improve the situation. First of all, physicians should prescribe the
drug only when appropriate, only in the correct amount and only for the correct duration.
Also, the physician must stress to the patient that the full course of the drug must be taken.
This is recommended even if symptoms resolved before the end of the prescription and
parents of children on antibiotics need to ensure they complete their course as well.
Keywords: Dangers, drugs at home, number of dangers, leftover drugs, dangerous,

accidentally ingested, children, adults, bottles, kids, childproof lids, expiration date, viral
infection, self - prescribed, microbial, bacterial infection, serious allergy, medicine,
supervision, physician, inappropriate use, drug resistance, wrong indication, wrong
duration, wrong dosage, physicians, patients, parents, correct amount, stress, symptoms,
antibiotics
31. TALENT WAR

I think there is an intense competition at the moment to hire the most talented and most
intellectually able people. There is a time when I think companies have many of the
adventures in the world. That involves the companies' world. It was the bosses' world. Now
I think it reverses the case. We have a shortage in talent base within countries and between
countries, have an intense battle between companies to hire the most talented workers and
also between countries, which are looking to recruit talented young people, talented young
immigrants. We have this sense of immigrants being things that countries are battled to
keep out, and immigrants want to get in, climb of the walls. I think the opposite isn't that
the case. And the topic is that countries are trying to lure bright young people to get them
to go to universities and get them to become immigrants. So, on many levels, talent is a
premium. There is a shortage of talent, and so countries, companies, all sorts of
organizations, of course, volunteer organizations as well as, are competing to hire the best
and the brightest. You know we have a baby-boom population which is aging. We have an
economy which is becoming more sophisticated. And so, for all those sorts of reasons,
talent is a premium.
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Keywords: intense competition, moment, talented, intellectually able people, companies,
adventures, world, bosses world, Reversing the case, shortage of talent, countries, Battling,
immigrants, Becoming immigrants, between companies, talented, workforce, recruit
talented, young people, battled, climb of the walls, opposite, bright, universities, sorts of
organizations, volunteer organizations, baby - boom population, economy, sophisticated,
talent, premium
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LISTENING FILL IN THE BLANKS
Expert Advice
1. ADIDAS:
Adidas teamed up with an organization called Parley for the Oceans. Parley goes out and
collects plastic waste from the ocean. Adidas uses the plastic waste to make shoes. Shoes
made with plastic from the ocean: good for the environment and good for business.
Because if you know that rapidly growing consumer segment known as hipsters - and
know you know hipsters - then you know that a hipster faced with the choice between a
no-name shoe and an Adidas made with plastic from the ocean will pick the Adidas every
day of the week and twice on Sunday, and then walk around like it's no big deal but look
for every, opportunity to talk about them.
2. MEDICAL CARE:
So, two decades later, what's changed? It's now widely recognized that just 20 percent of
health outcomes are tied to medical care, whereas up to 70 percent are tied to healthy
behaviors and what's called the social determinants of health - basically, everything that
happens to us for that vast majority of time when we're not in the doctor's office or the
hospital. Health care executives now routinely remind us that our zip code matters more
than our genetic code. And one health care publication even recently had the audacity to
describe the social determinants of health as “the feel-good buzzword of the year’.
3. NEW EPIDEMIC:
You've heard about SARS, AIDS and bird flu. Now researchers from Australia claim we're
about to be hit by a new epidemic: Motivational Deficiency Disorder. According to the
British Medical Journal, one in five people are said to suffer from Motivational Deficiency
Disorder, or Moded, and most don't even know they have it. Symptoms include being unable
to get out of bed in the morning, being trapped on the couch.
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4. REBUILDING SOILS:
Rebuilding carbon-rich agriculture soils is the only real productive, permanent solution to
taking excess carbon dioxide from the atmosphere. She’s frustrated that scientists and
politicians don’t see the same opportunities she sees. This year Australia will emit just
over 600 million tonnes of carbon. We can sequester 685 million tonnes of carbon by
increasing soil carbon by half a percent on only 2% of the farms. If we increased it on all
of the farms, we could sequester the whole world’s emissions of carbon.
5. TOKYO BAY:
Land reclamation has been carried out along the coast of Tokyo Bay since the Meiji period.
Areas along the shore with a depth of fewer than 5 meters are simplest to carry out landfills,
and sand from the floor of Tokyo Bay is used for these projects. The topography of the
shoreline of Tokyo Bay differs greatly from that of the pre-modern period due to ongoing
land reclamation projects. Tokyo Bay includes about 249 square kilometers of reclaimed
land area in 2021. Aggregate household waste production is enormous in Greater Tokyo,
there is little room for traditional garbage disposal sites; waste is rigorously sorted at the
household, much of it is turned into ash and further recycled into bay landfill.
6. SALES:
Conventional sales are when the home is owned out-right or the seller owes less on the
mortgage than fair market value. Conventional sales involve quicker transactions between
both parties, unlike foreclosures, short sales and probate sales. We typically recommend
conventional sales for our buyers, especially first-time homebuyers, to help them avoid the
complications they could run into when dealing with distressed properties or probate sales.
For a majority of buyers who are looking to purchase and move into their dream home as
soon as possible, conventional sales are the way to go. Often times, distressed properties
can take many months for the seller's bank to approve an offer or for a court date to bet set
in the case of a probate sale.
7. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE:
For all his fame and celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure with
regards to personal history. There are just two primary sources for information on the Bard:
his works, and various legal and church documents that have survived from Elizabethan
times. Naturally, there are many gaps in this body of information, which tells us little about
Shakespeare the man.
8. WELL-BEING:
Life in the UK 2012 provides a unique overview of well-being in the UK today. The
report is the first snapshot of life in the UK to be delivered by the Measuring National
Well-being program and will be updated and published annually. Well-being is discussed
in terms of the economy, people and the environment.
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Information such as the unemployment rate or number of crimes against the person are
presented alongside data on people’s thoughts and feelings, for example, satisfaction with
our jobs or leisure time and fear of crime. Together, a richer picture on 'how society is
doing' is provided.
9. CAVEMEN:
You might picture Neanderthals as cavemen gnawing on bones around a campfire. Which
wouldn’t be inaccurate But Neanderthals may have also dined on roasted vegetables and
known a bit about medicinal plants too. So says a study in the journal Naturwissenschaften
(The Science of Nature). Researchers analyzed hardened dental plaque from five Neanderthals
found in El Sidrón cave, in northern Spain. Yes, 50,000-year-old dental plaque. And they
found a lot lurking between the teeth. Like evidence of nuts, grasses and green veggies,
chemical traces of wood smoke, and tiny, intact starch granules, proof Neanderthals ate their
carbs. And in one individual, they detected compounds found in the medicinal herbs
chamomile and yarrow. The herbs have no nutritional value, and since Neanderthals did have
the gene to detect the herbs’ bitter taste, the researchers speculate that the cave dwellers
were munching on them not as food but to self-medicate. Not too far-fetched, they say,
because primates like chimps also use medicinal plants. Luckily for the scientists doing
this detective work, Neanderthals may have known a thing or two about medicine, but they
didn’t get regular check-ups at the dentist.
10. DOGS:
Dogs are not just man’s best friend. Previous studies have shown that kids with dogs are
less likely to develop asthma. Now a new study may show how - if results from mice
apply to us. The work was presented at a meeting of the American Society for
Microbiology. The study tests what’s called the hygiene hypothesis. The idea is that
extreme cleanliness may actually promote disease later on. Researchers collected dust
from homes that had a dog. They fed that house dust to mice. They then infected the
mice with a common childhood infection called respiratory syncytial virus or RSV.
11. INTEGRATED TICKETING:
Well in 2004 we integrated ticketing in South East Queensland, so we introduced a paper

ticket that allowed you to travel across all the three modes in South East Queensland, so
bus, train and ferry and the second stage of integrated ticketing is the introduction of a
Smart Card, and the Smart Card will enable people to store value so to put value on the
card, and then to use the card for traveling around the system.
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12. OCEAN CURRENTS:
For many years, the favorite horror story about abrupt climate change was that a shift in
ocean currents could radically cool Europe's climate. These currents, called the overturning
circulation, bring warm water and warm temperatures north from the equator to Europe.
Susan Lozier, an oceanographer at Duke University, says scientists have long worried that
this ocean circulation could be disrupted.
13. EARTH WARNING:
The Earth is warning. Almost all the Arctic summer ice may have melted by the end of the
century, claims the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change the IPCC. The upside.
Access to an estimated quarter of the world's oil and gas resources and the opening of the
fabled Northwest Passage. The downside. The Arctic wilderness is lost as neighboring
countries, Denmark and Greenland, Russia, Canada, Norway, and the United States all
race to share in the bounty.
14. ARTS AND HUMANITIES:
My current research at the moment is really quite broad. I work at the interface between
the Arts and Humanities, particularly archeology, but trying to find questions which are
difficult to answer unless you start integrating computing and visualization So really I
work in this boundary between trying to understand cultural questions about the past, but
those sorts of questions that you can't address unless you start reconstructing, start
modeling and visualizing past landscapes objects and movement of people.
15. SHARE PRICES:
Well, the simple explanation might be that yesterday's sudden drop in share prices pretty
much across the board has created what market analysts like to call a buying opportunity.
It tends to bring out investors to pick through the ruins, looking for bargains. Decision by
investors that sellers got a little carried away with things so the buyers have lifted all the
major indexes today. The Dow, the NASDAQ, the S&P 500 were all up around half a
percent in early trading today, and that wasn't a big surprise. The sell-off continued
somewhat overseas European markets remain fairly weak, along with many of the Asian
markets. But you'll remember that all this started with a big plunge of around 9 percent on
the stock market in Shanghai. Well, Chinese rebounded by around 4 percent.
16. ALMONDS:
And one particular crop, almond in the US and now in Australia, is transforming the world
of beekeeping and of bees. What has happened is that something serendipitous came along
that people found out, that doctors found out that almonds are good for you, a confection
but it's good for you?
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The Almond Board got a very aggressive promotion going on for almonds. They actually,
I just heard recently, send out sales reps to cardiologists at hospitals to promote the heart
benefits of almonds. In a very good promotion of almonds, and it's legitimate promotion
because they are a healthy food.
17. PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY:
It is about a hundred years since that great Canadian-born physician Sir William Osler,
Regius Professor of Medicine in Oxford, complained about the increasing influence of the
pharmaceutical industry on the medical profession. He would be turning in his grave at the
way the industry now dominates doctors' prescribing habits. It does this not only by direct
and indirect pressure on the doctors themselves, but also by encouraging the public to ask
for scripts.
18. ECONOMICS SIGNS:
Signs that secure borrowing remains robust and firm data on manufacturing and retail
sales, released on Thursday, painted the picture of an economy that has yet to be cooled
by the recent states spate of interest rate rises
19. MARS TOUCHDOWN:
Touchdown confirmed. We are safe on Mars. The control room at NASA’s Jet Propulsion
laboratory late in the evening of August 5th, Pacific time, when word arrived that the
Curiosity rover had landed safely on Mars. The one-ton rover, which dwarfs all Mars
landers that came before it, will now spend a planned two years exploring the Martian
surface. The mission is expected to cost $2.5 billion. Curiosity’s task is to investigate the
inside of Gale Crater, where a giant mound of sedimentary deposits may provide evidence
of a wetter, possibly habitable Mars billions of years ago.
But first it had to survive an elaborate landing sequence which appears to have gone
smoothly. Curiosity landed on time and on target and soon beamed back grainy photos of
its wheels and its shadow. Given the carlike size of the rover and the challenges of landing
on Mars, Curiosity’s landing goes down as one of the greatest parking jobs in history.
20. CULTURAL HERITAGE:
All around the world, significant parts of our cultural heritage are threatened by pollution,
neglect, carelessness and greed. In learning the importance of our history, we come to
understand the need to protect significant remains from the past so that future generations
can come to understand their heritage.
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21. DOGS:
Dogs are not just man’s best friend. Previous studies have shown that kids with dogs are
less likely to develop asthma. Now a new study may show how - if results from mice apply
to us. The work was presented at a meeting of the American Society for Microbiology.
The study tests what's called the hygiene hypothesis. The idea is that extreme cleanliness
may actually promote disease later on. Researchers collected dust from homes that had a
dog. They fed that house dust to mice. They then infected the mice with a common
childhood infection called respiratory syncytial virus - or RSV.
22. JACK NICHOLSON:
Jack Nicholson, playing the crazed caretaker in The Shining, makes me reach for a blanket.
Now a study finds that people we find, well, creepy can actually make us feel colder. The
research will be published in the journal Psychological Science. Researchers interviewed
40 college undergraduates. During each interaction, the experimenter was either chummy
with the student or very stiff and professional. The investigator also alternated between
mimicking students’ posture - a signal of rapport - and not doing anything at all.
Participants then completed a questionnaire designed to find out how hot or cold they felt.
The results showed that the subjects actually felt colder when the investigator acted
inappropriately or sent mixed signals. The researchers conjecture that because the brain
tries to interpret social cues and purely physical ones simultaneously people unconsciously
associate icy stares and chilly interactions with actual physical coldness. So, the next time
you have to visit your doctor with the creepy receptionist bring a sweater.
23. HORMONE:
The word hormone is derived from a Greek verb that means to excite. Hormones are found
in all multicellular organisms and function to coordinate the parts of the organism. A
hormone is a chemical signal. It is produced by one part of the body and is then transported
to other parts of the body where it triggers responses in cells and tissues. The concept of
chemical messengers and plants first emerged from a series of classic experiments on how
plant stands respond to light. Think about this, a houseplant on the windowsill grows
toward light. If you rotate the plant, it will soon reorient its growth until its leaves again
face the window, the growth of a plant toward light is called photo tropism in a forest or
other natural ecosystem where plants may be crowded.
24. INTERVIEWS:
Obviously, this is all relevant to your final assignment. So, we're going to talk about it. So,
until today, we've gone through face-to-face interviews as the main sort of part of
interviewing the window. Today we're going to have a look at going to use an email and
why they work, why they don't necessarily work, and what are the challenges and some of
the things that we need to understand, you know when we are completing such interpreters.
So, let's start with the foreign one.
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Obviously, there are a few benefits to them, and they are listed there up on that slide. It's
obviously less stressful for those of you who might be a little bit anxious about
interviewing.
25. DAVE HACKENBERG:
Dave Hackenberg, a beekeeper since 1962, can usually tell what killed his bees just by
looking at them. If they're lying on the ground in front of a hive, it's probably pesticides,
he says. If the bees are deformed and wingless, it's probably vampire mites. But last fall,
Hackenberg saw something he had never seen before. Thousands of his bee colonies
simply disappeared. He was in Florida at the time, pulling the lids off some of his
commercial hives. To his horror, they were all empty.
26. CARS IN AMERICA
There are some 250 million cars in America, 250 million cars in the country with just over
300 million people. And most of those vehicles, of course, are gas powered. This
poses a huge challenge given the limited supplies of oil and the growing urgency of the
global warming crisis. But there is good news, according to our guests today. And that is
we have the know-how and the technology to build sleek, fast automobiles that don't use
gasoline. These vehicles of tomorrow arepowered by hydrogen, electricity, bio-fuels, and
digital technology. And they already exist. So, what's stopping us from putting them on the
roads? Our guests today will help answer that.
27. SOCIAL HARM

Social harm originates out of a series of debates within criminology about the narrowness
of the definition of crime, that essentially, focuses on individual acts of harm, things like
inter-personal violence, theft, so on and so forth. So, the idea of social harm originally was
to expand that notion of harm to encompass the harms that organisations cause that nation
states cause. But latterly the idea of social harm really now transcends criminology so there
are a group of writers who think that and I would include myself there that actually there's
something to social harm that could be very useful in terms of trying to understand the
harms that occur within society,to produce an objective and well-rounded analyses of harm.
28. CANDACE GALEN
Candace Galen is based at the University of Missouri, in Columbia. And, being a biologist,
she thought, why not use this astronomical phenomenon to study a biological one?
Specifically: as the skies darkened would daytime pollinators, like bumblebees and
honeybees, call it quits "What better activity during an eclipse than to go out with a recorder
and record the bees?"
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"So, Galen asked 400 citizen scientists - including young students - to place audio recorders
in 16 flower patches along the path of totality, in Oregon, Idaho and Missouri. When they
analyzed the audio, they found that during partial eclipse, bee buzzing continued. But when
totality hit, the bees went silent and only the conversational buzz of human observers could
be heard. Then, as the moon passed and the sun again lit up the sky, the bees regained their
buzz.
29. GREEN CHEMISTRY

Green Chemistry is a concept designed to develop technologies which allow chemistry to
be practiced with minimal damage to the environment, or in an environmentally compatible
way, and it's meant to cover both chemical processes and chemical products. The center was
set up about seven or eight years ago. And the idea was to provide a hub of activities that
covered fundamental research work, international collaboration, but also educational
development on public understanding of the project as well, and also networking so we
network out to well over 1000 people around the globe.
30. OCEAN CURRENTS

For many years, the favorite horror story about abrupt climate change was that a shift in
ocean currents could radically cool Europe's climate. These currents, called the
overturning circulation, bring warm water and warm temperatures north from the equator
to Europe. Susan Lozier, an oceanographer at Duke University, says scientists have long
worried that this ocean circulation could be disrupted.
31. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
It all started last spring when the Food and Drug Administration placed a black box
warning on some popular anemia drugs. The labels warn against using the drugs in cancer
patients with relatively mild anemia resulting from chemotherapy. The FDA says the drugs
clearly shorten survival and speed the progression of cancer. In people with slightly
worse anemia, the drugsmight have the same effects. To Barry Straube, Medicare's chief
medical officer, the message was clear.
32. FINANCIAL MARKETS

Financial markets swung wildly yesterday in the frenzied trading market by further selling
of equities and fears about an unraveling of the global carry trade. At the same time,
trading in the US and European credit markets were exceptionally heavy for a third
consecutive day. London trading was marked by particularly wild swings in the prices of
credit derivatives, used to ensure investors against corporate defaults.
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33. CONTRACT PATTERNS GENERATOR
In animals, a movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord called the
central contract patterns generator (CPG). This produces signals that drive muscles to
contract rhythmically in a way that produces running or walking, depending on the pattern
of pulses. A simple signal from the brain instructs the CPG to switch between different
modes such as going from a standstill to walking.
34. LOOSE THEME:
We have decided to adopt, just as a loose theme for the course, a biological theme so that
you can see the connections between chemistry and biology and the things you might
consider doing in the future. We want you to think about the molecules that are relevant to
your body, the processes that occur in your body, the chemistry that's going on and how
energy plays a role. And we've divided the course into four sections and after each section
there will be a mid-term. The first one is about matter.
33. SEMINAL DIFFERENCE:
One seminal difference in policy remains; the coalition has not matched what is Labor's
most important innovation promise. That is to bring together responsibilities for
innovation, industry, science and research under one single federal minister. Innovation
responsibilities currently lie within the powerful Department of Education and Science,
and while there is a separate industry department, it has little influence within Cabinet.
This has hampered policy development and given Australia's innovation policies a distinct
science and research bias. It is the scientists rather than the engineers who call the tune in
innovation policy in Canberra, so it's no surprise our policies are all about boosting
government funded research and later commercializing their results.
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WRITE FROM DICTATION
Expert advice
1. Global connections thrive in academic communities, thanks to social media.

2. Information technology has changed the way people study today.
3. A world-renowned expert of financial management will give a guest lecture.
4. Statistically speaking, the likelihood of this result is extremely low.
5. Advanced technology will create growth in the economy.
6. All new medical school students must attend the talk about optional courses.
7. Many experts think that the world climate is changing.
8. Plants are the living things that can grow in land or in water.
9. Artificial intelligence has made significant progress for the last few years.
10. The economic predictions turned out to be incorrect.
11. Theater study courses encourage students to exercise creativity.
12. Rising inflation means increasing goods' prices and decreasing demand for products.
13. Students would develop confidence in their ability to think critically.
14. We are researching on the most significant challenges we are facing in our society
today.
15. There is no fixed career path for a qualified journalist.
16. Traffic noise is intensified by high buildings.
17. Find out how to get your resources before your research.
18. Geography is generally divided into two branches: human and physical.
19. Student representatives will be visiting classes with voting forms.
20. We haven't fixed on a date for the final meeting yet.
21. The teacher hasn't done much preparation for the class.
22. Studying can be more effective if one changes their environment while studying.
23. Students are required to participate in the mathematics lecture next Friday.
24. He failed to pass the exam because of his carelessness.
25. The weekly seminar is based on an analysis of the African cultures.
26. You can never go to college if you drop out of high school.
27. She is never absent from school without a reasonable cause.
28. Student assistants will support new students with their study and accommodation.
29. Good teamwork enables us to get the job done on time.
30. The cost of transport is a major expense for the industry.
31. The intern has intended to leave the firm next Saturday.
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32. This course provides valuable information for work experience.
33. None of the alternatives are satisfactory.
34. Students must register for shared accommodation.
35. Studying philosophy can help learners think in new ways.
36. The police phones are difficult to call, so crime rates are high.
37. The university will see colossal renovation to the faint, empty theater.
38. The subject was complex and difficult to explain.
39. Most of penguins live in southern Atlantic Sea.
40. We will study the following pictures in the next lecture.
41. The lecture is intended to promote serious thoughts and discussions.
42. He is almost never in his office.
43. I thought a good architectural structure should be useful, durable and beautiful.
44. A massive accumulation of data was converted to a communicable argument.
45. We can all meet at my office after the lecture.
46. You can make an appointment to meet the librarian.
47. All industries are a system of inputs, processes, outputs and feedback.
48. Leaving valuable possessions unattended in public place is risky.
49. Students will develop confidence in their ability to think critically.
50. He landed a job in a prestigious law firm.
51. Academic development needs the support of the government.
52. It is not possible to solve the problem easily.
53. He had failed to prepare adequately for the task.
54. The student support will be upgraded shortly.
55. He wants to study medicine but needs more qualifications.
56. Review all your sources before drawing any definitive conclusions.
57. The supposed benefit of space exploration has been frequently questioned.
58. The speaker began by giving an outline of her presentation.
59. Students requiring an extension should apply sooner rather than later.
60. A bar chart is a useful means of data comparison.
61. Apple is expected to announce several new products this fall.
62. Remember to bring calculators to class next week.
63. The postgraduate education depends entirely on private funding.
64. The guidelines are due to be updated shortly.
65. Please cite several sources in your work.
66. Scientists use new technologies in labs.
67. It is not always possible to find patterns in data.
68. Understanding ancient poetry is efficient for the project.
69. The rising temperature has led to lower agricultural output.
70. In computer degree, there is a new module in artificial intelligence.
71. You need to be able to concentrate when working or studying.
72. His lectures tend to range over a number of topics.
73. The new rules will become effective in the next few days.
74. They have come up with a new method of solving the problem.
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75. Several major companies and organizations are supporting this project.
76. He and his wife run their own gift shop in the town.
77. This lecture will be of especial interest to history students.
78. Graduates have to fight for jobs in the highly competitive market.
79. You must be able to speak French for this job.
80. Earlier reports suggested that a meeting would take place on Sunday.
81. A transport plane is carrying food and medical supplies for people.
82. We have applied special devices in the study of local history.
83. Each study centre would provide information on technology and training.
84. She won a scholarship to study at a famous university.
85. The failure of the company was a result of bad management.
86. Few students have received financial support from the local government.
87. There had been many female artists in early modern France.
88. Students were asked to hand in their essay within a week.
89. He used to give lectures on American literature in a university.
90. We have discussed this issue for a day without any solution.
91. Only few students do not prefer working with other peers.
92. More and more women are now engaging in education career.
93. Resources and information of the local community are no more available.
94. Both scientists are arguing over the result of this experiment.
95. The instant availability of information has radically changed people's lives.
96. The guidelines are due to be updated shortly.
97. Journalists need to work with a range of technologies.
98. The center that has just been built will serve our community.
99. Please cite several sources in your work.
100. All students are expected to attend ten lab sessions per semester.
101. Although sustainable development is not easy, it is an unavoidable responsibility.
102. An architect is required of problem-solving skills and an eye of design.
103. Building trust is not something that can be achieved overnight.
104. Certain scientific principles need to be learned verbally or by a logical deduction.
105. Please click the logo above to enter the site.
106. Collaboration between departments is a feature of successful companies.
107. Competition for places in this course is fierce.
108. The business policy seminar includes an internship with a local firm.
109. The cafeteria features soup, salads, sandwiches, fish and chicken.
110. The earth atmosphere is primarily composed of nitrogen and oxygen gases.
111. You should return books to the library before ending your term.
112. The university theater group will be performing in the concert hall.
113. Fee is the key factor for university students to choose courses.
114. Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures.
115. Keep your audience in your mind when writing an essay.
116. Excellent knowledge is needed for mathematics.
117. We have to reduce the use of plastic material.
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118. Many businesses near the campus offer students discounts.
119. The study of ecology integrates both traditional sciences and life sciences.
120. Different factors affect the freezing time of water.
121. The subject is complex and difficult to explain.
122. Experience would be an advantage for this managerial role.
123. Background music can help students concentrate on their studies.
124. Your accountant will tell you how to complete these forms.
125. Our factory has a strict rule against smoking.
126. The weather report advised us to prepare for a big freeze.
127. I am convinced that mathematical thinking is crucial for statistics study.
128. To take this course, students should have basic subject knowledge.
129. All the new students will be gathering at the canteen before the class starts.
130. Mathematics can be applied in various disciplines.
131. Reserved collection books contribute to the most achievements of students.
132. Many language learners should maintain a list of vocabulary.
133. There are a number of people who like to go to the countryside areas.
134. All students are expected to participate in all class activities.
135. A wide range of aspects are covered in this subject.
136. The lecture will take place in the main hall.
137. Humans use symbolic languages to communicate plans and contentions.
138. Online courses enable people to improve their skills while employed.
139. Joining a society can help to meet new people.
140. The field of journalism has been seeing job declines for decades.
141. Exam results will be published on the notice board.
142. Literature class will be available for the students in midday on Friday.
143. These students will become the greatest scientists at all times.
144. Patients diagnosed with heart failure will often report being depressed.
145. His academic supervisor called in to see him last night.
146. High fees caused students to look more critically at what universities offer.
147. Further research should be established whether this trend is significant.
148. All funding requests must be submitted on the appropriate form.
149. You will work as part of a team for this project.
150. The speaker began the outlines before the presentation.
151. The use of wind energy has increased rapidly.
152. Application forms should be submitted in one week.
153. The program depends entirely on private funding.
154. You should submit your term papers to the general office.
155. The earth's atmosphere is primarily composed of oxygen and nitrogen gases.
156. If you want to receive the reimbursement, you must submit the original receipts.
157. Science and technology are good for the global economy.
158. Practical experience is a vital part of legal training.
159. Science is found everywhere in society today.
160. There will be no tutorials until next week.
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161. The course places considerable emphasis on critical thinking skills.
162. Classical mechanics is sometimes considered as a branch of mathematics.
163. The change of policy will have a great effect on society.
164. The theme of the course is to encourage students to develop their creativity.
165. Scientists have found all parts of science.
166. Laundry facilities are available in each school unit for free of charge.
167. Nowadays, accounting is far more important for businesses than ever before.
168. All candidates must leave the hall only after the exam.
169. The teacher asked the group to complete the task.
170. The generous donation by alumni helps to fund the school.
171. Globalization has been an overwhelming urbanization phenomenon.
172. All essays and seminar papers must be submitted to your tutor via email.
173. Tutors will arrange to meet all new students next week.
174. It is important for scientists to publish their research.
175. The company was established in London by two former colleagues.
176. Computer science has become a popular university degree course.
177. People have been dependent on using phones in their everyday life.
178. Archaeologists discover tools and fossils from ancient times.
179. The local government has adopted a plan for infrastructure development.
180. Scientists were unsure when the early man first left Africa.
181. There is no ideal debate on this topic.
182. Any game must be properly elaborated.
183. Theater study courses encourage students to enhance their ability of creativity.
184. I cannot hand out my student dissertation this week.
185. New media has transformed traditional national boundaries.
186. A wide range of courses covered different aspects in this subject.
187. The university will seek a colossal renovation to the faint empty theater.
188. The article considers the leisure habits of teenagers in rural areas.
189. An architect is required to have problem-solving skills and an eye for design.
190. The library holds a miraculous collection of books on economic history.
191. Studies showed there is a positive correlation between the two variables.
192. All students can learn, even though they have different speeds.
193. The department has been reimbursed for equipment.
194. It is compulsory to attend the laboratory instruction.
195. The paper must be reviewed thoroughly and appropriately.
196. While some people regard it as care, others regard it as reckless.
197. The results of this research presented a value of the balance of the ecosystem.
198. You should have awareness of how the business operates globally.
199. You need student identification to borrow books from the library.
200. All students and staff have the access to printers and scanners.
201. The results of the study underscore the discoveries from early detection.
202. The artists and conservative politicians earn their rules of politics.
203. Please confirm that you have received the textbook.
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204. A celebrated theory is still the source of great controversy.
205. A good architectural structure should be usable, durable and beautiful.
206. A good scientific paper should have clear arguments.
207. All of the assignments must be submitted in person to the faculty office.
208. He landed his job in a very prestigious law firm.
209. The bar chart provides useful means of data comparison.
210. It was hard to anticipate how all the different characters would react.
211. Library reference desks hold a lot of materials on academic history.
212. Making mistakes is fine, as long as you learn from it.
213. Most university teaching takes place in lectures and seminars.
214. Novelists write things about things they know about.
215. Radio is a popular form of entertainment throughout the world.
216. Read the first section before the next meeting.
217. Remember, the prestigious section has strict eligibility criteria.
218. Review all resources before drawing your conclusions.
219. Safety glasses should be worn while doing experiments in the lab.
220. She began by giving an outline of the previous lecture.
221. She has made a significant contribution to the field of chemistry.
222. Some departments have their own special book collections.
223. Students have the options to live in college residencies or apartments.
224. Your summary should be as clear and concise as possible.
225. The guy is qualified to lead the groups into the mountain.
226. The celebrated theory is still the source of great controversy.
227. All students join art classes in the first term.
228. Our students have participated in exchange programs to widen their horizons.
229. Children need books in their own language with settings that reflect their lives.
230. The field of social development includes descriptions of social behavior.
231. People in this kind of job tend to work long hours.
232. Their background gives them little chance of achieving at school.
233. He developed his own program in partnership with an American expert.
234. Universities can also act as a cultural agent in our society.
235. Business research has different branches using different research methods.
236. People in this country enjoy a high standard of living.
237. This discovery has opened up a whole new field of research.
238. Parents and children have to work jointly to bridge the gap.
239. Please check that your surname has been correctly entered.
240. They are now making plans to form their own separate group.
241. He dealt with the problem in a highly professional way.
242. This standard is easily attainable by most of the students.
243. Current research has been carried out in universities and other institutions.
244. This text explores market research techniques such as customer visits.
245. Sociology has become a popular discipline among college students.
246. We employ an expert to advise on the new technology.
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247. The man's novels have gained in popularity over recent years.
248. The town is well served with buses and major road links.
249. The meeting has been brought forward from May to April.
250. The visitors were requested to assemble in the lobby.
251. We will side with the people who oppose this tax.
252. We had not been able to gain admittance to the flat.
253. Students are asked to summarize the points made in the lecture.
254. The delegates have entered the assembly hall through the lobby.
255. Students gain college credits which count towards their degree.
256. They intend to bring their complaints out into the open.
257. A thin cable can carry the signal to a computer.
258. The successful candidates will be invited for interview next week.
259. The government has imposed export restraints on some products.
260. Students can gain valuable experience by working on the campus radio
261. She could not bring herself to tell him the sad news
262. The famous band have just brought out their second album.
263. It is impossible to predict what the eventual outcome will be
264. There is nothing to be gained from delaying the decision.
265. The matter will be brought before the committee for further discussion.
266. We need to bring in a lot more new business.
267. We have to work within severe constraints of time and money
268. She was elected to serve as secretary of the local party.
269. We no longer respond to any postal reference requests.
270. Books for children often contain many beautiful illustrations.
271. A very basic feature of computing is counting and calculating.
272. Convincing evidence to support this theory is hard to obtain.
273. Coursework and exams will form part of the annual assessment.
274. Doctoral writings have the structure in place as well as scientific papers.
275. Economic streams of early Roman Republic will be examined.
276. Efforts are being made to reduce harmful emissions.
277. Experts are thinking that the world climate is changing.
278. The properties should be appropriately distributed.
279. Please check the information on the website for the opening time.
280. The theater courses are encouraging students to access creativity.
281. Students should have awareness of how the business develops globally.
282. If you need additional help, please visit the university resources center.
283. Important details from the argument are missing in the summary.
284. In this language course, we focus on fluency and accuracy.
285. It is important to make clear notes while you are reading.
286. Many birds migrate to warmer areas for the winter.
287. A computer virus has destroyed all my files.
288. We have been working together with other major comprehensive universities.
289. He recently completed a national science foundation research for undergraduates.
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290. The entire content of this special email message is confidential.
291. The professor will be teaching history and sociology next term.
292. The company only dismisses its employees in cases of misconduct.
293. As a scholar, her work was divided between tutoring and research.
294. He taught literature for several years before becoming a writer.
295. All of our centers would provide information on technology and training.
296. The tests have been designed to detect the disease early.
297. The library for college students is closed until further notice.
298. Don't take any notice of what you read in the papers.
299. You should have the sense to take advice when it's offered.
300. The industry is suffering from the effects of recent price rises.
301. A date for the meeting has yet to be determined.
302. His contribution has been key to the development of modern mathematics.
303. You're probably ready to learn how to secure your email system.
304. It is easy now for workers to analyze and share data.
305. Designing a curriculum for a public university presents a moral difficulty.
306. There are many major differences between primary and secondary schools.
307. The public schools shall open on the first day of September.
308. This paper provides a synthesis of key issues in sociology.
309. Field trips and internship opportunities are included in this major.
310. The college offers the nation’s top agricultural technology programs.
311. The academic lecture concluded with a short interesting story.
312. No specific time limits for completing the course are specified.
313. The average salary of college graduates is expected to be higher.
314. Students who have failed the exam may contact their tutor for advice.
315. Project management is a center course for many engineering students.
316. Student coursework is designed to enhance technical and practical skills.
317. Students are required to give their feedback when the term ends.
318. These mentors are here to help train students in engineering science.
319. The advanced mathematics lab will be open again next semester.
320. Our faculty is to engage in service to advance engineering practices.
321. The main aim is to introduce educational reforms.
322. We are required to focus on our specific area of research.
323. The data has been collected by many computer science scholars.
324. Applications should be in the form of a signed document.
325. The event featured speeches by government leaders including some city councilors.
326. The assignment requires us to critically analyse and evaluate relevant technology.
327. You can then reach a conclusion based on common knowledge.
328. We provide access to evaluation expertise to help your thesis.
329. Brain disorders have gradually become an increasing public health concern.
330. Effective readers tend to use a number of reading strategies.
331. You must develop a critical approach when engaging with academic literature.
332. Now you are able to download instructions and related videos below.
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333. The fund aims to support a variety of scholarship in the college.
334. Applicants must have met or exceeded expectations in their annual reviews.
335. Students may elect to complete an internship related to American culture.
336. This course is designed by an innovative faculty from the college.
337. Our professor has been demonstrating some excellent effective communication
skills.
338. Many undergraduate students choose to study sociology in France.
339. You will be able to work with different kinds of people.
340. Communicating in more than one language gives you a strong advantage.
341. Arts have always been at the core of university education.
342. More financial support is available for students who need it.
343. All of the students are responsible for meeting the academic requirements.
344. He used to examine the security of accounting information systems.
345. This theory has been used to measure and report financial information.
346. Please note that the seminar has been cancelled now.
347. We are considering all candidates' backgrounds and identities.
348. The company has not achieved success despite good reputation.
349. Working with these kinds of students is not enough.
350. The geography examination will take place in the sports hall.
351. Basketball was created in 1891 by a physician and a physical instructor.
352. The students should visit the lecture hall behind the building.
353. Each department has their own style of guidelines for assignments.
354. Linguistics is the scientific study and analysis of language.
355. The college operates a system of continuous assessments.
356. Medical researchers have focused on different causes of diseases and treatments.
357. Speak to your tutor if you require further research.
358. Students must present a valid identification to enroll in this course.
359. Joining the societies is a great way to meet new people.
360. In his lifetime, he composed a large number of works.
361. Crime rates are high because the police phones are difficult to call.
362. University fees are a key factor when choosing a course.
363. Most penguins live in the Southern Atlantic Sea.
364. The dance department stages elaborated performances each semester.
365. We have sophisticated ways to study brain actions.
366. Art is an expression of creative skills and imagination.
367. The research is focused on cyclone tropical forest forecasting.
368. Interim grades will be posted on the board outside the student lounge.
369. This graph shows there is a minimum growth.
370. The undergraduates need some specific sources to analyze a specific program.
371. Observers waited nervously and held the breath for the concert.
372. Undergraduate students may participate in specific stages within the program.
373. Competition for spaces in this course is fierce.
374. I’m so glad the classroom observations are a requirement for the education program.
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375. Avoid confusing causes of those changes.
376. During that time, people had large families as insurance against some children loss.
377. I looked into my closet for something to wear, but I want to find a new favorite.
378. The article exhibits the leisure habits of teenagers in rural areas.
379. Student representatives will be visiting the classes with voting forms.
380. Recession triggers exciting creativity and high rates of powerful entrepreneurialism.
381. Novelists write about things that they know about.
382. Banks charge interest on the money they lent to customers.
383. A typical part of the course involves the study of society.
384. This course places considerable emphasis on critical thinking skills.
385. Lecture outlines are available on the college board and the internal website.
386. Summer school programs allow some students to accelerate their studies.
387. The very basic definition of computing would be counting and calculating.
388. The extent of advertising to children is very much open to debate.
389. Many people think they are more talented than others.
390. The university now faces a serious challenge of finance.
391. Students must clean their hands before attending the engineering workshop.
392. Understanding ancient poetry is efficient for the project.
393. Newspapers across the country have been reporting stories of the president.
394. Clinical placement in nursing prepares students for professional practice.
395. Animals raised in captivity behave differently than their wild counterparts.
396. All lectures and learning materials can be found on the internet.
397. Academic problems cause a rise in employment.
398. A person's educational level is closely related to his economic background.
399. Certain scientific principles must be learned verbally or by a logical deduction.
400. Building trust is something that cannot be achieved overnight.
401. You should be careful when searching internet sources.
402. Global connections thrived in academic communities, thanks to social media.
403. Undergraduates may pursue their specific interests within certificate programs.
404. The other book isn't thorough, but it's more insightful.
405. Three resources are not enough for this assessment.
406. The lecture today will cover all the main reasons for global warming.
407. The lecturer intended to promote a series of thoughts and discussions.
408. In computer science degree, there is a new module in artificial intelligence.
409. Radio is one of the most popular forms of entertainment throughout the world.
410. We aim to develop a partnership with the government and financial institutions.
411. He began the outlines before his presentation.
412. The exam results will be posted on the notice board.
413. This lecture will be of special interest to history students.
414. You should be careful when searching internet sources.
415. Economic problems caused a big rise in unemployment.
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13. BLOOD SUGAR:

16. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:

20. CULPRIT FUNGI:

21. KIDNEY TRANSPLANTATION:

24. HEART DISEASE DIAGNOSIS:

25. BIRTH RATES:

27. KINDNESS AND MATURITY:

28. COMPETENCE OF CORE:

29. BUSY PEOPLE:

31. LION AND LIONESSES:

35. MAJOR LAYOFFS:

36. LUNAR ECLIPSE:

37. IMPACT OF PSYCHOLOGY:

40. ESSENTIAL CARBON:

41. SUBJECT OUTLINES:

42. BEAUTY CONTESTS:

43. AVI LOEB:

44. TURBINE BLADE:

46. CONTRIBUTION TO BOOKS:

48. FLOOD CONTROL:

49. WHAT WE WANT:

53. COMMITTEE GRATITUDE:

54. WINDOW IN PAINTING:

56. GLOBAL CHANGES:

57. WAR AND COMMODITY:

62. AUSTRALIAN ENGLISH:

63. PRIVATE EQUITY:

68. NUCLEAR SAFETY:

69. MEATLESS DIET:

70. SUMMARY AND ABSTRACT:

71. DEAF CHILDREN:

73. EUROPEAN WILDCATS:

75. AROMATIC SUBSTANCE:

76. BARLEY GRAINS:

77. HYDROGEN FUEL:

79. INJURY OR DISEASE:

81. PROTEIN TAU:

83. BLUE COLOR:

84. CARBON EMISSION:

89. GRAND CANYON:

90. GLOBAL WARMING:

93. BLINKING EYES:

95. CULTIVATED LANGUAGE:

96. CENTRAL IDEA:

97. EATING DISORDER:

99. PARTICLE ACCELERATOR:

100. WASHING MACHINE:

101. POCKET MONEY:

102. BLACK HOLE:

103. HOME FENCING:

105. ANIMAL FIGHTING:

106. ADDICTIVE GAMES:

108. RAPID CHANGE:

110. CANNABIS USERS:

112. MEDITERRANEAN DIET:

113. EXECUTIVE RESIDENCE:

116. CLOUD SEEDING:

117. CLOCK GENES:

119. ELECTRIC VEHICLES:

120. INTAKE OF CARBOHYDRATE:

121. VALUES OF LITERATURE:

123. ACTOR TRAINING: