PTE UNIVERSE MATERIAL

- - Read Aloud Questions

 READ ALOUD
1.FILMS:
Films can be compelling when used well. They have the power to change people’s perspectives and
outlook on life. When we consider it in education, it has become one of the ideal teaching methods
for various reasons. It helps to motivate learners to be more productive and look on a positive side of
life.

2. LOCOMOTION:
Locomotion underpins a limitless array of animal behaviours and can be a rich source of inspiration
for the design of modern machines. Movement requires mechanical interaction with the physical
environment to monitor and control musculoskeletal systems that may be complex with many degrees
of freedom. Recent advances in robotics have proven to be powerful in broadening our understanding
of how animals run in a controlled manner.

3. BEAUTY:
Beauty is subjective, and as such it of course cannot be defined in absolute terms. But we all know or
feel when something is beautiful to us personally. And in such instances, methods of physics and
network science can be used to quantify and help us better understand what it is that evokes that
pleasant feeling.

4. BIODIVERSITY DECLINE:
Climate change and biodiversity decline are major challenges of our time. Both are predominantly
caused by human activities, with profound consequences for people and the ecosystems on which we
depend. Some actions we can undertake are beneficial in both areas, helping to mitigate and adapt to
climate change as well as conserve and restore biodiversity.

5. BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES:
For centuries, the study of biological processes has inspired fundamental mathematical
developments, while mathematical analyses have been instrumental in developing a mechanistic
understanding of biological observations. This fruitful cross-fertilization has gained momentum over
recent decades, thanks in part to extraordinary technological advancements in the biological sciences,
as well as the rising availability of large-scale computational resources.

6. DOMESTICATION:
Domestication is an evolutionary process, not a political one. It is unquestionably not a 10,000-year-
old regime that humans imposed on animals. Domestication occurred when a small number of
exceptionally opportunistic animals recognised, via Darwinian trial and error, that they were more
likely to live and thrive in a partnership with humans than they were on their own.

7. BICYCLE:
Road cycling racing is a type of cycle sport that takes place on paved roads. In terms of the number of
racers, events, and spectators, road racing is the most popular professional form of bicycle racing.
Mass start events, in which riders start at the same time and race to a predetermined finish point, and
time trials, in which individual riders or teams’ race course against the clock, are the two most popular
competitive types.

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8. INTEGRATION:
Integration is becoming increasingly important in the commercial world. This necessity stems from the
need for efficiency and synergy in a complex and dynamic environment. To put it another way,
integration is required to facilitate coordination, which is linked to the creation of competitive
advantage once again.

9. LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY:
Liverpool University is among the top 1% of institutions worldwide, thanks to its excellence in
teaching, learning, and research, first-class facilities, and great support. It is located in the centre of
two world-famous cities, Liverpool and London. In a diverse international community, the University
of Liverpool will provide you with an inspiring student experience.

10. TEA CEREMONY:

Many non-Japanese are familiar with the traditional tea ceremony, including its history, complexities,
and religious origins. However, few individuals outside of Japan have a thorough comprehension of
the practice's esoteric meaning. Even in Japan, only those who have dedicated their life to the
discipline are aware of the hidden meaning of tea ceremony.

11. GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS:

Medusa, the world's longest reticulated python in captivity, lives in Kansas City, according to Guinness
World Records. She stands at a height of 25 feet. Natusch mentions numerous species that are
supposed to be longer than the reticulated python. The Australian scrub python, African rock python,
and, perhaps most famously, the green anaconda are among them.

12. QUOTES:
You will be required to use quotes from one or more sources in many of your college papers. Even if
you don't have to, incorporating a few quotes into your writing might give your arguments more
vitality and persuasiveness. The trick is to utilise quotations to support a statement rather than just to
fill space.

13. FLAGS:
Flags can, and often do, bring a country together. In times of crisis, a country that can look to its flag
flying high over the landscape and realise that the country will continue to exist. People who have
never met before can feel a sense of togetherness toward one another because they are both citizens
of the same nation and fly the same flag.

14. BANKSIA SCABRELLA:

The Burma Road Banksia, or Banksia Scabrella, is a species of woody shrub of the genus Banksia. It
belongs to the Abietinae series, which includes numerous shrubs with small round or oval
inflorescence. It's found in a few isolated populations south of Geraldton, Western Australia, the
largest of which is south and east of Mount Adams.

15. BERMUDA TRIANGLE:

The Bermuda Triangle is a mythical section of the Atlantic Ocean roughly bounded by Miami, Bermuda
and Puerto Rico where dozens of ships and airplanes have disappeared. Unexplained circumstances
surround some of these accidents, including one in which the pilots of a squadron of U.S. Navy
bombers became disoriented while flying over the area; the planes were never found.

16. AVI LOEB:

The situation is similar to a pregnant woman that has twin babies in her belly, says Avi Loeb of the
Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. He's proposing the idea in a

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paper that's been accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.

17. GRAND CANYON:

Few things in the world produce such amazement as one's first glimpse of the Grand Canyon; it took
around more than 2 billion years to create this vast wonder in some places. 17 miles wide, largely
through the relentless force of the Colorado River, which runs 277 miles along its length and a mile
beneath its towering rims.

18. GLOBAL WARMING:

Global warming is defined as an increase in the average temperature of the earth's atmosphere. This
trend began in the middle of the 20th century and is one of the major environmental concerns of
scientists and governmental officials worldwide. The changes in temperature result mostly from the
effect of increased concentrations of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere.

19. MODERN BUILDINGS:

Modern buildings have to achieve certain performance requirements, at least to satisfy those of
building codes, to provide a safe, healthy, and comfortable environment. However, these conditioned
environments demand resources in energy and materials, which are both limited in supply, to build
and operate.

20. BORDER:
The border itself between Mexico and United States is fraught with a mix of urban and desert terrain
and spans over one thousand nine hundred miles. Both the uninhabited areas of the border and urban
areas are where the most drug trafficking and illegal crossings take place. Crime is prevalent in urban
cities like El Paso, Texas and San Diego, California.

21. FILERS:
Researchers think that long-distance fliers such as the American golden-plover and the white-rumped
sandpiper picked up the spores while lining their nests. Then when the birds arrive in new places they
molt, leaving behind the feathers and their precious cargo-to start growing again at the other end of
the world.

22. MOODS:
Moods may also have an effect on how information is processed, by influencing the extent to which
judges rely on pre-existing, internal information, or focus on new, external information. Positive
moods promote more holistic and top-down processing style, while negative moods recruit more
stimulus-driven and bottom-up processing.

23. BRAIN HEMESPHERES:

The brain is divided into two hemispheres, called the left and the right hemispheres. Each hemisphere
provides a different set of functions, behaviors, and controls. The right hemisphere is often called the
creative side of the brain, while the left hemisphere is the logical or analytic side of the brain. The right
hemisphere controls the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere controls the right side.

24. INTROVERTS AND EXTROVERTS:

Introvert, or those of us with introverted tendencies, tends to recharge by spending time alone. They
lose energy from being around people for long periods of time, particularly large crowds. Extroverts,
on the other hand, gain energy from other people. Extroverts actually find their energy is sapped when
they spend too much time alone. They recharge by being social.

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25. PRIVATE EQUITY:
It isn't rare for private equity houses to hire graduates fresh out of business schools, but nine times
out of ten, the students who nab these jobs are the ones who had private equity experience before
even starting their MBA program.

26. LEGAL WRITING:

Legal writing is usually less discursive than writing in other humanities subjects, and precision is more
important than variety. Sentence structure should not be too complex; it is usually unnecessary to
make extensive use of adjectives or adverbs, and consistency of terms is often required.

27. STATISTICAL DESIGN:

The survey found that the statistical chances of someone from a poor background being accepted at
one of the country's most respected universities are far lower than those of a student from a wealthy
family. This means that the inequalities in society are likely to be passed down from one generation
to the next.

28. GOODS AND SERVICES:

Quite obviously, a significant rise in the number of people in a given area or country will affect the
demand for a whole host of goods and services. Note that a change in the structure of the population
will Increase the demand for some goods but reduce the demand for others.

29. EXTROVERTS:
Extroverts tend to move quickly and try to influence situations directly, while introverts give
themselves time to develop their insights before exposing them to the world. Extroverts are happy
making decisions in the thick of events, while introverts want to reflect before taking action.

30. TISSUES AND ORGANS:

Tissues are grouped together in the body to form organs. These include the brain, heart, lungs,
kidneys, and liver. Each body organ has a specific shape and is made up of different types of tissue
that work together. For example, the heart consists mainly of a specialized type of muscle tissue, which
contracts rhythmically to provide the heart's pumping action.

31. HUNTER-GATHERER:
The life of a hunter-gatherer is indeed, as Thomas Hobbes said of the state of nature, 'Solitary, poor,
nasty, brutish, and short'. In some respects, to be sure, wandering through the jungle bagging monkeys
may be preferable to the hard slog of subsistence agriculture.

32. PLATO:
Plato often explores the father-son relationship and whether a father's interest in his sons has
anything to do with how well his sons turn out. A boy's social identity in ancient Athens was
determined by his family identity, and Plato often refers to his characters in terms of their parental
and fraternal relationships. Socrates was not a family man and considered himself as his mother's son.

33. CHILDREN HELPING OTHERS:

Children as young as 14 months old will spontaneously help others for no reward. But a study of 3- to
5-year-olds found that, although they would spontaneously draw pictures, if they were given a reward
for drawing pictures, then later they would ‘t makes any drawings unless a reward was offered.

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34. LANDSCAPE:
Yet this landscape, which appeared so alien and confronting to the white settlers and explorers, had
been home for thousands of years to Indigenous Australians for whom the plains, ranges and deserts
were a sustaining, spiritual and integral part of their existence.

35. CANADA:
With a population of only just over 30 million living in the world's second largest country, Canada is
justly renowned for vast tracts of wilderness untroubled by pollution either from industry or from
intensive farming methods. A major conservation issue is the battle to stop the logging of virgin forest
in northern Ontario and on the west coast.

36. LABOR MIGRATION:

Most countries are affected by labor migration. In many rural places, the traditional extended family
has been undermined by the need for family members to migrate to towns as an economic necessity.
Migration, therefore, presents a major challenge everywhere to social and economic policy.

37. TIDAL ENERGY:

Tidal energy, also known as tidal power, is a renewable source of energy and a form of hydropower
used to generate electricity from the energy of the tides. Though not currently widely utilized, due to
high costs and limited availability, it can be called the energy resource of the future given the current
rate of depletion of energy resources.

38. ROMAN ARMY:

There were two types of soldiers in the Roman Army: the roman legionary and the auxiliaries. The
legionaries were the very best soldiers and the auxiliaries were actually non-Roman citizens.
Legionaries wore an undershirt made of linen and a woollen tunic. The linen helped the soldiers to
stay cool while the wool helped to trap heat, keeping the soldiers warm.

39. DIGITAL ART:

Digital art can be computer generated, scanned or drawn using a tablet and a mouse. Thanks to
improvements in digital technology, it is possible to download video onto computers, allowing artists
to manipulate the images they had filmed with a video camera. This gives artists a creative freedom,
allowing them to cut and paste within moving images to create visual collages.

40. DOMESTIC CATS:

Domestic cats that are largely indoor hunt less than outdoor cats because they don‘t have access to
mice. In the wild, feral kittens are taught how to kill prey by their mothers. Domestic cats often fail to
learn this skill, which is why you will see them ―playing‖ with anything they catch, or they may bring
the mouse to you to kill.

41. COW FEED:

More than half of cow feed is actually grass, and farmers call it hay and silage. While people often
think dairy cows are fed a high-grain diet, in reality they eat the leaves and stems from corn, wheat
and oats far more often than they are eating grain, like corn kernels.

42. BONE DENSITY:

The bone density test is painless and quick. It estimates how dense or thick your bones are by using
X-rays. The X-rays measure how much calcium and minerals are in a part of your bone. The more
minerals you have, the better, which means your bones are stronger, denser, and less likely to break.

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43. COFFEE:
Coffee is a beloved beverage known for its ability to fine-tune your focus and boost your energy levels.
In fact, many people depend on their daily cup of coffee when they wake up to get their day started
on the right foot. In addition to its energizing effects, coffee has been linked to a long list of potential
health benefits, giving you more reasons to get brewing.

44. GLUCOSE:
The body uses glucose as its main source of energy. Glucose comes from foods that contain
carbohydrates, which is released and absorbed into the bloodstream after food is digested. The
glucose in the bloodstream needs to move into body tissues so that cells can use it for energy. Excess
glucose is also stored in the liver, or converted to fat.

45. SEA BREEZE:

The sea breeze is one of the most frequently occurring small-scale weather systems. It results from
the unequal sensible heat flux of the lower atmosphere over adjacent solar heated land and water
masses. Owing to the large thermal inertia of a water body, during daytime the air temperature
changes little over the water while over land the air mass warms.

46. MUTUAL POLITICS:

In order to achieve the free flow of goods and services, with work and capital between the member
countries, they needed to establish mutual politics in areas as diverse as agriculture, transport, and
when they concerned with a far wider range of Issues.

47. PERSONAL LIBRARIES:

Scholars build their own personal libraries to support not only particular projects but also general
reading in their field. They buy or make photocopies of materials when possible so they can come out
themselves frequently, but page and write annotation on them. When moving into a new field they
add to the collections only concentrating on primary texts.

48. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE:

Behavioural and social sciences research helps predict, prevent, and manage illness – in individuals
and in whole populations. This research also helps people change them behaviours, understand
treatments, and learn how to stick with them. Society's role is significant, too: access to health care
affects decision making and behaviour.

49. UNDERGRADUATES EDUCATION:

Undergraduates may choose to major in any one of 125 academic majors. The universities
distinguished faculty includes internationally known scientists, authors and teachers who are
committed to continuing the university's tradition in providing one of the highest quality
undergraduate educations available.

50. LECTURE BEGINNING:

Don't miss the beginning of the lecture since it is very often most valuable part, for instance, because
it refused previous lectures or outlines objects and lecture structure, if you easily get distracted by
other students' seat near the front.

51. ANTARCTIC:
The world's fifth largest continent: Antarctica is almost entirely covered by ice 2000 meters thick. The
area sustains varied wildlife including seals, whales, and penguins. The Antarctic treaty signed in 1959
and enforced since 1961 provides for international governance of Antarctica.

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52. LOGGERHEAD TURTLE:
It‘s time for this young loggerhead turtle to go to work. We can tether turtles in these little cloth
harnesses, put them into this tank and dull swimming place. University of North Carolina biologist Ken
Loman studies sea turtles that are programmed from birth for an extraordinary journey. Mother
turtles buried the eggs on the beach and then returned to the sea and the eggs hatch about 50 to 60
days later.

53. GLOBALIZATION:
The benefits and disadvantages of globalization are the subject of ongoing debate. The downside to
globalization can be seen in the increased risk for the transmission of diseases. Globalization has of
course led to great good, too. Richer nations now can come to the aid of poorer nations in crisis.
Increasing diversity in many countries has meant more opportunity to learn about and celebrate other
cultures.

54. AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE:

While advances in agricultural science have always been critical to ensuring we help feed the world,
its impact and importance is even greater now, as population grows at a rapid rate and the availability
of arable land steadily declines. Science and technology solutions are essential to meeting growing
demand for food, maintaining market competitiveness and adapting to land mitigating risks.

55. SUMMERHILL SCHOOL:

Summerhill School was regarded with considerable suspicion by the educational establishment.
Lessons were optional for pupils at the school, and the government of the school was carried out by a
School Council, of which all the pupils and staff were members, with everyone having equal voting
rights.

56. PARAPHRASING:
We define paraphrasing as putting a passage from an author into your own words. However, what are
your own words? How different must your paraphrase be from the original? The answer is it should
be considerably different. The whole point of paraphrasing is to show you have read and understood
another person's ideas and can summarize them in your own writing style rather than borrowing their
phrases. If you just change a few words or add some bits of your own to an otherwise reproduced
passage, you will probably be penalized for plagiarism. You should aim to condense and simplify a
writer's ideas and describe them using different sentence structures and expressions.

57. NIGHT SKY:

Nature offers no greater splendour than the starry sky on a clear, dark night. Silent and jeweled with
the constellations of ancient myth and legend, the night sky has inspired wonder throughout the ages
- a wonder that leads our imaginations far from the confines of Earth and the pace of the present day
and out into the distant reaches of space and cosmic time itself.

58. LANGUAGE DIVERSITY:

Despite a number of events in recent years devoted to language diversity, language endangerment,
and multilingualism, such as the International Year of Languages, public awareness of the issues is still
remarkably limited. Only one in four of the population know that half the languages of the world are
so seriously endangered that they are unlikely to survive the present century.

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59. POLITICAL DECLARATION:
The Assembly also decided that, at that special session, it would adopt a concise and action-oriented
political declaration, agreed upon in advance by consensus through intergovernmental negotiations
under the auspices of the Conference.

60. EXAMINATION OF DOMICILE:

At an early stage in the examination of the domicile of dependency rule in so far as it related to married
women it seemed to the Commission that it would be better to examine the whole concept of
domicile, particularly as dependent domicile arises in the case of minors (children under the age of
majority) and mentally disordered persons as well as in the case of married women.

61. FOOD:
One of the most significant purchases you'll make is food. Despite this, most people are unconcerned
about where their food originates from. People care a lot more about what kind of blue jeans to wear,
what video games to play, and what kind of laptops to buy.

62. PROBLEMS IN SLEEP:

Sleep disorder is another name for sleep behaviour. People who suffer from sleep disorders frequently
talk or walk while sleeping. They have no idea what they're discussing or where they're heading. There
are no major side effects on the body, but it could be linked to mental health. People with different
sleep behaviours are those who have had childhood trauma, have unspoken difficulties, or are
depressed.

63. CREATIVITY:
The act of forging new connections between existing ideas or recognising links between concepts is
known as the creative process. Creative thinking isn't about coming up with anything fresh from
scratch; it's about taking what's already there and putting it together in a way that hasn't been done
before.

64. DECISION MAKING:

Selecting decisions is exactly what it sounds like: the act or process of making choices. We make logical
decisions on occasion, but we also make emotional, irrational, and perplexing ones on a regular basis.
This website explains why we make bad decisions and offers frameworks to help you improve your
decision-making skills.

65. MENTAL ERRORS:

Hundreds of psychological researches have shown that we tend to exaggerate the significance of
events that are easy to recall while underestimating the significance of situations that are difficult to
recall. This mental blunder is known as an "illusory correlation" by psychologists. In this article, we'll
go through a simple approach for identifying hidden assumptions and avoiding making an erroneous
correlation.

66. MENTAL MODELS:

Learning mental models is the most effective technique to improve your decision-making abilities. A
mental model is a framework or hypothesis that explains why things work the way they do in the
world. Each mental model is a concept that helps us make sense of the world and provides a
perspective on life's challenges.

67. SUN:
The sun is a massive gaseous ball. It measures 1,392,000 kilometres in diameter. It's so big that
millions of planets could fit inside. Hydrogen and helium gas make up the majority of the Sun's

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composition. The photosphere is the name given to the Sun’s surface. The chromospheres are a thin
layer of gas that surrounds the photosphere. There would be no life on Earth if the Sun did not exist.
Plants, animals, and humans would all be extinct. The Sun provides energy to all living creatures on
Earth, allowing them to survive.

68. SOLAR SYSTEM:

The Sun, Moon, and Planets make up the Solar System. Comets, meteoroids, and asteroids make up
the rest of the solar system. The Sun is the most massive object in the Solar System. Mercury, Venus,
Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, the dwarf planet, are the planets in order of
distance from the Sun. Planets, asteroids, comets, and meteoroids orbit around the Sun, which lies at
the centre of the Solar System.

69. SNAKE CHARMER:

A snake charmer is a person who travels the streets of the Yamuna River's banks with various species
of snakes. In his basket, he has snakes. He moves from place to place, demonstrating numerous snakes
and their skills. He has a pipe that he uses to play music, and snakes dance to his beat. He frequently
wears a brightly coloured outfit. A snake charmer's job is extremely risky. Some snakes are quite
deadly and may bite him. Getting them and training them for the shows is not a simple feat.

70. STREET BEGGAR:

A street beggar can be found at bus stops, train stations, religious sites, and markets, among other
places. Some of the beggars are crippled, lame, or blind. They are unable to support themselves.
Others, on the other hand, are in good health and do not deserve our pity. We should encourage them
to pursue a career. They must not be let to beg. Every day on my walk to school, I pass a beggar. He's
dressed in tatters. He's partially deaf. I feel sorry for him when I see him, but I can't help myself; all I
can do is pray to God to help him earn a living.

71. DOCTOR:
A doctor is someone who cares after sick individuals and prescribes medications to help them recover
quickly. A person must study medicine in order to become a doctor. Doctors have a difficult job. Their
schedule is really hectic. They go to the hospital first thing in the morning. They don't take any breaks
while they work. They always maintain a pleasant manner in order for patients to feel at ease with
them. We must recognise the value of doctors since they work so hard.

72. FARMERS:
India is mostly a farming country. The majority of the population lives in villages and works as a farmer.
Cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruits are grown there. Farmers have a difficult life. They go to the
fields first thing in the morning. They work on the farm late into the evening. Kuccha homes are
commonly used by farmers. Despite their efforts, they remain impoverished. Farmers consume simple
foods, dress simply, and raise livestock such as cows, buffaloes, and oxen. We wouldn't be able to eat
cereal if they didn't exist. They play a vital part in a country's growth and economy.

73. MICROORGANISMS:
There are many reasons why water tastes stale when it is kept for a long time. Microorganisms play a
big role in this phenomenon. When they grow, they release chemicals into the water from their
metabolic activity. This evaporates over time, so the absence of it from water left out for a long period
brings about a change in taste.

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74. DRUG TEST:
Tests of a drug known to stimulate brain activity have shown early success in reducing symptoms of
sluggish cognitive tempo in 38 men and women with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. It also
significantly corrected deficits in executive brain function, with fewer episodes of procrastination,
improvements in keeping things in mind, and strengthened prioritization skills.

75. EMPLOYERS:
Many employers outside of the military cannot comprehend the myriad of acronyms soldiers may
initially struggle to stop using in their daily work. Some veterans may also struggle to explain how their
experience can be applied in a non-military environment. One potential solution comes in an unlikely
form: virtual reality (VR).

76. OPTOGENETICS:
Optogenetics is a research tool in neuroscience that uses light to alter the activity of genetically
engineered light-sensitive nerve cells to better understand the function and behaviour of clusters of
neurons in animals. Now, a team led by researchers from the Korea Advanced Institute of Science and
Technology has developed an implantable optogenetic light-emitting device that can be wirelessly
recharged.

77. DELTA VARIANT:

As the Delta variant of coronavirus sweeps the U.S. businesses, universities and cities such as New
York and San Francisco have introduced vaccine mandates to boost uptake of jabs, but vaccine
hesitancy remains high and a cottage industry for bogus inoculation cards has emerged to help people
get around the rules.

78. PERMAFROST:
Permafrost is ground that is frozen year-round. In the Arctic, ice-rich permafrost soils can be up to 260
feet thick. Due to human-caused warming of the atmosphere from greenhouse gas emissions, a steady
thawing of the permafrost is currently taking place where the upper layer of seasonally thawed soil is
gradually getting thicker and reaching deeper into the ground.

79. EMERALD:
Emerald is defined by its green color. To be an emerald, a specimen must have a distinctly green color
that falls in the range from bluish green to green to slightly yellowish green. To be an emerald, the
specimen must also have a rich color. Stones with weak saturation or light tone should be called
―green beryl." If it is greenish yellow it is ―heliodor." This color definition is a source of confusion.

80. LUXIOROUS VACATION:

Whether you're climbing your way up the corporate ladder or overwhelmed with the organizational
tasks of home and kids, a luxurious vacation to an exotic paradise may seem like an impossible dream.
You can only fantasize about an outdoor massage among fragrant island flowers or a nap after
enjoying a brunch ripe with fruits fresh from the vine.

81. COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Artificial intelligence has been one of the most controversial domains of inquiry in computer science
since it was first proposed in the 1950s. Defined as the part of computer science concerned with
designing systems that exhibit the characteristics associated with human intelligence understanding
language, learning, reasoning, solving problems.

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82. EARTH’S TEMPERATURE:
It's projected that, over the next hundred years, temperatures on Earth could rise an average of nearly
five degrees Celsius. While some animals might be able to migrate north to escape the brunt of the
heat, plants can ‘t uproot themselves quite so easily. Researchers wondered whether the creatures
that disperse plant seeds might be able to help.

83. DISASTER:
When a major disaster strikes, the first people on the scene are often local organizations, residents
and volunteers. They are often faced with the retrieval and immediate management of dead bodies
before forensic experts can arrive.

84. GLOBAL ORDER:

The defining question about global order for this generation is whether China and the United States
can escape Thucydides‘s Trap. The Greek historian ‘s metaphor reminds us of the attendant dangers
when a rising power rivals a ruling power - as Athens challenged Sparta in ancient Greece, or as
Germany did Britain a century ago.

85. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS:
Conscientiousness is a fundamental personality trait. A conscientious person is good at self-regulation
and impulse control. This trait influences whether you will set and keep long-range goals, deliberate
over choices, behave cautiously or impulsively, and take obligations to others seriously.

86. SOFT DRINK:

The main production of soft drink was stored in 1830's & since then from those experimental
beginning, there was an evolution until in 1781 when the world‘s first cola flavoured beverage was
introduced. These drinks were called soft drinks, only to separate them from hard alcoholic drinks.
Today, soft drink is more favourite refreshment drink than tea, coffee, juice etc.

87. EDUCATION:
Since 2003, borrowing for education advanced faster, in percentage terms, than all other types of
consumer debt that includes mortgages, auto loans and credit cards, data from the Federal Reserve
Bank of New York show. As of the fourth quarter, student loans represented 10.5 percent of a record
$13.1 trillion in household debt, up from 3.3 percent at the start of 2003.

88. UNIVERSITIES OF EUROPE:

During the Early Modern period, the universities of Europe would see a tremendous amount of
growth, productivity, and innovative research. At the end of the Middle Ages, about 400 years after
the first European university was founded, there were twenty-nine universities spread throughout
Europe.

89. HOTTEST MONTH IN HISTORY:

The Earth just had the hottest month in recorded history, and it‘s even worse than normal. The record
comes in a run of unprecedentedly hot months. Not only does it break through the all-time record set
a year before, it also continues a now 10-month long streak of months that are the hottest ever
according to NASA data. The National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration calculate
temperatures slightly different.

90. SMARTPHONES:
Smartphones have become an everyday essential for millions of us - we rely on them for everything
from updating our social media profiles to banking. Taking out a smartphone contract that bundles

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together your calls, data, and texts with the cost of the handset can help spread the cost - but can also
mean you'll pay more over the long run.

91. METEORITE:
A meteorite that fell on Earth more than a century ago may contain some of the first concrete evidence
for a cosmic mash-up in the early solar system. Following the birth of our sun 4.5 billion years ago, it
is thought that Jupiter‘s formation caused two reservoirs of asteroids to gather in the solar system,
one inside the giant planet's orbit and one outside.

92. BAD HABITS:

It is very easy to acquire bad habits, such as eating too many sweets or too much food, or drinking too
much fluid of any kind, or smoking etc. The more we do a thing, the more we tend to like doing it. In
later stage, if we do not continue to do it, we feel unhappy. This is called the ‗force of habit‘and the
force of habit should be fought against.

93. TERMITES:
Termites, the tiny creatures - have learnt to create a comfortable home in some of the world's
toughest climates. Outside, in the African Savannah the temperatures vary from forty degrees in the
day to one degree at night. Yet, inside the mound, the temperature stays constant.

94. SOIL:
Soil is the top layer of the Earth's surface, mostly created from weathered rock. It is made up of varying
amounts of minerals, humus, or decayed organic matter, and useful living creatures like worms. The
finest rock particles within soil - forms sticky clay, the medium particles become silt, and the coarsest
constitute sand. While there is sufficient moisture, soil supports vegetation, providing a habitat for a
variety of animals.

95. PRONUNCIATION:
Pronunciation is the way in which a word or a language is spoken. This may refer to generally agreed-
upon sequences of sounds used in speaking a given word or language in a specific dialect (―correct
pronunciation") or simply the way a particular individual speaks a word or language.

96. FINANCIAL INSTITUTION:

In a landmark report published on Monday, the international financial institution called on states to
reduce global emissions and bridge the development gap to avoid the effects of slow-onset climate
change such as water scarcity, decreasing crop productivity, and rising sea levels.

97. GAMEPLAY:
The interludes which break up the gameplay action, and which, because they can be made to a higher
level of animation, often provide the most visually arresting sequences of a game. Combined with a
taste for bizarrely complicated, recursive plots, and long sequences of wordy explicatory dialogue, this
turns the games into a bit of a drag.

98. ECONOMY:
Just as the world's fifth-largest economy emerges from the COVID-19 pandemic, the post-Brexit
shortage of truck drivers and a spike in European natural gas prices has left the UK grappling with the
grim prospect of a potential food supply crunch and soaring energy bills.

99. AUSTRALIAN SCIENTISTS:

Australian scientists say they have developed pain-free blood sugar testing for diabetics a non-invasive
strip that checks glucose levels via saliva for diabetics managing their blood sugar levels typically

13
means pricking their fingers multiple times a day with a lancet and then placing a drop of blood on a
testing strip.

100. SOVIET UNION:

Since the Soviet Union successfully launched the first man-made satellite, Sputnik 1, in 1957, about
5,000 more satellites have been put into orbit around the Earth. About 2,000 of these are active and
although the rest are now dysfunctional, they remain in orbit, together with parts from all the rockets
that carried them there. These remnants are often referred to as space junk, space trash or orbital
debris.

101. CAMEL SCULPTURES:

A series of camel sculptures carved into rock faces in Saudi Arabia are likely to be the oldest large-
scale animal reliefs in the world, a study says. When the carvings were first discovered in 2018,
researchers estimated they were created about 2,000 years ago. This was based on their similarity to
reliefs at Jordan's famous ancient city of Petra.

102. SECTARIAN REPRESSION:

Many families are fleeing their native countries due to sectarian repression and political uprisings.
Consequently, thousands of people have been stranded in foreign lands for months; other families
have gone missing in the sea, marooned in small boats, as the neighbouring foreign countries refuse
to take them in.

103. PASSION:
Do something you are very passionate about and do not try to chase what is considered the hot
passion of the day. People say you have to have a lot of passion for what you're doing, and it‘s totally
true. You have to do it over a sustained period of time. So, if you don't love it, you're going to give up.

104. DOMESTIC VOILANCE:

Domestic Violence Increased During Lockdown in The United States - "A new study, published in
Psychology of Violence, looks at rates of intimate partner violence during the pandemic in the United
States. Like data from the UK, it suggests that domestic violence increased during lockdown. ‖

105. ENGLISH COURSE:

I've seen no evidence to suggest that students are not able to complete their courses because they're
failing in English yet they're being passed by the universities," she said. ―I've not seen any evidence
to back that up. ‖ International education is one of our largest exports, it's our fourth largest export
and it's in the interest of our universities to maintain very high standards because their reputation is
at stake.

106. HOUSING:
Housing fulfils the basic needs that people have for security, privacy and shelter. While the adequacy
of housing is an important component of individual well-being, housing also has great impact on the
nation ‘s economy, with its influence on investment levels, interest rates, building activity and
employment.

107. NASA:
NASA Confirms Thousands of Massive, Ancient Volcanic Eruptions on Mars: Scientists found evidence
that a region of northern Mars called Arabia Terra experienced thousands of ―super eruptions,‖ the
biggest volcanic eruptions known, over a 500-million-year period.

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108. BLACK SUMMER:
Smoke from Australia ‘s Black Summer bushfires of 2019 to 2020, which burnt through 18 million
hectares of land, produced a phytoplankton bloom larger than the entire country of Australia located
in the Southern Ocean.

109. INFORMATION AND MEMORY:

We acknowledge all the information and memory notes provided by students. We also acknowledge
open source from various books and journal articles. All questions and answers are prepared and
annotated by the Australian Institute of Language. All rights reserved, not for any commercial
purposes, but for personal study only.

110. ANCIENT ATHENS:

In ancient Athens, a boy was socially located by his family identity, and Plato often refers to his
characters in terms of their paternal and fraternal relationships. Socrates was not a family man and
saw himself as the son of his mother, who was apparently a midwife.

111. AVALANCHE:
Avalanche is rapidly descending large mass of snow, ice, soil, rock, or mixtures of these materials,
sliding or falling in response to the force of gravity. Avalanches, which are natural forms of erosion
and often seasonal, are usually classified by their content such as a debris or snow avalanche.

112. TEA CEREMONY:

Many non-Japanese know a thing or two about traditional tea ceremony, its history, intricacies and
religious origins. However, few people outside Japan have a deep understanding of the esoteric
meaning of the practice. Indeed, even in Japan, the secret meaning of tea ceremony is little
understood except by those who have devoted their lives to the discipline.

113. POLLUTION:
To reduce pollution, it is essential that the town center becomes a car-free zone. A ring road should
be built so that cars are diverted away from the town center. The main shopping streets could be
converted into a pedestrianized area. If trees and flowers are planted, the town center will be
transformed into a quiet and green space where residents can enjoy shopping and walking in a healthy
environment.

114. CLIMATE CHANGE:

With climate change, plants of the future will consume more water than in the present day, leading
to less water available for people living in North America and Eurasia, according to a new study. The
research suggests a drier future despite anticipated precipitation increases for places like the United
States and Europe, populous regions already facing water stresses.

115. SALAMANDERS:
Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by a lizard-like appearance, with
slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the body, and the presence of a
tail in both larvae and adults.

116. BOND FUNDS:

Most bond funds have credit risk, which is the risk that companies or other issuers whose bonds are
owned by the fund may fail to pay their debts, including the debt owed to the holder of their bonds.
Some funds have little credit risk, such as those that invest in insured bonds or U.S. Treasury bonds.
But be careful: nearly all bond funds have interest rate risk, which means that the market value of the
bonds they hold will go down when interest rates go up.

15
117. WELLNESS:
Within ―wellness‖ paradigm of care, there would still be a place for use of medications that help
people feel differently, at least for a time: sedatives, tranquilizers, and so forth. And you would still
want to fund science that seeks to better understand the many pathways to debilitating mood states
and to ―psychosis‖ and yes, whatever biological vulnerabilities that may be present.

118. MUTUAL INCOMPETENCE:

Six decades after the British novelist and chemist C. P. Snow famously decried the ―gulf of mutual
incomprehension‖ between the sciences and the humanities, the chasm often seems larger than ever.
Science has grown more technically demanding over the years, even as the shared public experience
of art and culture has fragmented.

119. COLONISTS:
The main difference on this occasion was that the colonists were not just fighting against a king who
was determined to use his own prerogative; they were also fighting against a parliament which
believed that it and it alone should raise taxes and control revenues, rights which had been won in the
previous century.

120. SCIENTIST’S EVIDENCE:

A scientist's evidence is thought to be reliable because it will have been tested and verified at every
stage. This is not, of course, infallible as scientists are subject to human error as much as the rest of
us.

121. HISTORY BOOKS:

Invaders, pirates, warriors - the history books taught us that Vikings were brutal predators who
travelled by sea from Scandinavia to pillage and raid their way across Europe and beyond. Now cutting-
edge DNA sequencing of more than 400 Viking skeletons from archaeological sites scattered across
Europe and Greenland will rewrite the history book.

122. WRITERS:
Writers may make the mistake of making all their sentences too compact. Some have made this
accusation against the prose of Gibbon. An occasional loose sentence prevents the style from
becoming too formal and allows the reader to relax slightly. Loose sentences are common in easy,
unforced writing, but it is a fault when there are too many of them.

123. STUDENT EXCHANGE:

A student exchange program complements formal education, while promoting tolerance, maturity
and independence - all highly sought after qualities in today‘s competitive job market. Living in the
host country, not as a tourist or guest but as a member of the community, is what makes the
experience both challenging and rewarding.

124. SOLAR ENERGY DEVICES:

Not all solar energy capture devices make electricity directly. For example, steam generated from solar
energy can turn turbines, which then produce electricity. And, in what could be especially useful in
remote regions, solar steam can desalinate water and be used in sanitation and equipment
sterilization.

125. TRAVEL TO MOON:

Although it is difficult to take people back to the Moon, it is not impossible! We can transport people
but the logistical challenge of keeping them there, is a very different thing. However, we have two of

16
the components necessary to make this work: power from the Sun, and the minerals on the Moon
itself. Scientists and researchers are already busy working on this in laboratories.

126. SOCIAL MEDIA:

Our widespread participation in social media in recent years has led to the emergence of what is
termed social media influencers‘. These online entrepreneurs are people who have created a positive
reputation amongst their followers for providing knowledge or expertise on a particular subject. The
brands have seen them as a means of promoting their product or service to thousands and sometimes
millions of people.

127. ABU DHABI:

In Abu Dhabi, where fresh water sources are very limited, sustainable water management is a high
priority. The region receives on average just 120 millimetres of rainfall every year but the country is
seeing demand for water increase by almost 40% annually. In this situation, it is clear that Abu Dhabi
needs to boost the efficiency of water use by increasing water recycling.

128. MICROBE:
A microbe can either reproduce by dividing or it can conserve its energy and maintain only its most
basic functions. One possibility is that in the unfavorable conditions under the South Pacific floor, the
microbes could have been dividing very slowly over centuries. In this case, the microbes in the study
may be the descendants of an even more distant past.

129. RUNNING BEHIND MONEY:

People run for many different reasons, namely: for fun, for exercise, to raise money for charities, and
so on. Over the past decades, running has become an essential part of many health routines because
of the publicity about its beneficial effects. It is claimed that it is good for our heart, it reduces stress
and it helps to prevent diseases like diabetes.

130. PEER CHECKING:

Peer checking is a very useful and productive way of developing your reviewing skills. When you read
your friend's work, you are assuming the role of the reader (and the teacher). If your friend's work is
well written, then it will be fluent and easy to read, and you will have no problems understanding the
overall content.

131. B.F. SKINNER:

In 1953 B.F. Skinner visited his daughter‘s maths class. The Harvard psychologist found every pupil
learning the same topic in the same way at the same speed. A few days later he built his first "teaching
machine", which let children tackle questions at their own pace. By the mid-1960s similar gizmos were
being flogged by door-to-door salesmen. Within a few years, though, enthusiasm for them had fizzled
out.

132. EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY:

Since then education technology (edtech) has repeated the cycle of hype and flop, even as computers
have reshaped almost every other part of life. One reason is the conservatism of teachers and their
unions. But another is that the brain-stretching potential of edtech has remained unproven.

133. SCHOOLING:
The conventional model of schooling emerged in Prussia in the 18th century. Alternatives have so far
failed to teach as many children as efficiently. Classrooms, hierarchical year-groups, standardized
curriculums and fixed timetables are still the norm for most of the world‘s nearly 1.5 billion
schoolchildren.

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134. WINNER:
Everyone loves a winner‘ is a common saying but surprisingly, people dislike losing more than they
like winning, and it actually takes a lot to tempt us to take a risk. Psychologists and economists from
Princeton University found that people do not like to bet money in a 50:50 situation unless they can
win twice the amount they could lose.

135. TEAM WORK:

The ability to work in a team is one that is prized by employers and educationalists. It is often
requested in job advertisements and displayed on CVs. When employers list their most important skills
for promotion, 86% of people list team working skills. These days, the willingness and ability to work
with a group of people towards a single target has become increasingly important.

136. MENTAL HEALTH:

Everyone at some point can feel worried or anxious, homesick or isolated because they don't just fit
in. This often happens when you change your location or when changes happen to you, and the truth
is that this happens to lots of people; and it's a normal part of life. It's been recognized that around
one third of students will experience poor mental health during their studies.

137. MYSTERIOUS FISH:

One of the most mysterious and endangered fish in Europe is the European eel. Eels live very long and
complex lives and during their lifetime will travel thousands of miles, transforming themselves as they
go. They can grow up to one meter long and have long and snake-like bodies with one pair of small
fins at the sides. They are secretive creatures and most of their early life at sea is a mystery.

138. PRESSURE:
It is quite normal to feel under pressure, and pressure can sometimes be a positive force: it can make
us feel energized and take action to get results. But if the pressure becomes too much and we tip over
into the feeling of being stressed, then it can have negative impact on us and our health. However,
stress is a very subjective phenomenon and it lacks a precise medical definition.

139. INFORMATION:
We all know that too much information can be a bad thing - this is as true in daily life as it is in business.
Filtering useful from useless information has become a growing problem, bringing confusion with it,
but this is where data curation can help. Curetting data involves finding and displaying patterns in
large volumes of disconnected and messy data to create meaningful information.

140. BIRDS:
Birds have a variety of methods by which they are able to find their way across the flyways, year in,
and year out. It seems that birds employ different geo-positioning strategies according to the
conditions encountered during migration. They seem able to use the position of the sun and stars, the
Earth's magnetic field, smells and even landmarks to find their way.

141. PRESENT TIME:

Another virtue that both propagate is that the present is meant to be enjoyed to the fullest. It is no
use fretting about the past for it cannot be undone or overturned and no use pondering too much,
about the future for it remains unseen. The day being thought about may never dawn on you. The
ultimate service, however, remains the one done for your fellow men.

142. LITERATURE:
Literature allows us to move beyond the inevitable boundaries of our own lives and culture because
it introduces us to people different from ourselves, places remote from our neighborhoods, and times

18
other than our own. Reading makes us more aware of life's possibilities as well as its subtleties and
ambiguities.

143. WHALE SONG:

Fin whale songs contain signals that are reflected and refracted within the crust, including the
sediment and the solid rock layers beneath. These signals, recorded on seismometers on the ocean
bottom, can be used to determine the thickness of the layers as well as other information relevant to
seismic research.

144. ASTRONOMERS:
Astronomers have recently discovered a large cloud of gas, in which many new stars are being formed,
not far from our own solar system. While it would seem surprising that this phenomenon hadn't been
previously noticed, the researchers explained that recent innovations in measuring the distance of gas
clouds more accurately led to this discovery after older observations were reinterpreted.

145. METEOROLOGY:
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water vapor that falls
under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet, snow, graupel, and hail.

146. RITES OF PASSAGE:

Rites of passage are one deep avenue to experience this love in our bones. Once realized, the care for
the earth, the connection and experience of nature, and our part and place in the whole, will inform
our future, our care for all of life. Without this care, and a true understanding of interdependence, our
actions and lives may well be fragmented, divisive, and destructive.

147. SOIL DISTURBANCES:

The soil disturbances by animals affect both physical and chemical soil properties. These disturbances
create vegetation-free areas, shape soil topography, alter soil density and structure, change
infiltration properties and soil moisture, influence the nutrient situation, and contribute to carbon
cycling and nutrient turnover (for a detailed account of species).

148. BIOPEDTURBATION:
Biopedturbation, the disturbance of soils by animals, is an important and often essential functional
component of many ecosystems worldwide. It determines the spatiotemporal characteristics of soil
patches and thereby contributes to the ecosystems ‘diversity and heterogeneity.

149. HUNTERS:
Hunters of extra-terrestrial life may want to listen particularly closely for signals originating at star
systems within that narrow band of galactic sky. Advanced civilizations there may have already
detected us using the transit method, they say, and may now be sending us a message. You might
think of this paper, then, like a treasure map, for intelligent life.

150. DOCTOR:
If a doctor expects a treatment to be successful, a patient may experience less pain and have better
outcomes, according to a new study. The findings reveal how social interactions between hypothetical
healthcare providers and patients have the power to influence how patients perceive the
effectiveness of a treatment, even when it is a placebo.

151. REAL INSECTS:

Finally, the experimenters examined real insects. To see if leg adhesion might also play a role in the
walking coordination of real flies, they put polymer drops on the flies‘ legs to cover their claws and

19
adhesive pads - as if the flies were wearing boots and watched what happened. The flies quickly began
to use bipod-like leg coordination similar to the one discovered in the simulation.

152. BUSINESS COMMUNITY:

Much of today's business is conducted across international borders, and while the majority of the
global business community might share the use of English as a common language, the nuances and
expectations of business communication might differ greatly from culture to culture.

153. GREENHOUSE GASES:

Current research models indicate that climate change associated with increasing levels of greenhouse
gases is likely to lead to the soils in the interiors of the major continents drying out. In response to a
drying of cropland, people are likely to seek either new sources of irrigation water or new, wetter
areas to farm. If we choose desalination of seawater as a possible solution, large amounts of energy
will be required.

154. COMPANY:
Companies will want to be known not just for the financial results they generate, but equally for the
imprint they leave on society as a whole. First, ensuring that their products contribute positively;
second, operating in a way that approaches a neutral impact to the natural environment and third,
cherishing their people.

155. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS:

Artificial Neural Networks have recently become the state-of-the-art technique for crucial signal
processing applications such as specific frequencies classification, structural health monitoring,
diseases detection in power electronics circuitry and motor-fault detection. This is an expected
outcome as there are numerous advantages of using an adaptive and compact deep counterpart.
Particularly, it can be efficiently trained with a limited dataset of signals, besides requiring data
transformation.

156. CHARLIE CHAPLIN:

Charlie Chaplin and his brother Sydney were placed in an orphanage at a very early age. Becoming a
vaudeville performer, he joined Fred Karno's company in 1906. He made his film debut in Making a
Living (1914) and introduced the famous seedy and soft-hearted gentleman-tramp routine, which
became his hallmark. Numerous films for various studios brought him world fame, all based on his
mastery of pathos and slapstick acrobatics.

157. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY:

Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's health and
wellbeing. Regular physical activity is important in reducing the risk of chronic diseases, such as heart
disease and stroke, obesity, diabetes and some forms of cancer. The National Physical Activity
Guidelines for Adults recommends at least 30 minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity,
preferably every day of the week, to obtain health benefits.

158. EXPOSURE TO LOUD NOISE:

Prolonged exposure to loud noise alters how the brain processes speech, potentially increasing the
difficulty in distinguishing speech sounds, according to neuroscientists. Exposure to intensely loud
sounds leads to permanent damage of the hair cells, which act as sound receivers in the ear. Once
damaged, the hair cells do not grow back, leading to noise-induced hearing loss.

20
159. HOMELESS PEOPLE:
Homeless people don’t have a place to live. They sleep in parks and under freeways. Some homeless
people ask strangers for money. They use this money to buy food and personal items like clothes,
soap, and toothpaste. Some homeless people use the money to buy alcohol or drugs.

160. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:

As to the Industrial Revolution, one cannot dispute today the fact that it has succeeded in inaugurating
in a number of countries a level of mass prosperity which was undreamt of in the days preceding the
Industrial Revolution. But, on the immediate impact of Industrial Revolution, there were substantial
divergences among writers.

161. PRODUCTIVITY:
The core of the problem was the immense disparity between the country's productive capacity and
the ability of people to consume. Great innovations in productive techniques during and after the war
raised the output of industry beyond the purchasing capacity of U.S. farmers and wage earners.

162. SCALE ECONOMY:

If countries can specialize in certain goods they can benefit from economies of scale and lower average
cost. This is especially true in the industry with high fixed costs or that require a high level of
investment. The benefits of the economy of scale will ultimately lead to lower prices for consumers
and greater efficiency for exporting firms.

163. BERGON’S THEORY:

The starting point of Bergson's theory is the experience of time and motion. Time is the reality we
experience most directly, but this doesn't mean that we can capture this experience mentally. The
past is gone and the future is yet to come. The only reality is the present, which is real through our
experience.

164. BARLEY GRAINS:

University of Adelaide researchers have uncovered fundamental new information about the malting
characteristics of barley grains. They say their finding could pave the way to more stable brewing
processes or new malts for craft brewers. Published in the Nature publication scientific reports, the
researchers discovered a new link between one of the key enzymes involved in malt production for
the brewing and a specific tissue layer within the barley grain.

165. DISCOVER ELECTRICITY:

The Royal Institution is an organization that has been around for 209 years. Many of the people that
have worked here have been scientists themselves, including Michael Faraday. He made the
discoveries that may be generating electricity much easier, making it possible for us all to switch on
lights, cook our dinner, play games consoles much, much more.

166. YOUNG ARTIST:

When the young artist was asked about his drawing, he explained that he had started by taking a
photograph of himself sitting by a window at home. He then drew his face from the photograph and
replaced the buildings which were outside the window with trees. This gave the picture a softer, more
artistic background.

167. GENUINE REPUBLIC:

In a genuine republic the will of the government is dependent on the will of the society, and the will
of the society is dependent on the reason of the society. In Federalist 51, for example, James Madison

21
claimed that the extent and structure of the government of the United States make it dependent on
the will of the society.

168. ENGLISH:
In the past, naming English as a separate subject seemed relatively easy. The textbook selected and
graded items of language which were put into content and then practiced intensively. New items were
carefully controlled so that the student could cope quite easily. Now that English is used as a medium
of instruction, however, all this has changed.

169. ENERGY:
Humans need to use energy in order to exist. So, it is unsurprising that the way people have been
producing energy is largely responsible for current environmental problems. Pollution comes in many
forms, but those that are most concerning, because of their impact on health, result from the
combustion of fuels in power stations and cars.

170. UNIVERSITY:
A university is a lot more than just classes and exams, the university is a concept that offers you a host
of possibilities to develop both academically and personally. Find out about the different projects,
clubs, and societies that are in your university. You will definitely find something you are interested
in.

171. SOFT DRINK INDUSTRY:

Studies funded by the soft drink industry are more likely to mask links to obesity and type 2 diabetes
according to a new report. He added that biases in industry-funded studies were not usually due to
poor methodology, but due to inherent problems in their design, including poor choice of comparators
and problems with the way data is analysed and reported.

172. MEASURABLE BENEFIT:

Perhaps the most measurable benefit of the program has been the opportunity to meet in small
groups, something that is difficult to arrange in such a desperate organization. Many officers would
have to work together for thirty years but would not know each other's strengths and weaknesses.

173. HAZARD ASSESSMENT:

A Hazard Assessment should be performed for work involving distillations of organic liquids and should
thoroughly address issues relating to residual water and possible decomposition of the solvent in
question, as well as the physical placement of the distillation apparatus and heating equipment to be
employed.

174. MEGA DROUGHTS:

Mega droughts are comparable in severity to the worst droughts of the 20th century but, are of much
longer duration. A mega drought in the American Southwest would impose unprecedented stress on
the limited water resources of the area, making it critical to evaluate future risks.

175. HALLOWEEN:
On Halloween, children go trick-or-treating. They wear costumes and masks. They walk from house to
house and knock on the doors. When someone opens the door, they say - trick-or- treat. The person
gives them a piece of candy. Some people give pencils, small toys, popcorn balls, or apples.

176. SUGAR COOKIES:

Sugar cookies are popular in December. Sugar cookies are made with flour, powdered sugar, butter,
eggs, baking soda, and vanilla. The cookie dough is rolled flat and cut with cookie cutters. Popular

22
shapes are the stars, snowmen, wreaths, candy canes, and angels. The cookies are baked in a 350-
degree oven for about 8 minutes.

177. AMERICAN EXECUTIVE:

The American executive, unlike the British, has no connection with the legislature, and this lack of
coordination between executive and legislature is one of the distinctive features of the American
federal government. The Constitution guarded against executive control by disqualifying federal
officials, whether civil or military, from membership in Congress.

178. COOPERATION:
The principle of cooperation is one of the things that set conversation apart from similar activities such
as lectures, debates, arguments and meetings. Other qualities which help to define conversation
include the equal distribution of speaker rights; mutual respect among speakers; spontaneity and
informality; and a non-business-like environment.

179. FATHER:
Every morning, no matter how late he had been up, my father rose at five-thirty, went to his study,
wrote for a couple of hours, made us all breakfast, read the paper with my mother, and then went
back to work for the rest of the morning. Many years passed before I realized that he did this for a
living.

180. LINCOLN:
Lincoln's apparently radical change of mind about his war powers to emancipate slaves was caused by
the escalating scope of the war, which convinced him that any measure to weaken the Confederacy
and strengthen the Union war effort was justifiable as a military necessity.

181. FURNITURE:
There are perhaps three ways of looking at furniture: some people see it as purely functional and
useful, and don't bother themselves with aesthetics; others see it as essential to civilized living and
concern themselves with design and how the furniture will look in a room. In other words, function
combined with aesthetics; and yet others see furniture as a form of art.

182. HISTORY BOOKS:

History is selective. What history books tell us about the past is not everything that happened, but
what historians have selected. They cannot put in everything: choices have to be made. Choices must
similarly be made about which aspects of the past should be formally taught to the next generation in
the shape of school history lessons.

183. TV ADVERTISING:
From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on TV done to give
actors the opportunity to take a rest or practice their lines? Or is it done to make people buy things?
Furthermore, is the main difference between programs and commercials that commercials are for
real, whereas programs are not, or that programs are for kids and commercials for adults?

184. DREAMS PHENOMENON:

Having the same dream again and again is a well-known phenomenon - nearly two thirds of the
population report having recurring dreams. Being chased, finding yourself naked in a public place or
in the middle of a natural disaster, losing your teeth or forgetting to go to class for an entire semester
are typical recurring scenarios in these dreams.

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185. MODERN SCIENCE:
Modern science says: ‗The Sun is the past, the Earth is the present, the moon is the future.‘ From an
incandescent mass we have originated, and into a frozen mass, we shall turn. Merciless is the law of
nature, and rapidly and irresistibly we are drawn to our doom.

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