LA PREDICTION (8th April To 14th April 2022)

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Table of Contents
SPEAKING.........................................................................................................................................4
READ ALOUD ................................................................................................................................ 4
REPEAT SENTENCES .................................................................................................................... 39
DESCRIBE IMAGE ........................................................................................................................ 47
RETELL LECTURE ......................................................................................................................... 148
ANSWER SHORT QUESTIONS .................................................................................................... 184
WRITING ............................................................................................................................... 195
SUMMARIZE WRITTEN TEXT..................................................................................................... 195
WRITING ESSAY ........................................................................................................................ 216
READING ............................................................................................................................... 220
RE-ORDER PARAGRAPHS .................................................................................................... 220
READING FILL IN THE BLANKS................................................................................................... 242
READING AND WRITING FILL IN THE BLANKS ........................................................................... 260
LISTENING .................................................................................................................................... 296
SUMMARIZE SPOKEN TEXT ....................................................................................................... 296
LISTENING FILL IN THE BLANKS ................................................................................................. 316
WRITE FROM DICTATION.......................................................................................................... 322
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1. ENGLISH REVOLUTION:
The speaker reminisces about his views of the English Revolution when he was a
student and how it seemed quite clear which side he was on - 'the aristocrats, not the
puritans'. Later he realized there was more to it than that and there were several ways
of interpreting the Revolution: as a struggle between the king and parliament, as a
class war or as an unpredictable situation without clear sides.
2. TELECOMMUNICATION:
Today, telecommunication is widespread and devices that assist the progress are
common in many parts of the world. There is also a vast array of networks that connect
these devices, including computer, telephone and cable networks. Computer
communication across the Internet, such as e- mail and instant messaging, is just one
of many examples of telecommunication.
3. MICROSCOPIC INVADERS:
We all know about bacteria, viruses and microscopic protozoa. We can watch the way
that these tiny agents move into our bodies and damage our organs. We have a
growing understanding of how our body mounts defensive strategies that fight off
these invaders, and have built some clever chemical that can help mount an assault on
these bio-villains.
4. MARKET RESEARCH:
There are two main types of market research. Quantitative research involves collecting
a lot of information by using techniques such as questionnaires and other forms of
survey. Qualitative research involves working with smaller samples of consumers,
often asking them to discuss products and services while researchers take notes about
what they have to say.
5. STONE TOOLS:
Modern humans arrived in westernmost Europe 41,000 to 38,000 years ago, about
5,000 years earlier than previously known, according to an international team of
researchers that discovered stone tools used by modern humans dated to the earlier
time period in a cave near the Atlantic coast of central Portugal. The tools document
the presence of modern humans at a time when Neanderthals were thought to be
present in the region.
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6. EXECUTIVE ORDER:
But on May 3, a couple of weeks later, Lincoln issued an executive order calling for
43,000 three-year volunteers for the army, and also increasing the size of the regular
army and navy by 40,000 men. Both of these actions were in apparent violation of the
constitution.
7. ECONOMIC WELL-BEING:
The current measure has remained virtually unchanged over the past 30 years. Yet
during that time, there have been marked changes in the nation's economy and society
and in public policies that have affected families' economic well-being, which is not
reflected in the measure.
8. AUSTRALIAN MINING INDUSTRY:

Australia has one of the world's most important mining industries. It is a major
exporter of coal, iron ore, gold and copper and is self-sufficient in all minerals bar
petroleum. Since the first discoveries, the coal in 1798, mineral production has risen
every year. In the decade to 1992 it doubled.
9. CONSTELLATION:
A constellation is an area on the celestial sphere in which a group of stars forms an
imaginary outline or pattern, typically representing an animal, mythological person or
creature, or an inanimate object. The origins of the earliest constellations likely go
back to prehistory.
10. FINANCIAL CRISIS:

New research shows that during the global financial crisis, workers who stayed in jobs
did not reduce their working hours, despite the claims that cuts in hours have led to
job losses. A study found that the life of people who stayed with the same employer
remained relatively unchanged.
11. INFORMATIVE SPEECH:

The purpose of the informative speech is to provide interesting, useful, and unique
information to your audience. By dedicating yourself to the goals of providing
information and appealing to your audience, you can take a positive step toward
succeeding in your efforts as an informative speaker.
12. COLLOQUIALISM:
Australians speak English of course. But for many tourists and even some locals,
Australian English has only tenuous links with mother tone. Our speech is prepared
with words and phrases whose arcane meanings are understood only by the initiate. It
is these colorful colloquialisms that Australian slang set to truly explain.
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13. LEARNING METHOD:
There is no single method of learning that guarantees success. How we learn that
depends on many different factors. And what works best for you will not necessarily
be the same as the approach used for the other students even if they study the same
course. We are all unique as learners, although some patterns emerge from any groups
of students.
14. TEA CEREMONY:

The Japanese tea ceremony is a ritual tour influenced by Buddhism in which green tea
is prepared and served to a small group of guests in a peaceful setting. The ceremony
can take as long as four hours and there are many traditional gestures that both the
server and the guest must perform.
15. RECYCLING:
When we recycle, used materials are converted into new products, reducing the need
to consume natural resources. If used materials are not recycled, new products are
made by extracting fresh, raw material from the Earth, through mining and forestry.
Recycling helps conserve important raw materials and protects natural habitats for the
future.
16. MEASURABLE BENEFIT:

Perhaps the most measurable benefit of the program has been the opportunity to meet
in small groups, something that is difficult to arrange such a desperate organization.
Many officers would have to work together for thirty years but would not know other's
strengths and weaknesses.
17. TOURISM:
Tourism is a challenging sector that divides statistics since businesses serve tourists, also
serve local people. Therefore, it is not straightforward to estimate how much business
sectors’ revenues and how many jobs are due to tourist expenditures.
18. MARKETING MANGEMENT:

For any marketing course that requires the development of a marketing plan, such as
Marketing Management, Marketing Strategy and Principles of Marketing. This is the only
planning handbook that guides students through step-by-step creations of a customized
marketing plan while offering commercial software to aid in the process.
19. DOMESTIC DIVISION:

Traditional divisions of domestic work are understood to persist because of the strong
association of the home with femininity and paid work with masculinity - to challenge
who does what in the home is arguably tantamount to challenging what it is to be a
woman or a man.
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20. SHRIMP FARM:
Shrimp farmers used to hold animals in nursery ponds for 30 to 60 days; now they try
to move them into grow-out ponds in less than 30 days. This reduces stress on the
animals and dramatically increases survivals in the grow-out ponds. Many farms that
abandoned nursery ponds have gone back to them, and the results have been
surprisingly positive. They're using the old, uncovered, earthen, nursery ponds.
21. 21st CENTURY:

The beginning of the twenty-first century will be remembered, not for military conflicts
or political events, but for a whole new age of globalization, a "flattening" of the world.
The explosion of advanced technologies now means that suddenly knowledge pools and
resources have connected all over the planet, leveling the playing field as never before.
22. DEAF CHILDREN:

Deaf children learning a language could certainly pursue the development of listening and
spoken language skills if desired, and doing so would carry much less risk knowing the
child would have mastery in at least one language. If a child does not succeed in mastering
either a spoken language or a sign language, we must then ask how much benefit the child
derived from interventions in each language relative to the amount of time and resources
dedicated to those interventions.
23. CONSULTANTS:
Consultants are generally brought in on the important decisions that are vital to the future
of the company, to make sure every angle is considered. They can devote themselves
entirely to the question at hand, while executives are normally busy with the actual running
of the company. Consultants also offer deep expertise in a particular industry or subject,
such as market positioning or restructuring.
24. STANDARDIZATION:
Standardization is the process of developing, promoting and possibly mandating
standards-based and compatible technologies and processes within a given industry.
Standards for technologies can mandate the quality and consistency of technologies and
ensure their compatibility, interoperability and safety. A lack of standardization often
manifests in large numbers of incompatible proprietary formats for a given technology and
for technologies that must interoperate.
25. SATELLITE IMAGERY:

Commercial satellite imagery is currently in a sweet spot: powerful enough to see a car,
but not enough to tell the make and model; collected frequently enough for a farmer to
keep tabs on crops’ health, but not so often that people could track the comings and goings
of a neighbor. Federal regulations limit images taken by commercial satellites to a
resolution of the length of a shoe.
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26. BLUE COLOR:
While blue is one of the most popular colors, it is one of the least appetizing. Food
researchers say that when humans searched for food, they learned to avoid toxic or spoiled
objects, which were often blue, black or purple. When food dyed blue is served to study
subjects, they lose appetite.
27. CARBON EMISSION:

When countries assess their annual carbon emissions, they count up their cars and power
stations, but bush fires are not included – presumably because they are deemed to be events
beyond human control. In Australia, Victoria alone sees several hundred thousand hectares
burn each year; in both 2004 and more recently, the figure has been over one million
hectares.
28. PEPTIC ULCER:

The most common peptic ulcer symptom is burning stomach pain. Stomach acid makes
the pain worse, as does having an empty stomach. The pain can often be relieved by eating
certain foods that buffer stomach acid or by taking an acid-reducing medication, but then
it may come back. The pain may be worse between meals and at night.
29. TOPIC:
When you have selected a topic, you will first have to familiarize yourself with the topic
in order to clarify it. In this way you will get a clearer idea of all aspects concerning the
topic, definitions, facts and theories. You will get to know related terms and concepts, the
context and the various possible ways of approaching the topic.
30. TESLA AND EDISON:

Tesla's theoretical work formed the basis of modern alternating current electric power
systems. Thomas Edison promised him almost one million dollars in today's money to
undertake motor and generator improvement. However, when Tesla, the ethical Serb,
asked about the money, Edison’s reportedly reply was "Tesla, you don't understand our
American humor." The pair became arch-rivals.
31. MATURE TREE:

The wonderful framework of mature trees creates a secluded implants atmosphere that
unites a great variety of plantings to inspire visitors in all seasons. Spring in the garden is
marked by flipping up and flowering of trees and the eruption of the flowers in the pulp
of needle, and woodland understory.
32. NIGHT SKY:

Nature offers no greater splendor than the starry sky on a clear, dark night. Silent, timeless,
jeweled with the constellations of ancient myth and legend, the night sky has inspired
wonder throughout the ages - a wonder that leads our imaginations far from the confines
of Earth and the pace of the present day, out into boundless space and cosmic time itself.
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33. HUNTED SPECIES:
It's not that the human activities didn't impact wildlife at all of course. Heavily hunted
species, like white-tailed deer, grey squirrels, and raccoons, were photographed somewhat
less often in hunted areas. Coyotes showed up more often in hunted areas. While most
species didn't avoid hiking trails, the predators actually preferred them.
34. TRADE UNIONS:

Trade unions originated in Europe during the industrial revolution. Because of the
machinery that had become commonplace, skilled labour became less in demand so
employers had nearly all of the bargaining power. Employers mistreated the workers and
paid them too little for the work they did. Trade unions were organised that would help in
the improvement of working conditions.
35. MICROBES:
Such cross-protection is usually seen between two animals. But Gore studies the same sort
of mutualism in microbes. He and his team demonstrated the first experimental example
of that cross-protective relationship in drug-resistant microbes, using two strains of
antibiotic-resistant E. coli bacteria: one resistant to ampicillin, the other to
chloramphenicol.
36. NATURAL SELECTION:

Charles Darwin published his paper "On the Origin of Species" in 1859. It is one of the
most well-known pieces of scientific literature in human history. In the paper, Darwin
proposes the theory of natural selection. He states that for any generation of any species,
there will always be a struggle for survival. Individuals who are better suited to the
environment are "fitter", and therefore have a much higher chance of surviving and
reproducing. This means that later generations are likely to inherit these stronger genetic
traits.
37. BOTANIC GARDEN:

Botanic gardens are scientific and cultural institutions established to collect, study,
exchange, and display plants for research and for the education and enjoyment of the
public. There are major botanic gardens in each capital city. Zoological parks and
aquariums are primarily engaged in the breeding, preservation, and display of native and
exotic fauna in captivity.
38. AUGUSTUS:
Augustus was given the powers of an absolute monarch, but he presented himself as the
preserver of republican traditions. He treated the Senate, or state council, with great
respect, and was made Consul year after year. He successfully reduced the political power
of the army by retiring many soldiers, but giving them land or money to keep their loyalty.
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39. BICYCLE:
Road cycling racing is a type of cycle sport that takes place on paved roads. In terms of
the number of racers, events, and spectators, road racing is the most popular professional
form of bicycle racing. Mass start events, in which riders start at the same time and race
to a predetermined finish point, and time trials, in which individual riders or teams race a
course against the clock, are the two most popular competitive types.
40. INTEGRATION:
Integration is becoming increasingly important in the commercial world. This necessity
stems from the need for efficiency and synergy in a complex and dynamic environment.
To put it another way, integration is required to facilitate coordination, which is linked to
the creation of competitive advantage once again.
41. LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY:

Liverpool University is among the top 1% of institutions worldwide, thanks to its
excellence in teaching, learning, and research, first-class facilities, and great support. It is
located in the centre of two world-famous cities, Liverpool and London. In a diverse
international community, the University of Liverpool will provide you with an inspiring
student experience.
42. TEA CEREMONY:

Many non-Japanese are familiar with the traditional tea ceremony, including its history,
complexities, and religious origins. However, few individuals outside of Japan have a
thorough comprehension of the practice's esoteric meaning. Even in Japan, only those who
have dedicated their life to the discipline are aware of the hidden meaning of tea ceremony.
43. GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS:

Medusa, the world's longest reticulated python in captivity, lives in Kansas City, according
to Guinness World Records. She stands at a height of 25 feet. Natusch mentions numerous
species that are supposed to be longer than the reticulated python. The Australian scrub
python, African rock python, and, perhaps most famously, the green anaconda are among
them.
44. QUOTES:
You will be required to use quotes from one or more sources in many of your college
papers. Even if you don't have to, incorporating a few quotes into your writing might give
your arguments more vitality and persuasiveness. The trick is to utilise quotations to
support a statement rather than just to fill space.
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45. FLAGS:
Flags can, and often do, bring a country together. In times of crisis, a country that can look
to its flag flying high over the landscape and realise that the country will continue to exist.
People who have never met before can feel a sense of togetherness toward one another
because they are both citizens of the same nation and fly the same flag.
46. BANKSIA SCABRELLA:

The Burma Road Banksia, or Banksia Scabrella, is a species of woody shrub of the genus
Banksia. It belongs to the Abietinae series, which includes numerous shrubs with small
round or oval inflorescence. It's found in a few isolated populations south of Geraldton,
Western Australia, the largest of which is south and east of Mount Adams.
47. BERMUDA TRIANGLE:

The Bermuda Triangle is a mythical section of the Atlantic Ocean roughly bounded by
Miami, Bermuda and Puerto Rico where dozens of ships and airplanes have disappeared.
Unexplained circumstances surround some of these accidents, including one in which the
pilots of a squadron of U.S. Navy bombers became disoriented while flying over the area;
the planes were never found.
48. AVI LOEB:

The situation is similar to a pregnant woman that has twin babies in her belly, says Avi
Loeb of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. He's proposing the idea in a
paper that's been accepted for publication in the Astrophysical Journal Letters.
49. GRAND CANYON:

Few things in the world produce such amazement as one's first glimpse of the Grand
Canyon; it took around more than 2 billion years to create this vast wonder in some places.
17 miles wide, largely through the relentless force of the Colorado River, which runs 277
miles along its length and a mile beneath its towering rims.
50. GLOBAL WARMING:

Global warming is defined as an increase in the average temperature of the earth's
atmosphere. This trend began in the middle of the 20th century and is one of the major
environmental concerns of scientists and governmental officials worldwide. The changes
in temperature result mostly from the effect of increased concentrations of greenhouse
gasses in the atmosphere.
51. MODERN BUILDINGS:

Modern buildings have to achieve certain performance requirements, at least to satisfy
those of building codes, to provide a safe, healthy, and comfortable environment.
However, these conditioned environments demand resources in energy and materials,
which are both limited in supply, to build and operate.
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52. BORDER:
The border itself between Mexico and United States is fraught with a mix of urban and
desert terrain and spans over one thousand nine hundred miles. Both the uninhabited areas
of the border and urban areas are where the most drug trafficking and illegal crossings
take place. Crime is prevalent in urban cities like El Paso, Texas and San Diego,
California.
53. FILERS:
Researchers think that long-distance fliers such as the American golden-plover and the
white-rumped sandpiper picked up the spores while lining their nests. Then when the birds
arrive in new places they molt, leaving behind the feathers and their precious cargo-to start
growing again at the other end of the world.
54. MOODS:
Moods may also have an effect on how information is processed, by influencing the extent
to which judges rely on pre-existing, internal information, or focus on new, external
information. Positive moods promote more holistic and top-down processing style, while
negative moods recruit more stimulus-driven and bottom-up processing.
55. BRAIN HEMESPHERES:

The brain is divided into two hemispheres, called the left and the right hemispheres. Each
hemisphere provides a different set of functions, behaviors, and controls. The right hemisphere is
often called the creative side of the brain, while the left hemisphere is the logical or analytic side
of the brain. The right hemisphere controls the left side of the body, and the left hemisphere
controls the right side.
56. INTROVERTS AND EXTROVERTS:

Introvert, or those of us with introverted tendencies, tends to recharge by spending time
alone. They lose energy from being around people for long periods of time, particularly
large crowds. Extroverts, on the other hand, gain energy from other people. Extroverts
actually find their energy is sapped when they spend too much time alone. They recharge
by being social.
57. PRIVATE EQUITY:

It isn't rare for private equity houses to hire graduates fresh out of business schools, but
nine times out of ten, the students who nab these jobs are the ones who had private equity
experience before even starting their MBA program.
58. LEGAL WRITING:

Legal writing is usually less discursive than writing in other humanities subjects, and
precision is more important than variety. Sentence structure should not be too complex; it
is usually unnecessary to make extensive use of adjectives or adverbs, and consistency of
terms is often required.
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59. STATISTICAL DESIGN:
The survey found that the statistical chances of someone from a poor background being
accepted at one of the country's most respected universities are far lower than those of a
student from a wealthy family. This means that the inequalities in society are likely to be
passed down from one generation to the next.
60. GOODS AND SERVICES:

Quite obviously, a significant rise in the number of people in a given area or country will
affect the demand for a whole host of goods and services. Note that a change in the
structure of the population will Increase the demand for some goods but reduce the
demand for others.
61. EXTROVERTS:
Extroverts tend to move quickly and try to influence situations directly, while introverts
give themselves time to develop their insights before exposing them to the world.
Extroverts are happy making decisions in the thick of events, while introverts want to
reflect before taking action.
62. TISSUES AND ORGANS:

Tissues are grouped together in the body to form organs. These include the brain, heart,
lungs, kidneys, and liver. Each body organ has a specific shape and is made up of different
types of tissue that work together. For example, the heart consists mainly of a specialized
type of muscle tissue, which contracts rhythmically to provide the heart's pumping action.
63. HUNTER-GATHERER:
The life of a hunter-gatherer is indeed, as Thomas Hobbes said of the state of nature,
'solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short'. In some respects, to be sure, wandering through
the jungle bagging monkeys may be preferable to the hard slog of subsistence agriculture.
64. PLATO:
Plato often explores the father-son relationship and whether a father's interest in his sons
has anything to do with how well his sons turn out. A boy's social identity in ancient
Athens was determined by his family identity, and Plato often refers to his characters in
terms of their parental and fraternal relationships. Socrates was not a family man and
considered himself as his mother's son.
65. CHILDREN HELPING OTHERS:

Children as young as 14 months old will spontaneously help others for no reward. But a
study of 3 to 5 years old found that, although they would spontaneously draw pictures, if
they were given a reward for drawing pictures, then later they wouldn’t make any drawings
unless a reward was offered.
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66. LANDSCAPE:
Yet this landscape, which appeared so alien and confronting to the white settlers and
explorers, had been home for thousands of years to Indigenous Australians for whom the
plains, ranges and deserts were a sustaining, spiritual and integral part of their existence.
67. CANADA:
With a population of only just over 30 million living in the world's second largest country,
Canada is justly renowned for vast tracts of wilderness untroubled by pollution either from
industry or from intensive farming methods. A major conservation issue is the battle to
stop the logging of virgin forest in northern Ontario and on the west coast.
68. LABOR MIGRATION:

Most countries are affected by labor migration. In many rural places, the traditional
extended family has been undermined by the need for family members to migrate to towns
as an economic necessity. Migration, therefore, presents a major challenge everywhere to
social and economic policy.
69. TIDAL ENERGY:

Tidal energy, also known as tidal power, is a renewable source of energy and a form of
hydropower used to generate electricity from the energy of the tides. Though not currently
widely utilized, due to high costs and limited availability, it can be called the energy
resource of the future given the current rate of depletion of energy resources.
70. ROMAN ARMY:

There were two types of soldier in the Roman Army: the roman legionary and the
auxiliaries. The legionaries were the very best soldiers and the auxiliaries were actually
non-Roman citizens. Legionaries wore an undershirt made of linen and a woolen tunic.
The linen helped the soldiers to stay cool while the wool helped to trap heat, keeping the
soldiers warm.
71. DIGITAL ART:

Digital art can be computer generated, scanned or drawn using a tablet and a mouse.
Thanks to improvements in digital technology, it is possible to download video onto
computers, allowing artists to manipulate the images they had filmed with a video camera.
This gives artists a creative freedom, allowing them to cut and paste within moving images
to create visual collages.
72. DOMESTIC CATS:

Domestic cats that are largely indoor hunt less than outdoor cats because they don’t have
access to mice. In the wild, feral kittens are taught how to kill prey by their mothers.
Domestic cats often fail to learn this skill, which is why you will see them “playing” with
anything they catch, or they may bring the mouse to you to kill.
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73. COW FEED:
More than half of cow feed is actually grass, and farmers call it hay and silage. While
people often think dairy cows are fed a high-grain diet, in reality they eat the leaves and
stems from corn, wheat and oats far more often than they are eating grain, like corn
kernels.
74. BONE DENSITY:

The bone density test is painless and quick. It estimates how dense or thick your bones are
by using X-rays. The X-rays measure how much calcium and minerals are in a part of your
bone. The more minerals you have, the better, which means your bones are stronger,
denser, and less likely to break.
75. COFFEE:
Coffee is a beloved beverage known for its ability to fine-tune your focus and boost your
energy levels. In fact, many people depend on their daily cup of coffee when they wake
up to get their day started on the right foot. In addition to its energizing effects, coffee has
been linked to a long list of potential health benefits, giving you more reasons to get
brewing.
76. GLUCOSE:
The body uses glucose as its main source of energy. Glucose comes from foods that
contain carbohydrates, which is released and absorbed into the bloodstream after food is
digested. The glucose in the bloodstream needs to move into body tissues so that cells can
use it for energy. Excess glucose is also stored in the liver, or converted to fat.
77. SEA BREEZE:

The sea breeze is one of the most frequently occurring small-scale weather systems. It
results from the unequal sensible heat flux of the lower atmosphere over adjacent solar-
heated land and water masses. Owing to the large thermal inertia of a water body, during
daytime the air temperature changes little over the water while over land the air mass
warms.
78. MUTUAL POLITICS:

In order to achieve the free flow of goods and services, with work and capital between the
member countries, they needed to establish mutual politics in areas as diverse as
agriculture, transport, and when they concerned with a far wider range of issues.
79. PERSONAL LIBRARIES:

Scholars build their own personal libraries to support not only particular projects but also
general reading in their field. They buy or make photocopies of materials when possible
so they can come out themselves frequently, but page and write annotation on them. When
moving into a new field they add to the collections only concentrating on primary texts.
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80. BEHAVIORAL SCIENCE:
Behavioral and social sciences research helps predict, prevent, and manage illness - in
individuals and in whole populations. This research also helps people change their
behaviors, understand treatments, and learn how to stick with them. Society's role is
significant, too: access to health care affects decision making and behavior.
81. UNDERGRADUATES EDUCATION:

Undergraduates may choose to major in any one of 125 academic majors. The universities
distinguished faculty includes internationally known scientists, authors and teachers who
are committed to continuing the university's tradition in providing one of the highest
quality undergraduate educations available.
82. LECTURE BEGINNING:

Don't miss the beginning of the lecture since it is very often most valuable part, for
instance, because it refused previous lectures or outlines objects and lecture structure, if
you easily get distracted by other students' seat near the front.
83. ANTARCTIC:
The world's fifth largest continent: Antarctica is almost entirely covered by ice 2000
meters thick. The area sustains varied wildlife including seals, whales, and penguins. The
Antarctic treaty signed in 1959 and enforced since 1961 provides for international
governance of Antarctica.
84. LOGGERHEAD TURTLE:

It’s time for this young loggerhead turtle to go to work. We can tether turtles in these little
cloth harnesses, put them into this tank and dull swimming place. University of North
Carolina biologist Ken Loman studies sea turtles that are programmed from birth for an
extraordinary journey. Mother turtles buried the eggs on the beach and then returned to
the sea and the eggs hatch about 50 to 60 days later.
85. GLOBALIZATION:
The benefits and disadvantages of globalization are the subject of ongoing debate. The
downside to globalization can be seen in the increased risk for the transmission of diseases.
Globalization has of course led to great good, too. Richer nations now can come to the aid
of poorer nations in crisis. Increasing diversity in many countries has meant more
opportunity to learn about and celebrate other cultures.
86. AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE:

While advances in agricultural science have always been critical to ensuring we help feed
the world, its impact and importance is even greater now, as population grows at a rapid
rate and the availability of arable land steadily declines. Science and technology solutions
are essential to meeting growing demand for food, maintaining market competitiveness
and adapting to land mitigating risks.
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87. SUMMERHILL SCHOOL:
Summerhill School was regarded with considerable suspicion by the educational
establishment. Lessons were optional for pupils at the school, and the government of the
school was carried out by a School Council, of which all the pupils and staff were
members, with everyone having equal voting rights.
88. PARAPHRASING:
We define paraphrasing as putting a passage from an author into your own words.
However, what are your own words? How different must your paraphrase be from the
original? The answer is it should be considerably different. The whole point of
paraphrasing is to show you have read and understood another person's ideas and can
summarize them in your own writing style rather than borrowing their phrases. If you just
change a few words or add some bits of your own to an otherwise reproduced passage,
you will probably be penalized for plagiarism. You should aim to condense and simplify
a writer's ideas and describe them using different sentence structures and expressions.
89. NIGHT SKY:

Nature offers no greater splendour than the starry sky on a clear, dark night. Silent and
jeweled with the constellations of ancient myth and legend, the night sky has inspired
wonder throughout the ages - a wonder that leads our imaginations far from the confines
of Earth and the pace of the present day and out into the distant reaches of space and
cosmic time itself.
90. LANGUAGE DIVERSITY:

Despite a number of events in recent years devoted to language diversity, language
endangerment, and multilingualism, such as the International Year of Languages, public
awareness of the issues is still remarkably limited. Only one in four of the population know
that half the languages of the world are so seriously endangered that they are unlikely to
survive the present century.
91. POLITICAL DECLARATION:

The Assembly also decided that, at that special session, it would adopt a concise and
action-oriented political declaration, agreed upon in advance by consensus through
intergovernmental negotiations under the auspices of the Conference.
92. EXAMINATION OF DOMICILE:

At an early stage in the examination of the domicile of dependency rule in so far as it
related to married women it seemed to the Commission that it would be better to examine
the whole concept of domicile, particularly as dependent domicile arises in the case of
minors (children under the age of majority) and mentally disordered persons as well as in
the case of married women.
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93. FOOD:
One of the most significant purchases you'll make is food. Despite this, most people are
unconcerned about where their food originates from. People care a lot more about what
kind of blue jeans to wear, what video games to play, and what kind of laptops to buy.
94. PROBLEMS IN SLEEP:

Sleep disorder is another name for sleep behaviour. People who suffer from sleep disorders
frequently talk or walk while sleeping. They have no idea what they're discussing or where
they're heading. There are no major side effects on the body, but it could be linked to
mental health. People with different sleep behaviours are those who have had childhood
trauma, have unspoken difficulties, or are depressed.
95. CREATIVITY:
The act of forging new connections between existing ideas or recognising links between
concepts is known as the creative process. Creative thinking isn't about coming up with
anything fresh from scratch; it's about taking what's already there and putting it together
in a way that hasn't been done before.
96. DECISION MAKING:

Selecting decisions is exactly what it sounds like: the act or process of making choices.
We make logical decisions on occasion, but we also make emotional, irrational, and
perplexing ones on a regular basis. This website explains why we make bad decisions and
offers frameworks to help you improve your decision-making skills.
97. MENTAL ERRORS:

Hundreds of psychological researches have shown that we tend to exaggerate the
significance of events that are easy to recall while underestimating the significance of
situations that are difficult to recall. This mental blunder is known as an "illusory
correlation" by psychologists. In this article, we'll go through a simple approach for
identifying hidden assumptions and avoiding making an erroneous correlation.
98. MENTAL MODELS:

Learning mental models is the most effective technique to improve your decision-making
abilities. A mental model is a framework or hypothesis that explains why things work the
way they do in the world. Each mental model is a concept that helps us make sense of the
world and provides a perspective on life's challenges.
99. SUN:
The sun is a massive gaseous ball. It measures 1,392,000 kilometres in diameter. It's so big that millions
of planets could fit inside. Hydrogen and helium gas make up the majority of the Sun's composition. The
photosphere is the name given to the Sun's surface. The chromospheres are a thin layer of gas that
surrounds the photosphere. There would be no life on Earth if the Sun did not exist. Plants, animals, and
humans would all be extinct. The Sun provides energy to all living creatures on Earth, allowing them to
survive.
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100. SOLAR SYSTEM:
The Sun, Moon, and Planets make up the Solar System. Comets, meteoroids, and asteroids
make up the rest of the solar system. The Sun is the most massive object in the Solar
System. Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, the
dwarf planet, are the planets in order of distance from the Sun. Planets, asteroids, comets,
and meteoroids orbit around the Sun, which lies at the centre of the Solar System.
101. SNAKE CHARMER:

A snake charmer is a person who travels the streets of the Yamuna River's banks with
various species of snakes. In his basket, he has snakes. He moves from place to place,
demonstrating numerous snakes and their skills. He has a pipe that he uses to play music,
and snakes dance to his beat. He frequently wears a brightly coloured outfit. A snake
charmer's job is extremely risky. Some snakes are quite deadly and may bite him. Getting
them and training them for the shows is not a simple feat.
102. STREET BEGGAR:

A street beggar can be found at bus stops, train stations, religious sites, and markets,
among other places. Some of the beggars are crippled, lame, or blind. They are unable to
support themselves. Others, on the other hand, are in good health and do not deserve our
pity. We should encourage them to pursue a career. They must not be let to beg. Every
day on my walk to school, I pass a beggar. He's dressed in tatters. He's partially deaf. I
feel sorry for him when I see him, but I can't help myself; all I can do is pray to God to
help him earn a living.
103. DOCTOR:
A doctor is someone who cares after sick individuals and prescribes medications to help
them recover quickly. A person must study medicine in order to become a doctor. Doctors
have a difficult job. Their schedule is really hectic. They go to the hospital first thing in
the morning. They don't take any breaks while they work. They always maintain a pleasant
manner in order for patients to feel at ease with them. We must recognise the value of
doctors since they work so hard.
104. FARMERS:
India is mostly a farming country. The majority of the population lives in villages and
works as a farmer. Cereals, legumes, vegetables, and fruits are grown there. Farmers have
a difficult life. They go to the fields first thing in the morning. They work on the farm late
into the evening. Kuchcha homes are commonly used by farmers. Despite their efforts,
they remain impoverished. Farmers consume simple foods, dress simply, and raise
livestock such as cows, buffaloes, and oxen. We wouldn't be able to eat cereal if they didn't
exist. They play a vital part in a country's growth and economy.
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105. MICROORGANISMS:
There are many reasons why water tastes stale when it is kept for a long time.
Microorganisms play a big role in this phenomenon. When they grow, they release
chemicals into the water from their metabolic activity. This evaporates over time, so the
absence of it from water left out for a long period brings about a change in taste.
106. DRUG TEST:

Tests of a drug known to stimulate brain activity have shown early success in reducing
symptoms of sluggish cognitive tempo in 38 men and women with attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder. It also significantly corrected deficits in executive brain function,
with fewer episodes of procrastination, improvements in keeping things in mind, and
strengthened prioritization skills.
107. EMPLOYERS:
Many employers outside of the military cannot comprehend the myriad of acronyms
soldiers may initially struggle to stop using in their daily work. Some veterans may also
struggle to explain how their experience can be applied in a non-military environment.
One potential solution comes in an unlikely form: virtual reality (VR).
108. OPTOGENETICS:
Optogenetics is a research tool in neuroscience that uses light to alter the activity of
genetically engineered light-sensitive nerve cells to better understand the function and
behavior of clusters of neurons in animals. Now, a team led by researchers from the Korea
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology has developed an implantable optogenetic
light-emitting device that can be wirelessly recharged.
109. DELTA VARIANT:

As the Delta variant of coronavirus sweeps the U.S. businesses, universities and cities such
as New York and San Francisco have introduced vaccine mandates to boost uptake of jabs,
but vaccine hesitancy remains high and a cottage industry for bogus inoculation cards has
emerged to help people get around the rules.
110. PERMAFROST:
Permafrost is ground that is frozen year-round. In the Arctic, ice-rich permafrost soils can
be up to 260 feet thick. Due to human-caused warming of the atmosphere from greenhouse
gas emissions, a steady thawing of the permafrost is currently taking place where the upper
layer of seasonally thawed soil is gradually getting thicker and reaching deeper into the
ground.
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111. EMERALD:
Emerald is defined by its green color. To be an emerald, a specimen must have a distinctly
green color that falls in the range from bluish green to green to slightly yellowish green.
To be an emerald, the specimen must also have a rich color. Stones with weak saturation
or light tone should be called “green beryl." If it is greenish yellow it is “heliodor." This
color definition is a source of confusion.
112. LUXIOROUS VACATION:

Whether you're climbing your way up the corporate ladder or overwhelmed with the
organizational tasks of home and kids, a luxurious vacation to an exotic paradise may seem
like an impossible dream. You can only fantasize about an outdoor massage among
fragrant island flowers or a nap after enjoying a brunch ripe with fruits fresh from the vine.
113. COMPUTER SCIENCE:

Artificial intelligence has been one of the most controversial domains of inquiry in
computer science since it was first proposed in the 1950s. Defined as the part of computer
science concerned with designing systems that exhibit the characteristics associated with
human intelligence understanding language, learning, reasoning, solving problems.
114. EARTH’S TEMPERATURE:

It's projected that, over the next hundred years, temperatures on Earth could rise an average
of nearly five degrees Celsius. While some animals might be able to migrate north to
escape the brunt of the heat, plants can’t uproot themselves quite so easily. Researchers
wondered whether the creatures that disperse plant seeds might be able to help.
115. DISASTER:
When a major disaster strikes, the first people on the scene are often local organizations,
residents and volunteers. They are often faced with the retrieval and immediate
management of dead bodies before forensic experts can arrive.
116. GLOBAL ORDER:

The defining question about global order for this generation is whether China and the
United States can escape Thucydides’s Trap. The Greek historian’s metaphor reminds us
of the attendant dangers when a rising power rivals a ruling power - as Athens challenged
Sparta in ancient Greece, or as Germany did Britain a century ago.
117. CONSCIENTIOUSNESS:
Conscientiousness is a fundamental personality trait. A conscientious person is good at
self-regulation and impulse control. This trait influences whether you will set and keep
long-range goals, deliberate over choices, behave cautiously or impulsively, and take
obligations to others seriously.
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118. SOFT DRINK:
The main production of soft drink was stored in 1830's & since then from those
experimental beginning, there was an evolution until in 1781 when the world’s first cola-
flavored beverage was introduced. These drinks were called soft drinks, only to separate
them from hard alcoholic drinks. Today, soft drink is more favorite refreshment drink than
tea, coffee, juice etc.
119. EDUCATION:
Since 2003, borrowing for education advanced faster, in percentage terms, than all other
types of consumer debt that includes mortgages, auto loans and credit cards, data from the
Federal Reserve Bank of New York show. As of the fourth quarter, student loans
represented 10.5 percent of a record $13.1 trillion in household debt, up from 3.3 percent
at the start of 2003.
120. UNIVERSITIES OF EUROPE:

During the Early Modern period, the universities of Europe would see a tremendous
amount of growth, productivity, and innovative research. At the end of the Middle Ages,
about 400 years after the first European university was founded, there were twenty-nine
universities spread throughout Europe.
121. HOTTEST MONTH IN HISTORY:

The Earth just had the hottest month in recorded history, and it’s even worse than normal.
The record comes in a run of unprecedentedly hot months. Not only does it break through
the all-time record set a year before, it also continues a now 10-month long streak of
months that are the hottest ever according to NASA data. The National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration calculate temperatures slightly different.
122. SMARTPHONES:
Smartphones have become an everyday essential for millions of us - we rely on them for
everything from updating our social media profiles to banking. Taking out a smartphone
contract that bundles together your calls, data, and texts with the cost of the handset can
help spread the cost - but can also mean you'll pay more over the long run.
123. METEORITE:
A meteorite that fell on Earth more than a century ago may contain some of the first
concrete evidence for a cosmic mash-up in the early solar system. Following the birth of
our sun 4.5 billion years ago, it is thought that Jupiter’s formation caused two reservoirs
of asteroids to gather in the solar system, one inside the giant planet's orbit and one outside.
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124. BAD HABITS:
It is very easy to acquire bad habits, such as eating too many sweets or too much food, or
drinking too much fluid of any kind, or smoking etc. The more we do a thing, the more
we tend to like doing it. In later stage, if we do not continue to do it, we fell unhappy. This
is called the ‘force of habit’ and the force of habit should be fought against.
125. TERMITES:
Termites, the tiny creatures - have learnt to create a comfortable home in some of the
world's toughest climates. Outside, in the African Savannah the temperatures vary from
forty degrees in the day to one degree at night. Yet, inside the mound, the temperature
stays constant.
126. SOIL:
Soil is the top layer of the Earth's surface, mostly created from weathered rock. It is made
up of varying amounts of minerals, humus, or decayed organic matter, and useful living
creatures like worms. The finest rock particles within soil - forms sticky clay, the medium
particles become silt, and the coarsest constitute sand. While there is sufficient moisture,
soil supports vegetation, providing a habitat for a variety of animals.
127. PRONUNCIATION:
Pronunciation is the way in which a word or a language is spoken. This may refer to
generally agreed-upon sequences of sounds used in speaking a given word or language in
a specific dialect (“correct pronunciation") or simply the way a particular individual speaks
a word or language.
128. FINANCIAL INSTITUTION:

In a landmark report published on Monday, the international financial institution called on
states to reduce global emissions and bridge the development gap to avoid the effects of
slow-onset climate change such as water scarcity, decreasing crop productivity, and rising
sea levels.
129. GAMEPLAY:
The interludes which break up the gameplay action, and which, because they can be made
to a higher level of animation, often provide the most visually arresting sequences of a
game. Combined with a taste for bizarrely complicated, recursive plots, and long
sequences of wordy explicatory dialogue, this turns the games into a bit of a drag.
130. ECONOMY:
Just as the world's fifth-largest economy emerges from the COVID-19 pandemic, the post-
Brexit shortage of truck drivers and a spike in European natural gas prices has left the UK
grappling with the grim prospect of a potential food supply crunch and soaring energy
bills.
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131. AUSTRALIAN SCIENTISTS:
Australian scientists say they have developed pain-free blood sugar testing for diabetics a
non-invasive strip that checks glucose levels via saliva for diabetics managing their blood
sugar levels typically means pricking their fingers multiple times a day with a lancet and
then placing a drop of blood on a testing strip.
132. SOVIET UNION:

Since the Soviet Union successfully launched the first man-made satellite, Sputnik 1, in
1957, about 5,000 more satellites have been put into orbit around the Earth. About 2,000
of these are active and although the rest are now dysfunctional, they remain in orbit,
together with parts from all the rockets that carried them there. These remnants are often
referred to as space junk, space trash or orbital debris.
133. CAMEL SCULPTURES:

A series of camel sculptures carved into rock faces in Saudi Arabia are likely to be the
oldest large-scale animal reliefs in the world, a study says. When the carvings were first
discovered in 2018, researchers estimated they were created about 2,000 years ago. This
was based on their similarity to reliefs at Jordan's famous ancient city of Petra.
134. SECTARIAN REPRESSION:

Many families are fleeing their native countries due to sectarian repression and political
uprisings. Consequently, thousands of people have been stranded in foreign lands for
months; other families have gone missing in the sea, marooned in small boats, as the
neighboring foreign countries refuse to take them in.
135. PASSION:
Do something you are very passionate about and do not try to chase what is considered
the hot passion of the day. People say you have to have a lot of passion for what you're
doing, and it’s totally true. You have to do it over a sustained period of time. So, if you
don't love it, you're going to give up.
136. DOMESTIC VOILANCE:

Domestic Violence Increased During Lockdown In The United States - "A new study,
published in Psychology of Violence, looks at rates of intimate partner violence during the
pandemic in the United States. Like data from the UK, it suggests that domestic violence
increased during lockdown.”
137. ENGLISH COURSE:

I've seen no evidence to suggest that students are not able to complete their courses
because they're failing in English yet they're being passed by the universities," she said.
“I've not seen any evidence to back that up.” International education is one of our largest
exports, it's our fourth largest export and it's in the interest of our universities to maintain
very high standards because their reputation is at stake.
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138. HOUSING:
Housing fulfills the basic needs that people have for security, privacy and shelter. While
the adequacy of housing is an important component of individual well-being, housing also
has great impact on the nation’s economy, with its influence on investment levels, interest
rates, building activity and employment.
139. NASA:
NASA Confirms Thousands of Massive, Ancient Volcanic Eruptions on Mars: Scientists
found evidence that a region of northern Mars called Arabia Terra experienced thousands
of “super eruptions,” the biggest volcanic eruptions known, over a 500-million-year
period.
140. BLACK SUMMER:

Smoke from Australia’s Black Summer bushfires of 2019 to 2020, which burnt through
18 million hectares of land, produced a phytoplankton bloom larger than the entire
country of Australia located in the Southern Ocean.
141. INFORMATION AND MEMORY:

We acknowledge all the information and memory notes provided by students. We also
acknowledge open source from various books and journal articles. All questions and
answers are prepared and annotated by the Australian Institute of Language. All rights
reserved, not for any commercial purposes, but for personal study only.
142. ANCIENT ATHENS:

In ancient Athens, a boy was socially located by his family identity, and Plato often refers
to his characters in terms of their paternal and fraternal relationships. Socrates was not a
family man and saw himself as the son of his mother, who was apparently a midwife.
143. AVALANCHE:
Avalanche is rapidly descending large mass of snow, ice, soil, rock, or mixtures of these
materials, sliding or falling in response to the force of gravity. Avalanches, which are
natural forms of erosion and often seasonal, are usually classified by their content such
as a debris or snow avalanche.
144. TEA CEREMONY:

Many non-Japanese know a thing or two about traditional tea ceremony, its history,
intricacies and religious origins. However, few people outside Japan have a deep
understanding of the esoteric meaning of the practice. Indeed, even in Japan, the secret
meaning of tea ceremony is little understood except by those who have devoted their lives
to the discipline.
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145. POLLUTION:
To reduce pollution, it is essential that the town center becomes a car-free zone. A ring
road should be built so that cars are diverted away from the town center. The main
shopping streets could be converted into a pedestrianized area. If trees and flowers are
planted, the town center will be transformed into a quiet and green space where residents
can enjoy shopping and walking in a healthy environment.
146. CLIMATE CHANGE:

With climate change, plants of the future will consume more water than in the present
day, leading to less water available for people living in North America and Eurasia,
according to a new study. The research suggests a drier future despite anticipated
precipitation increases for places like the United States and Europe, populous regions
already facing water stresses.
147. SALAMANDERS:
Salamanders are a group of amphibians typically characterized by a lizard-like
appearance, with slender bodies, blunt snouts, short limbs projecting at right angles to the
body, and the presence of a tail in both larvae and adults.
148. BOND FUNDS:

Most bond funds have credit risk, which is the risk that companies or other issuers whose
bonds are owned by the fund may fail to pay their debts, including the debt owed to the
holder of their bonds. Some funds have little credit risk, such as those that invest in
insured bonds or U.S. Treasury bonds. But be careful: nearly all bond funds have interest
rate risk, which means that the market value of the bonds they hold will go down when
interest rates go up.
149. WELLNESS:
Within “wellness” paradigm of care, there would still be a place for use of medications
that help people feel differently, at least for a time: sedatives, tranquilizers, and so forth.
And you would still want to fund science that seeks to better understand the many
pathways to debilitating mood states and to “psychosis” and yes, whatever biological
vulnerabilities that may be present.
150. MUTUAL INCOMPETENCE:

Six decades after the British novelist and chemist C. P. Snow famously decried the “gulf
of mutual incomprehension” between the sciences and the humanities, the chasm often
seems larger than ever. Science has grown more technically demanding over the years,
even as the shared public experience of art and culture has fragmented.
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151. COLONISTS:
The main difference on this occasion was that the colonists were not just fighting against
a king who was determined to use his own prerogative; they were also fighting against a
parliament which believed that it and it alone should raise taxes and control revenues,
rights which had been won in the previous century.
152. SCIENTIST’S EVIDENCE:

A scientist's evidence is thought to be reliable because it will have been tested and verified
at every stage. This is not, of course, infallible as scientists are subject to human error as
much as the rest of us.
153. HISTORY BOOKS:

Invaders, pirates, warriors - the history books taught us that Vikings were brutal predators
who travelled by sea from Scandinavia to pillage and raid their way across Europe and
beyond. Now cutting-edge DNA sequencing of more than 400 Viking skeletons from
archaeological sites scattered across Europe and Greenland will rewrite the history book.
154. WRITERS:
Writers may make the mistake of making all their sentences too compact. Some have made
this accusation against the prose of Gibbon. An occasional loose sentence prevents the
style from becoming too formal and allows the reader to relax slightly. Loose sentences
are common in easy, unforced writing, but it is a fault when there are too many of them.
155. STUDENT EXCHANGE:

A student exchange program complements formal education, while promoting tolerance,
maturity and independence - all highly sought after qualities in today’s competitive job
market. Living in the host country, not as a tourist or guest but as a member of the
community, is what makes the experience both challenging and rewarding.
156. SOLAR ENERGY DEVICES:

Not all solar energy capture devices make electricity directly. For example, steam
generated from solar energy can turn turbines, which then produce electricity. And, in
what could be especially useful in remote regions, solar steam can desalinate water and be
used in sanitation and equipment sterilization.
157. TRAVEL TO MOON:

Although it is difficult to take people back to the Moon, it is not impossible! We can
transport people but the logistical challenge of keeping them there, is a very different
thing. However, we have two of the components necessary to make this work: power
from the Sun, and the minerals on the Moon itself. Scientists and researchers are already
busy working on this in laboratories.
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158. SOCIAL MEDIA:
Our widespread participation in social media in recent years has led to the emergence of
what is termed social media influencers’. These online entrepreneurs are people who have
created a positive reputation amongst their followers for providing knowledge or expertise
on a particular subject. The brands have seen them as a means of promoting their product
or service to thousands and sometimes millions of people.
159. ABU DHABI:

In Abu Dhabi, where fresh water sources are very limited, sustainable water management
is a high priority. The region receives on average just 120 millimeters of rainfall every
year but the country is seeing demand for water increase by almost 40% annually. In this
situation, it is clear that Abu Dhabi needs to boost the efficiency of water use by
increasing water recycling.
160. MICROBE:
A microbe can either reproduce by dividing or it can conserve its energy and maintain
only its most basic functions. One possibility is that in the unfavorable conditions under
the South Pacific floor, the microbes could have been dividing very slowly over
centuries. In this case, the microbes in the study may be the descendants of an even more
distant past.
161. RUNNING BEHIND MONEY:

People run for many different reasons, namely: for fun, for exercise, to raise money for
charities, and so on. Over the past decades, running has become an essential part of many
health routines because of the publicity about its beneficial effects. It is claimed that it
is good for our heart, it reduces stress and it helps to prevent diseases like diabetes.
162. PEER CHECKING:

Peer checking is a very useful and productive way of developing your reviewing skills.
When you read your friend's work, you are assuming the role of the reader (and the
teacher). If your friend's work is well written, then it will be fluent and easy to read, and
you will have no problems understanding the overall content.
163. B.F. SKINNER:

In 1953 B.F. Skinner visited his daughter’s maths class. The Harvard psychologist found
every pupil learning the same topic in the same way at the same speed. A few days later
he built his first "teaching machine", which let children tackle questions at their own
pace. By the mid-1960s similar gizmos were being flogged by door-to-door salesmen.
Within a few years, though, enthusiasm for them had fizzled out.
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164. EDUCATION TECHNOLOGY:
Since then education technology (edtech) has repeated the cycle of hype and flop, even
as computers have reshaped almost every other part of life. One reason is the
conservatism of teachers and their unions. But another is that the brain-stretching
potential of edtech has remained unproven.
165. SCHOOLING:
The conventional model of schooling emerged in Prussia in the 18th century. Alternatives
have so far failed to teach as many children as efficiently. Classrooms, hierarchical year-
groups, standardized curriculums and fixed timetables are still the norm for most of the
world’s nearly 1.5 billion schoolchildren.
166. WINNER:
‘Everyone loves a winner’ is a common saying but surprisingly, people dislike losing
more than they like winning, and it actually takes a lot to tempt us to take a risk.
Psychologists and economists from Princeton University found that people do not like to
bet money in a 50:50 situation unless they can win twice the amount they could lose.
167. TEAM WORK:

The ability to work in a team is one that is prized by employers and educationalists. It is
often requested in job advertisements and displayed on CVs. When employers list their
most important skills for promotion, 86% of people list team working skills. These days,
the willingness and ability to work with a group of people towards a single target has
become increasingly important.
168. MENTAL HEALTH:

Everyone at some point can feel worried or anxious, homesick or isolated because they
don't just fit in. This often happens when you change your location or when changes
happen to you, and the truth is that this happens to lots of people; and it's a normal part
of life. It's been recognized that around one third of students will experience poor mental
health during their studies.
169. MYSTERIOUS FISH:

One of the most mysterious and endangered fish in Europe is the European eel. Eels live
very long and complex lives and during their lifetime will travel thousands of miles,
transforming themselves as they go. They can grow up to one meter long and have long
and snake-like bodies with one pair of small fins at the sides. They are secretive creatures
and most of their early life at sea is a mystery.
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170. PRESSURE:
It is quite normal to feel under pressure, and pressure can sometimes be a positive force: it can
make us feel energized and take action to get results. But if the pressure becomes too much and
we tip over into the feeling of being stressed, then it can have negative impact on us and our
health. However, stress is a very subjective phenomenon and it lacks a precise medical definition.
171. INFORMATION:
We all know that too much information can be a bad thing - this is as true in daily life as
it is in business. Filtering useful from useless information has become a growing problem,
bringing confusion with it, but this is where data curation can help. Curetting data
involves finding and displaying patterns in large volumes of disconnected and messy data
to create meaningful information.
172. BIRDS:
Birds have a variety of methods by which they are able to find their way across the
flyways, year in, and year out. It seems that birds employ different geo-positioning
strategies according to the conditions encountered during migration. They seem able to
use the position of the sun and stars, the Earth's magnetic field, smells and even landmarks
to find their way.
173. PRESENT TIME:

Another virtue that both propagate is that the present is meant to be enjoyed to the fullest.
It is no use fretting about the past for it cannot be undone or overturned and no use
pondering too much, about the future for it remains unseen. The day being thought about
may never dawn on you. The ultimate service, however, remains the one done for your
fellow men.
174. LITERATURE:
Literature allows us to move beyond the inevitable boundaries of our own lives and
culture because it introduces us to people different from ourselves, places remote from
our neighborhoods, and times other than our own. Reading makes us more aware of life's
possibilities as well as its subtleties and ambiguities.
175. WHALE SONG:

Fin whale songs contain signals that are reflected and refracted within the crust,
including the sediment and the solid rock layers beneath. These signals, recorded on
seismometers on the ocean bottom, can be used to determine the thickness of the layers
as well as other information relevant to seismic research.
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176. ASTRONOMERS:
Astronomers have recently discovered a large cloud of gas, in which many new stars are being
formed, not far from our own solar system. While it would seem surprising that this
phenomenon hadn't been previously noticed, the researchers explained that recent innovations
in measuring the distance of gas clouds more accurately led to this discovery after older
observations were reinterpreted.
177. METEOROLOGY:
In meteorology, precipitation is any product of the condensation of atmospheric water
vapor that falls under gravity. The main forms of precipitation include drizzle, rain, sleet,
snow, graupel, and hail.
178. RITES OF PASSAGE:

Rites of passage are one deep avenue to experience this love in our bones. Once realized,
the care for the earth, the connection and experience of nature, and our part and place in
the whole, will inform our future, our care for all of life. Without this care, and a true
understanding of interdependence, our actions and lives may well be fragmented,
divisive, and destructive.
179. SOIL DISTURBANCES:

The soil disturbances by animals affect both physical and chemical soil properties. These
disturbances create vegetation-free areas, shape soil topography, alter soil density and structure,
change infiltration properties and soil moisture, influence the nutrient situation, and contribute
to carbon cycling and nutrient turnover (for a detailed account of species).
180. BIOPEDTURBATION:
Biopedturbation, the disturbance of soils by animals, is an important and often essential
functional component of many ecosystems worldwide. It determines the spatiotemporal
characteristics of soil patches and thereby contributes to the ecosystems’ diversity and
heterogeneity.
181. HUNTERS:
Hunters of extraterrestrial life may want to listen particularly closely for signals
originating at star systems within that narrow band of galactic sky. Advanced civilizations
there may have already detected us using the transit method, they say, and may now be
sending us a message. You might think of this paper, then, like a treasure map, for
intelligent life.
182. DOCTOR:
If a doctor expects a treatment to be successful, a patient may experience less pain and
have better outcomes, according to a new study. The findings reveal how social
interactions between hypothetical healthcare providers and patients have the power to
influence how patients perceive the effectiveness of a treatment, even when it is a
placebo.
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183. REAL INSECTS:
Finally, the experimenters examined real insects. To see if leg adhesion might also play
a role in the walking coordination of real flies, they put polymer drops on the flies’ legs
to cover their claws and adhesive pads - as if the flies were wearing boots and watched
what happened. The flies quickly began to use bipod-like leg coordination similar to the
one discovered in the simulation.
184. BUSINESS COMMUNITY:

Much of today's business is conducted across international borders, and while the
majority of the global business community might share the use of English as a common
language, the nuances and expectations of business communication might differ greatly
from culture to culture.
185. GREENHOUSE GASES:

Current research models indicate that climate change associated with increasing levels
of greenhouse gases is likely to lead to the soils in the interiors of the major continents
drying out. In response to a drying of cropland, people are likely to seek either new
sources of irrigation water or new, wetter areas to farm. If we choose desalination of
seawater as a possible solution, large amounts of energy will be required.
186. COMPANY:
Companies will want to be known not just for the financial results they generate, but
equally for the imprint they leave on society as a whole. First, ensuring that their
products contribute positively; second, operating in a way that approaches a neutral
impact to the natural environment and third, cherishing their people.
187. ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORKS:

Artificial Neural Networks have recently become the state-of-the-art technique for
crucial signal processing applications such as specific frequencies classification,
structural health monitoring, diseases detection in power electronics circuitry and
motor-fault detection. This is an expected outcome as there are numerous advantages
of using an adaptive and compact deep counterpart. Particularly, it can be efficiently
trained with a limited dataset of signals, besides requiring data transformation.
188. CHARLIE CHAPLIN:

Charlie Chaplin and his brother Sydney were placed in an orphanage at a very early
age. Becoming a vaudeville performer, he joined Fred Karno's company in 1906. He
made his film debut in Making a Living (1914) and introduced the famous seedy and
soft-hearted gentleman-tramp routine, which became his hallmark. Numerous films for
various studios brought him world fame, all based on his mastery of pathos and
slapstick acrobatics.
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189. PHYSICAL ACTIVITY:
Participating regularly in physical activity has been shown to benefit an individual's
health and wellbeing. Regular physical activity is important in reducing the risk of
chronic diseases, such as heart disease and stroke, obesity, diabetes and some forms of
cancer. The National Physical Activity Guidelines for Adults recommends at least 30
minutes of moderate-intensity physical activity, preferably every day of the week, to
obtain health benefits.
190. EXPOSURE TO LOUD NOISE:

Prolonged exposure to loud noise alters how the brain processes speech, potentially
increasing the difficulty in distinguishing speech sounds, according to neuroscientists.
Exposure to intensely loud sounds leads to permanent damage of the hair cells, which act
as sound receivers in the ear. Once damaged, the hair cells do not grow back, leading to
noise-induced hearing loss.
191. HOMELESS PEOPLE:

Homeless people don‘t have a place to live. They sleep in parks and under freeways.
Some homeless people ask strangers for money. They use this money to buy food and
personal itemslike clothes, soap, and toothpaste. Some homeless people use the money
to buy alcohol or drugs.
192. INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION:

As to the Industrial Revolution, one cannot dispute today the fact that it has succeeded
in inaugurating in a number of countries a level of mass prosperity which was undreamt
of in the days preceding the Industrial Revolution. But, on the immediate impact of
Industrial Revolution, there were substantial divergences among writers.
193. PRODUCTIVITY:
The core of the problem was the immense disparity between the country's productive
capacity and the ability of people to consume. Great innovations in productive
techniques during and after the war raised the output of industry beyond the purchasing
capacity of U.S. farmers and wage earners.
194. SCALE ECONOMY:

If countries can specialize in certain goods they can benefit from economies of scale
and lower average cost. This is especially true in the industry with high fixed costs or
that require a high level of investment. The benefits of the economy of scale will
ultimately lead to lower prices for consumers and greater efficiency for exporting firms.
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195. BERGON’S THEORY:
The starting point of Bergson's theory is the experience of time and motion. Time is the
reality we experience most directly, but this doesn't mean that we can capture this
experience mentally. The past is gone and the future is yet to come. The only reality is
the present, which is real through our experience.
196. BARLEY GRAINS:

University of Adelaide researchers have uncovered fundamental new information about
the malting characteristics of barley grains. They say their finding could pave the way
to more stable brewing processes or new malts for craft brewers. Published in the Nature
publication scientific reports, the researchers discovered a new link between one of the
key enzymes involved in malt production for the brewing and a specific tissue layer
within the barley grain.
197. DISCOVER ELECTRICITY:

The Royal Institution is an organization that has been around for 209 years. Many of
the people that have worked here have been scientists themselves, including Michael
Faraday. He made the discoveries that may be generating electricity much easier,
making it possible for us all to switch on lights, cook our dinner, play games consoles
much, much more.
198. YOUNG ARTIST:

When the young artist was asked about his drawing, he explained that he had started by
taking a photograph of himself sitting by a window at home. He then drew his face from
the photograph and replaced the buildings which were outside the window with trees.
This gave the picture a softer, more artistic background.
199. GENUINE REPUBLIC:

In a genuine republic the will of the government is dependent on the will of the society,
and the will of the society is dependent on the reason of the society. In Federalist 51,
for example, James Madison claimed that the extent and structure of the government of
the United States make it dependent on the will of the society.
200. ENGLISH:
In the past, naming English as a separate subject seemed relatively easy. The textbook
selected and graded items of language which were put into content and then practiced
intensively. New items were carefully controlled so that the student could cope quite
easily. Now that English is used as a medium of instruction, however, all this has
changed.
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201. ENERGY:
Humans need to use energy in order to exist. So it is unsurprising that the way people
have been producing energy is largely responsible for current environmental problems.
Pollution comes in many forms, but those that are most concerning, because of their
impact on health, result from the combustion of fuels in power stations and cars.
202. UNIVERSITY:
A university is a lot more than just classes and exams, the university is a concept that
offers you a host of possibilities to develop both academically and personally. Find out
about the different projects, clubs, and societies that are in your university. You will
definitely find something you are interested in.
203. SOFT DRINK INDUSTRY:

Studies funded by the soft drink industry are more likely to mask links to obesity and
type 2 diabetes according to a new report. He added that biases in industry-funded
studies were not usually due to poor methodology, but due to inherent problems in their
design, including poor choice of comparators and problems with the way data is
analyzed and reported.
204. MEASURABLE BENEFIT:

Perhaps the most measurable benefit of the program has been the opportunity to meet
in small groups, something that is difficult to arrange in such a desperate organization.
Many officers would have to work together for thirty years but would not know each
other's strengths and weaknesses.
205. HAZARD ASSESSMENT:

A Hazard Assessment should be performed for work involving distillations of organic
liquids and should thoroughly address issues relating to residual water and possible
decomposition of the solvent in question, as well as the physical placement of the
distillation apparatus and heating equipment to be employed.
206. MEGA DROUGHTS:

Mega droughts are comparable in severity to the worst droughts of the 20th century but,
are of much longer duration. A mega drought in the American Southwest would impose
unprecedented stress on the limited water resources of the area, making it critical to
evaluate future risks.
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207. HALLOWEEN:
On Halloween, children go trick-or-treating. They wear costumes and masks. They walk
from house to house and knock on the doors. When someone opens the door, they say
- trick-or- treat. The person gives them a piece of candy. Some people give pencils,
small toys, popcorn balls, or apples.
208. SUGAR COOKIES:

Sugar cookies are popular in December. Sugar cookies are made with flour, powdered
sugar, butter, eggs, baking soda, and vanilla. The cookie dough is rolled flat and cut
with cookie cutters. Popular shapes are the stars, snowmen, wreaths, candy canes, and
angels. The cookies are baked in a 350-degree oven for about 8 minutes.
209. AMERICAN EXECUTIVE:

The American executive, unlike the British, has no connection with the legislature, and
this lack of coordination between executive and legislature is one of the distinctive
features of the American federal government. The Constitution guarded against
executive control by disqualifying federal officials, whether civil or military, from
membership in Congress.
210. COOPERATION:
The principle of cooperation is one of the things that set conversation apart from similar
activities such as lectures, debates, arguments and meetings. Other qualities which help
to define conversation include the equal distribution of speaker rights; mutual respect
among speakers; spontaneity and informality; and a non-businesslike environment.
211. FATHER:
Every morning, no matter how late he had been up, my father rose at five-thirty, went
to his study, wrote for a couple of hours, made us all breakfast, read the paper with my
mother, and then went back to work for the rest of the morning. Many years passed
before I realized that he did this for a living.
212. LINCOLN:
Lincoln's apparently radical change of mind about his war powers to emancipate slaves
was caused by the escalating scope of the war, which convinced him that any measure
to weaken the Confederacy and strengthen the Union war effort was justifiable as a
military necessity.
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213. FURNITURE:
There are perhaps three ways of looking at furniture: some people see it as purely
functional and useful, and don't bother themselves with aesthetics; others see it as
essential to civilized living and concern themselves with design and how the furniture
will look in a room. In other words, function combined with aesthetics; and yet others
see furniture as a form of art.
214. HISTORY BOOKS:

History is selective. What history books tell us about the past is not everything that
happened, but what historians have selected. They cannot put in everything: choices have
to be made. Choices must similarly be made about which aspects of the past should be
formally taught to the next generation in the shape of school history lessons.
215. TV ADVERTISING:
From a child's point of view, what is the purpose of TV advertising? Is advertising on
TV done to give actors the opportunity to take a rest or practice their lines? Or is it done
to make people buy things? Furthermore, is the main difference between programs and
commercials that commercials are for real, whereas programs are not, or that programs
are for kids and commercials for adults?
216. DREAMS PHENOMENON:

Having the same dream again and again is a well-known phenomenon - nearly two-thirds
of the population report having recurring dreams. Being chased, finding yourself naked
in a public place or in the middle of a natural disaster, losing your teeth or forgetting to
go to class for an entire semester are typical recurring scenarios in these dreams.
217. MODERN SCIENCE:

Modern science says: ‘The Sun is the past, the Earth is the present, the moon is the
future.’ From an incandescent mass we have originated, and into a frozen mass, we shall
turn. Merciless is the law of nature, and rapidly and irresistibly we are drawn to our
doom.
218. EFFECTIVE REGULATIONS:

There is every reason to believe that effective regulations are not merely a luxury that only
the rich can afford, but an important foundation for a thriving private sector and economic
growth. But the broad pattern of the past five years has been that the main reform efforts
are taking place in rich countries.
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219. RUSSIA:
Long isolated from Western Europe, Russia grew up without participating in the
development like the Reformation that many Russians taking pride in their unique culture
find dubious value. Russia is, as a result, the most unusual member of the European family,
if indeed it is European at all. The question is still open to debate, particularly among
Russians themselves.
220. FILMS:
Films can be compelling when used well. They have the power to change people’s
perspectives and outlook on life. When we consider it in education, it has become one of
the ideal teaching methods for various reasons. It helps to motivate learners to be more
productive and look on a positive side of life.
221. LOCOMOTION:
Locomotion underpins a limitless array of animal behaviors and can be a rich source of
inspiration for the design of modern machines. Movement requires mechanical interaction
with the physical environment to monitor and control musculoskeletal systems that may
be complex with many degrees of freedom. Recent advances in robotics have proven to
be powerful in broadening our understanding of how animals run in a controlled manner.
222. BEAUTY:
Beauty is subjective, and as such it of course cannot be defined in absolute terms. But we
all know or feel when something is beautiful to us personally. And in such instances,
methods of physics and network science can be used to quantify and help us better
understand what it is that evokes that pleasant feeling.
223. BIODIVERSITY DECLINE:

Climate change and biodiversity decline are major challenges of our time. Both are
predominantly caused by human activities, with profound consequences for people and
the ecosystems on which we depend. Some actions we can undertake are beneficial in both
areas, helping to mitigate and adapt to climate change as well as conserve and restore
biodiversity.
224. BIOLOGICAL PROCESSES:

For centuries, the study of biological processes has inspired fundamental mathematical
developments, while mathematical analyses have been instrumental in developing a
mechanistic understanding of biological observations. This fruitful cross-fertilization has
gained momentum over recent decades, thanks in part to extraordinary technological
advancements in the biological sciences, as well as the rising availability of large scale
computational resources.
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REPEAT SENTENCES
Expert Advice
1. To take this course students should have basic subject knowledge.

2. Will those happy days ever be forgotten by you?
3. Telecommunication is based on the array of networks.
4. My favorite sports are soccer, tennis and basketball.
5. Students will need to be in the lecture this Thursday.
6. Professor Tim Lee invented World Wide Web.
7. A very basic feature of computing is counting and calculating.
8. The contemporary literature works have been broadened and extended through
interpretation.
9. Note that the deadline of the submission of proposals has been extended for a week.
10. Tuition fees will vary according to the field of study.
11. Students are so scared of writing essays because they have never learned how.
12. The current labor force is more competitive than it has been for a long time.
13. The department determines whether or not the candidates pass.
14. Today's lecture is canceled because the lecturer is ill.
15. Social work is not the only subject in sociology.
16. We can discuss education in the tutorial next week.
17. My tutor told him not to repeat the same argument again and again.
18. One study asks people to keep daily journals recording their appreciation for their
partners.
19. Moving up the class ladder also brings unexpected costs.
20. Several students raised different examples.
21. Please make an appointment with your tutor about work.
22. Remember your essay should have less than 2000 words.
23. The university policy on plagiarism can be viewed on the website.
24. The website has probably the most attractive designs and layouts.
25. The data infer that further research is needed.
26. A man who suffered serious brain damage during an operation is suing the hospital.
27. A snake suddenly twisted around his arm when he passed across the forest.
28. The national entertainment company has funded a couple of local movies.
29. This property is currently being rented by a man who runs furniture business.
30. We have strong relationships with counselors and teachers across the country.
31. This school has provided its teachers with ten more days of sick leave.
32. These medical colleges and hospitals were funded by a government agency.
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33. The council has decided that the local public libraries will close on Mondays.
34. Many colleges and universities now offer modular courses to students.
35. Guided by their teacher, the students choose their own authentic materials to work with.
36. A dictionary is to record the existence and meaning of all words in a language.
37. In your introduction, show you understand the question in no more than four sentences.
38. Universities play major roles in students' lives.
39. To take this course, students should have basic subject knowledge.
40. The research looked at the neighborhood cooperative schemes such as community gardens.
41. I really don't think so. Scientists should be free to do what they like.
42. In consultation with your supervisor, your thesis is approved by the faculty committee.
43. Answering such a complex question with a simple yes or no is absolutely impossible.
44. Please sort and order the slides of the presentation according to topic and speech time.
45. All of our accommodations are within a walking distance to the academic buildings.
46. I've got a tutorial in an hour and I haven't had any time to prepare for it.
47. As a student union member, we can influence the change of the university.
48. The data infers that further research is needed.
49. Collaboration is a feature of a successful company.
50. Student discount cards can be used on campus at the coffee house.
51. The library is located on the other side of the campus behind the student center.
52. The number of companies in bankruptcy skyrocketed in the third quarter.
53. Application forms for sharing accommodations must be completed two months in advance.
54. Student's past education and experience are vital.
55. The new system was confronted with great difficulties at the start.
56. You'll be quite safe if you observe certain basic precautions.
57. Children will adjust their behavior to meet parental approval.
58. We decided to abandon the first draft of the report and start over.
59. The students return in October for the start of the new academic year.
60. Get all the ingredients together before you start cooking.
61. This paper provides a detailed framework for future research.
62. The aim of the cruise was to awaken an interest in foreign cultures.
63. His understanding of the language is very rudimentary.
64. Our immune systems are killing billions of germs every second.
65. The book deals with the interface between accountancy and law.
66. The mountain villages were hazed by mist in the morning.
67. These grapes produce fruity wines with a high level of alcohol.
68. There's plenty of room for improvement in his work.
69. He requested the old man to look after his briefcase.
70. Newspapers today are entirely free from government control.
71. You can minimize the danger of driving by obeying the rules.
72. Jane took her savings out of the bank and bought a bicycle.
73. The swimming pool is drained and cleaned every winter.
74. He suffered a serious injury that forced him to give up work.
75. The Japanese recycle more than half of their waste paper each year.
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76. She gave up her job to devote herself entirely to the art.
77. The university lecture theater will be closed for colossal renovation.
78. The professor took the students to the chemistry lab.
79. Essays and assignments should be submitted to the department office before the deadline.
80. We blanch almonds by soaking their skins in boiling water.
81. Don’t drink any alcohol even if you drive carefully.
82. You can get to the college by bus, train or car.
83. Read the instructions carefully before you start writing your essay.
84. The plan raised a lot of money and improved the economy of the country.
85. The solution when boiled deposits most of its oxide in the meta-hydrate form.
86. Mary felt happy when she learned the results of the election.
87. One creative individual in Japan has made a similar protest for decades.
88. The head of the department is available by the third day.
89. The Economics Faculty building is located on the City Road.
90. May the love of those around you help you through the days ahead?
91. By using the student identification card you can borrow books from the library.
92. The brain is our central computer of our bodies.
93. Read the safety instructions before using the equipment during the workshop.
94. It is quite clear that further research is required.
95. Cells are the basic building blocks of all animals and plants.
96. The gap between the rich and the poor does not decrease.
97. We have three distinctive libraries which are nationally acclaimed.
98. Parking permits can be collected through the student service office.
99. Tuesday sessions will last for approximately two hours.
100. Everyone should get access to art galleries no matter where they live.
101. Until you complete the form, you cannot attend.
102. There is too much information on this topic.
103. Presentation skills are important to both universities and workplaces.
104. Major sports on campus include rugby, soccer and tennis.
105. It is clear that the effects of climate change will damage the world economy.
106. The framework will help pose more research questions systematically.
107. Experience would be an advantage for this managerial role.
108. My mom made a milkshake with frozen bananas and chocolate sauce.
109. The chocolate chip cookies smelled so good that I ate one without asking.
110. I would never feed my dog with commercial dog food.
111. Our university welcomes postgraduate students from all over the world.
112. There is no point in designing efficient cars if we use them more and more.
113. Lecture will be available in audio or video.
114. The field training will start soon, so pack everything before the deadline.
115. The geography assignments must be submitted by the midday of Friday.
116. The website is designed to be highly interactive.
117. There are three separate assignments for this module.
118. Any textual references you make should be cited appropriately in the footnotes.
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119. The difficult teacher is always responsible for the contribution to student marks.
120. The library is located on the north side of the campus.
121. The United States is the largest chocolate manufacturing country.
122. If you forget your passport, you need to contact the student center.
123. Please be careful when using online translation programs.
124. The course comprises twenty hours of lectures, seminars and tutorials each week.
125. To get further extension, you need to call the education executive on 401.
126. Professor Gordon just called me a few minutes ago.
127. There is a new pharmacy on the north side of the university campus.
128. There won't be any space for me in the car.
129. The books are filled with drawings of machines invented when he was a student.
130. The library offers group study rooms, so you can work with other students.
131. If you want to receive the reimbursement, you must submit the original receipts.
132. I will be in my office every day from 11 to 12.
133. Being a vegan means not consuming any animal products.
134. Half of the marks in mathematics are allocated to the correct working.
135. We can meet in my office after the lecture.
136. Biographical information should be removed prior to the publication of the results.
137. Ideally, free trade is beneficial to both trading partners.
138. All applications of internship are available in the office.
139. The geographic assignment should be submitted by the midday of Friday.
140. A thorough bibliography is needed at the end of every assignment.
141. Contemporary critics dismissed his idea as eccentric.
142. Your tutor is there for help, so do ask if you don't understand anything.
143. You can pay by cash or using a credit card.
144. Students should take advantages of the internet before attending the lecture.
145. I would like an egg and tomatoes on white sandwich bread with orange juice.
146. Applicants for the course preferably have a degree in English or journalism.
147. Any text or references you make should be cited appropriately in the bibliography.
148. The health center is situated at the corner of the university behind the library.
149. The cafeteria closes soon but the snack machine is accessible throughout the night.
150. We’re constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture closer together.
151. The technician left the new microscope in the biology lab.
152. You can only choose one subject from biology and chemistry.
153. You are required to submit the assignment before Friday.
154. In my free time, I would like to read current affairs and newspapers.
155. The books reserved in the library can be borrowed for up to 3 hours.
156. The number of bankruptcy skyrocketed in the third quarter.
157. Newspapers across the world reported stories of presidents.
158. Children can share their lunch at around noon.
159. I don't like cheese and tomato sandwiches on white bread and orange juice.
160. Fishing is a sport and a means for surviving.
161. In 1830, periodicals appeared in large numbers in America.
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162. We are required to submit the assignment before Friday.
163. The United States has developed a coffee culture in recent years.
164. Is the hypothesis on black hole rendered moot as the explanation of astrophysics?
165. I can give you a hand if you need help.
166. Essays with few or no citations will raise the concern of the lecturers.
167. Our capacity to respond to national needs will determine our ability to flourish.
168. Arteries carry oxygenated blood from the heart to other parts of the body.
169. The hypothesis on black hole is rendered moot as the explanation of the explosion.
170. Exam results will be available next week on course website.
171. The older equipment has been put at the back of the building.
172. The genetic biology technology lab is located at the North Wing of the library.
173. Students are competing for every place in the computer courses.
174. There are a range of housing options near the university.
175. All sources of materials must be included in your bibliography.
176. We will study the following two pictures in the next lecture.
177. Companies are aiming to earn the money not to change the society.
178. We need to read the first five chapters to prepare for next week's tutorial.
179. It is good for the environment also good for your electricity bill.
180. Animals grow larger and stronger to help them to hunt better.
181. The generic biology technology lab is located at the North Wing of the library.
182. Don’t hesitate to email me if you have any questions.
183. She feared becoming an object of ridicule.
184. In 1880, cycling became a major phenomenon in Europe.
185. Nearly half of television outputs are given away for educational programs.
186. The minimum mark for Distinction grade is no less than 75%.
187. Number the beakers and put them away until tomorrow.
188. You can only choose one subject from biology and media.
189. Environmental friendliness is a new category in which campuses are competing.
190. Fish is for sport, meat is for surviving.
191. She is an expert of the eighteenth-century French literature.
192. What distinguishes him from others is that he used black and white photography.
193. Newspapers across the world are reporting stories of presidents.
194. Student loans are now available for international students.
195. By clicking this button, you agree with the terms and conditions of this website.
196. Physics is a detailed study of matter and energy.
197. This small Indian state is a land of forests, valleys and snowy islands.
198. I’m glad you got here safely.
199. He was constantly looking for ways to bring industry and agriculture together.
200. Globalization has been an overwhelming urban and urbanization phenomenon.
201. We offer a broad range of undergraduate and postgraduate courses.
202. To receive the reimbursement, you must keep the original receipts.
203. There are lots of people competing for places in computer courses.
204. The wheelchair lift has been upgraded this month.
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205. The student service center is located on the main campus behind the library.
206. I don't understand what the comment of my essay means.
207. A renowned economist is selected to have a speech tonight at eight.
208. The hypothesis needs to be tested in a more rigorous way.
209. Today, we will be discussing the role of government in preventing injustice.
210. Higher fees make students think more critically about what universities can offer.
211. The visiting professor is going to give a lecture on geology.
212. The office said Dr. Smith will arrive later today.
213. Put the knife and fork next to the spoon near the edge of the table.
214. Most of the assignments should be submitted on the same day.
215. Meeting with tutors could be arranged for students who need additional help.
216. I will be in my office every day from ten to twelve.
217. Farmers do not always receive price for agricultural goods.
218. Elephant is the largest land living mammal.
219. Don’t forget to hand in your assignments by the end of next week.
220. The context includes both the land history and the human history.
221. Basketball was created in 1891 by a physician and a physical instructor.
222. A computer virus has destroyed all my files.
223. Your watch is fast, you need to reset it.
224. You can pay using cash or a credit card.
225. Please do not bring food into the classroom.
226. Please pass the handouts along to the rest of the people in your row.
227. I expect a long and stagnant debate for a week or two on this issue.
228. The gap between the rich and the poor did not decrease rapidly as expected.
229. Number the beakers and put them away.
230. The first few sentences of an essay should capture the readers' attention.
231. The current statistical evidence indicates the need of further research.
232. The contest includes both the land history and the human history.
233. The college welcomes students from all over the world.
234. The author expressed an idea that modern readers inevitably cannot accept.
235. Sport is the main cause of traumatic brain injuries in the United States.
236. She used to be everywhere, but today she is missing.
237. The US ranks twenty-second in foreign aid, given it as a percentage of GDP.
238. Leading scientists speculate that numerous planets could support life forms.
239. The study of archaeology requires intensive international fieldwork.
240. She doesn't even care about anything but what is honest and true.
241. You should raise your concern with the head of school.
242. Would you prepare some PowerPoint slides with appropriate graphs?
243. We are delighted to have professor Robert to join our faculty.
244. Tuesday’s lecture on social psychology will now take place in the central hall.
245. This lecture was meant to start at 10.
246. There's an hourly bus service from the campus into town.
247. There is varying plagiarism across different university departments.
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248. Higher fees cause the student to look more critically at what universities offer.
249. You can retake the module if your marks are too low.
250. Please explain what the author means by sustainability.
251. You need to give a better example to support your argument.
252. In our city, students have access to thirteen college libraries.
253. Our class is divided into two groups. You come with me, the others stay here.
254. He was not the only one to call for legal reform in the 16th century.
255. All essays and seminar papers submitted must be emailed to your tutor.
256. The doctor was not here today.
257. There are varying plagiarisms across different university departments.
258. The seminar on writing skills has been cancelled.
259. The School of Arts and Design has an open day on Thursday next week.
260. It is important to take gender into account when discussing the figures.
261. In English, the month of the year is always capitalized.
262. If you forgot your student number, you should contact Jenny Brice.
263. Reserve collection of books can be borrowed for up to three hours.
264. Distance learning has become far more popular these days.
265. A preliminary bibliography is due the week before the spring break.
266. The library is located at the other side of the campus behind the student center.
267. A demonstrated ability to write clear, correct and concise English is bigotry.
268. Many students are so scared of writing essays, because they never learned how.
269. The program depends entirely on private funding.
270. Basketball was created in 1891 by a physician in physical structure.
271. The first person in space was from the Soviet Union.
272. The pharmacy was closed when I went past this morning.
273. The clear evidence between brain events and behavioral events is fascinating.
274. The bookshop is located at the north of main campus.
275. Students should take advantage of the online resources before attending the lecture.
276. Meteorology is a detailed study of earth’s atmosphere.
277. People with an active lifestyle are less likely to die early or to have a major illness.
278. Even with the permit, finding a parking spot on campus is still impossible.
279. On behalf of our department, thank you for your participation.
280. The original Olympic Games were celebrated as religious festivals.
281. The real reason for global hunger is not the lack of food, but poverty.
282. A study skill seminar is on for the students who require assistance.
283. Remember to sign the attendance register before leaving the lecture hall.
284. 39.5% California residents don’t speak English at home.
285. The minimal mark for distinction is 75%.
286. I'm glad that you've got it.
287. The glass is not the real solid, because it doesn't have crystal structure.
288. Students are afraid of writing an essay, because they have learned nothing about it.
289. All filed assignments should have a full list of bibliography.
290. The original Olympic game is one kind of original festival.
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291. Rules about breaks and lunch time vary from one company to another.
292. Company exists for money, not for society.
293. Acupuncture is a technique involved in traditional Chinese medicine.
294. Knives and forks should be placed next to the spoon on the edge of the table.
295. I could not save my work as my computer got crashed.
296. I was overwhelmed with too much irrelevant information.
297. To understand its entity, we need to go back to its origin.
298. The tutor is there for help, so do ask if you don't understand anything.
299. Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures.
300. The verdict depends on which side was more convincing to the jury.
301. Unfortunately, the two most interesting economic electives clash on my timetable.
302. All the assignments should be submitted by the end of this week.
303. A periodical is a publication that is issued regularly.
304. New York City is famous for its ethnic diversity.
305. A lot of agricultural workers came to the East End to look for alternative work.
306. Knife and fork should be placed next to the spoon on the edge of the table.
307. Students need to finish their assignments during next four weeks.
308. This part of the story is the story of my father.
309. The modern approach to the problem is to stress the symbolic side of human nature.
310. Make sure you correctly cite all your sources.
311. Sydney is Australia's largest city, chief port and cultural center.
312. Students can get access to computers on a daily basis.
313. Professor Smith will be late for today's lecture.
314. The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.
315. We are not going to accept the assignment after the due date on Friday.
316. The student welfare officer can help with questions about exam techniques.
317. Students can avoid viruses by eating lots of fruits and vegetables.
318. All students are encouraged to vote in the forthcoming elections.
319. Students who wish to apply for an extension should approach their tutors.
320. Cities need to invest more money in road systems.
321. They can tutor other students who need help for the preparation of the course and the
test.
322. In this library, reserve collection books can be borrowed for up to three hours.
323. Most assignments need to be submitted on the same day.
324. Meeting with mentors could be arranged for students who need additional help.
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DESCRIBE IMAGE
Expert Advice
Register on www.languageacademy.com.au for free AI powered practice portal and full
scored Mock-Test with Scorecard, Feedback and Analysis.
1. PLAYER’S SALARIES:
2. BLACKPOLL BIRDS MIGRATION:
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3. FOG:
4. RAIN:
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5. TABLES AND CHAIRS:
6. GREENHOUSE GAS:
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7. BLOOD FLOW:
8. NHS ENGLAND STAFF:
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9. SUICIDE IN ENGLAND:
10. CHOCOLATE CONSUMERS:
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11. LIFE CYCLE OF AN APPLE:
12. CLIMATE REGION:
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13. STRESS CURVE:
14. LEARNING PROCESS:
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15. WORLDWIDE INCIDENCE:
16. AVERAGE WAGES:
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17. BUSINESS GROWTH:
18. PLANT HEIGHT:
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19. MUSIC SALES:
20. NZ HOUSE PRICE:
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21. DOMESTIC REVENUES:
22. FINANCIAL PERFORMANCE:
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23. ANTI-MALWARE MARKET:
24. NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS:
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25. EFFECTIVE SALES TAX:
26. ROSK:
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27. BEAUTIFUL HOUSE:
28. PANDA HABITAT:
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29. BALANCE SHEET:
30. ELECTRICITY SOURCES:
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31. CORPORAE TAX RATE:
32. PROJECTED POPULATION:
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33. ELECTRICITY TRANSMISSION:
34. AVERAGE YEARLY TEMPERATURE:
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35. INDUSTRIAL ANALYSIS:
36. FLYOVERS:
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37. HIGHWAY:
38. NATURE:
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39. ELEPHANT:
40. STUDENT:
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41. PARK:
42. PICNIC:
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43. MORNING WALK:
44. SLIDES:
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45. CYCLING:
46. BUSY STREET:
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47. SEMINAR:
48. AGE GROUP:
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49. HOW TO GET A JOB:
50. HOUSEHOLD BUDGETS:
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51. VOLUNTEER WORK:
52. COUNTRY PERCENTAGE:
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53. EMERGING MARKETS:
54. NO GRID ACCESS:
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55. CREATION AND IMPLEMENTATION:
56. WORLD POPULATION DATA:
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57. IDEA PROCESS:
58. GOVERNMENT RECEIPTS:
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59. JOURNALISTS IN PRISON:
60. FUEL CONSUMPTION:
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61. WOODEN PATH:
62. GLOBAL LITERACY RATES:
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63. RICE:
64. FROG LIFE CYCLE:
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65. GLOBAL AVERAGE TEMPERATURE:
66. LAKE:
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67. ENERGY SECURITY:
68. GOVERNMENT SPENDING:
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69. STORM AND HURRICANE:
70. BIG BEN:
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71. CARBON DIET:
72. TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPTION:
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73. UNINSURED REASONS:
74. RICHEST COUNTRIES:
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75. DISADVANTAGED BACKGROUNDS OF STUDENTS:
76. ECONOMIC SECTORS:
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77. ECONOMIC BLOGGERS SURVERY:
78. GRAPH CHART:
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79. PROPOSED Vs IMPLEMENTED CO2 CAPTURE:
80. NATIVE VEGETATION:
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81. REGIONAL EXAM CENTRE:
82. HOLY GARDEN OF EDEN:
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83. FAST FOOD CONSUMPTION:
84. CORRUPTION PERCEPTION INDEX:
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85. CLIMATE ZONES:
86. JUMPS IN SALARY:
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87. FLOODS:
88. WORLD’S MOST POWERFUL PASSPORTS:
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89. MOBILE BRANDS:
90. ANIMALS RELATED DEATHS:
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91. LEANING TOWER OF PISA:
92. GNH:
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93. BERMUDA TRIANGLE:
94. FUTURE OF FOOD:
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95. FLOOD:
96. SOCIAL MEDIA:
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97. GRAPH FOR A PSYCH EXPERIMENT:
98. CLAIMS MADE BY DONALD TRUMP:
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99. PREMIUM, PAST AND FUTURE:
100. ANALYTIC THEOLOGY:
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101. FISH MARKET:
102. ORGANIC MARKET:
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103. ANNUAL SUNSHINE HOURS OF FRANCE:
104. FAMILY:
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105. LIBRARY:
106. GRADUATION:
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107. CLASSROOM:
108. FRIENDS:
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109. MEETING:
110. SCHOOL YARD:
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111. ENGINEERING CONCEPTS:
112. RAJASTHAN:
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113. GARDEN:
114. INCOME DISTRIBUTION:
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115. MEAT CONSUMPTION:
116. RAINFOREST IN SOUTH AMERICA:
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117. DESKTOP BROWSER MARKET:
118. INCREASE IN NUMBER OF DWELLINGS:
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119. ELECTRICITY GENERATION ACROSS AUSTRALIA:
120. NON-PSYCHOLOGY MAJOR:
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121. AIDS CASES:
122. USE OF TRANSPORTATION:
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123. RESPONDENT GENDER:
124. HAND TOOL:
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125. YEARLY LEISURE:
126. WATER CYCLE:
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127. EASY TASKS:
128. MOST USED TECHNOLOGY:
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129. CHAIN MANAGEMENT:
130. CLOSED LOOP RECYCLING:
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131. ISTANBUL PROMO:
132. FITNESS:
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133. FITNESS MEMBERSHIP:
134. ADULTS vs. TEENS:
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135. TOMATO MANUFACTURING:
136. PLASTIC RECYCLING:
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137. PERCENTAGE OF FOOD BUDGET:
138. TYPES OF BULLYING:
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139. DEADLY DIWALI:
140. ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION:
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141. WHAT KIND OF PET YOU OWN:
142. DIFFERENT SHAPES OF MOON:
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143. PLANTATION OF PAPER:
144. PRODUCT MANUFACTURING:
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145. LEVERAGE RATIO:
146. WEIGHT LOSS:
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147. MONEY SPENT ON TRANSPORTATION:
148. INTERNAL AUDIT PROCESS:
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149. DEVELOPMENT AND PRODUCT LAUNCH:
150. AZERBAIJAN:
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151. HEN:
152. HEATED AIR RISING:
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153. COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY STUDENTS:
154. DRINKING HABITS:
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155. STUDENTS PROFICIENT IN FOREIGN LANGUAGES:
156. DESALINATION:
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157. BROWSE USAGE:
158. TEXAS WEATHER DEATHS:
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159. AVERAGE RAINFALL:
160. AIR COMPOSITION:
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161. POPULATION DENSITY:
162. CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION
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163. HOUSE FLIES
164. FROG LIFESTYLE
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165. ONLINE SALES:
166. SUCCESS EVOLUTION:
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167. SOURCES OF FUNDING:
168. BRIDGE:
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169. SLUM AREAS:
170. MUSIC:
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171. DIFFERENT SHADES OF TREE:
172. THEATRE:
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173. EMPLOYER SUPPORT:
174. SMILES AND SADNESS:
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175. HUMAN ARM AND WINGS
176. RICE IN HANDS
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177. INPUT AND OUTPUT:
178. SLUM:
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179. OXBOW LAKE:
180. LIGHT CIRCUIT
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181. LIVABLE STATES
182. TEACHING
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183. TEMPERATURE AND PRECIPITATION
184. PENGUINS
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185. LABORATORY PLAN
186. ATHLETICS
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187. WOMEN IN THE LABOR FORCE
188. FAMILY TABLE
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189. COFFEE PROCESSING
190. FOOD CHAIN
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191. WEEKLY TEMPERATURES
192. TESCO EXTRA
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193. LIFE CIRCUMSTANCES
194. SOLAR LIGHT
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195. PARTS OF TREES
196. COMPOSITION OF SUN
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197. UK MEDIA
198. THATCHED ROOF
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199. NATIONAL FLAGS
200. TREE RINGS
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201. TROUT
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RETELL LECTURE
Expert Advice
1. EXAM ANXIETY:
There are many reasons making students between year 10 and 12 students feel
anxious for exams. Some students are too busy to do assignments, but they want to
have good scores because they don't want to upset their teachers and parents. But
more importantly, the teachers often give students wrong messages, telling them
that the next 2 years are the most important 2 years; if you fail, your life is failing.
This is not right, and I think this message triggers the anxiety.
2. AUTOMATION AND JOBS:

A video about automation by a male professor, with a lot of data on the slides,
starting and ending with black screens. Lots of data are presented orally by him.
With development of scientific technologies, there is a prediction that in future
many people will not get a job, and the prediction is supported with data. But
professionals will enjoy very stable jobs.
3. COMPUTER AND HUMAN:

A video beginning with a blackboard on which two big numbers multiply with each
other. Computers can do fast multiplication of big numbers, because this is of
mathematics and logic, which takes a great amount of time for human to do it.
Because multiplication consists of a sequence of precise steps, computers won't
make mistakes. Then some English words come up in the video, which are written
by different persons. Humans can easily read handwriting, which is had for
computers to recognize words written by humans on paper. You may get some
Gender Registration Screen.
4. POVERTY:
A complex line chart. 1.5 million children live hard lives, with only two dollars per
day. Those poor people even cannot access to essential life support such as clean
water and energy. Most people even cannot do anything without energy.
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5. MACHINE LEARNING:
A video about machine learning and big data, with the Great Barrier Reef as an
example. The Great Barrier is too large, with more than nine hundred islands,
kilometers long, so it is difficult to detect it. Big data can help to make predictions
from mathematical and statistical perspectives.
6. NEW ENERGY:
A picture of a windmill to generate electricity. Environmental issues are getting
worse and people don't know how to decrease emission of carbon dioxide. Research
of new energy aims to the protection of existing energy.
7. KEYBOARD:
A video about the keyboard. On the left a man is playing the piano and on the right
a male teacher explain the keyboard music. The player refuses to write down and
intentionally plays badly in front of audiences because he doesn't want others to
learn his techniques.
8. BEST MANAGERS:
Managers usually work long hours, so they don’t have time to read about other
firms or broaden their perspectives. It's important to study this while in university.
Ideas come from university and broad perspectives should be generic skills for
managers. That's why the best managers are not necessarily the most experienced.
It's not supposed to be the people who work their way up the ladder.
9. DIGITAL JOBS:
A female lecturer with a clear voice. Women need to be trained in entrepreneurial
roles. Women will suffer 1:4 (1:20?) ratio job losses in tradition sectors, because
positions are disproportionately distributed. The gap will become wider. Companies
have to plan it intentionally, purposely and thoughtfully.
10. CIRCUMSTANCE:
A picture with a pan and a piece of lined paper in it. A person will get used to some
once bizarre phenomena if they stay in the circumstance too long. For example,
new employees come to a company and feel surprised with something.
11. PARENTING:
A picture in which a smiling girl holds a pen and adults are behind her. Adults
should not offer too much help to children. They should only pay attention to
children's safety and the safety is very important. They can teach children some
basic skills and children have to learn by themselves and should self-responsibility.
Many parents want to give their children the best education.
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12. BOYS’ AND GIRLS’ PERFORMANCE:
For centuries, boys were top of the class. But these days, that’s no longer the case. A
new study by the OECD, a club of mostly rich countries, examined how 15-year-old
boys and girls performed at reading, mathematics, and science. Boys still score
somewhat better at maths, and in science the genders are roughly equal. But when it
comes to the students who really struggle, the difference is stark: boys are 50% more
likely than girls to fall short of basic standards in all three areas. Researchers suggest
that doing homework set by teachers is linked to better performance in maths, reading,
and science. Boys, it appears, spend more of their free time in the virtual world; they
are 17% more likely than girls to play collaborative online games than girls every day.
They also use the internet more. Third, peer pressure plays a role. A lot of boys decide
early on that they are just too cool for school which means they’re more likely to be
rowdy in class. Teachers mark them down for this. In anonymous tests, boys perform
better. In fact, the gender gap in reading drops by a third when teachers don’t know the
gender of the pupil they are marking. So what can be done to close this gap? Getting
boys to do more homework and cut down on screen-time would help.. But most of all,
abandoning gender stereotypes would benefit all students. Boys in countries with the
best schools read much better than girls. And girls in Shanghai excel in mathematics.
They outperform boys from anywhere else in the world.
13. GLOBALIZATION:
I've been thinking a lot about the world recently and how it's changed over the last 20,
30, 40 years. Twenty or thirty years ago, if a chicken caught a cold and sneezed and
died in a remote village in East Asia, it would have been a tragedy for the chicken and
its closest relatives, but I don't think there was much possibility of us fearing a global
pandemic and the deaths of millions. Twenty or thirty years ago, if a bank in North
America lent too much money to some people who couldn't afford to pay it back and
the bank went bust, that was bad for the lender and bad for the borrower, but we didn't
imagine it would bring the global economic system to its knees for nearly a decade.
This is globalization. This is the miracle that has enabled us to transship our bodies and
our minds and our words and our pictures and our ideas and our teaching and our
learning around the planet ever faster and ever cheaper. It's brought a lot of bad stuff,
like the stuff that I just described, but it's also brought a lot of good stuff.
A lot of us are not aware of the extraordinary successes of the Millennium Development
Goals, several of which have achieved their targets long before the due date. That proves
that this species of humanity is capable of achieving extraordinary progress if it really
acts together and it really tries hard.
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14. HAPPINESS AND SOCIAL RELATIONS:
Happiness comes from frequency and quality of social relation. The higher the
frequency is, the more happiness relations with friends and family and others produce.
It is not sure why social relation is correlated with happiness. But there’s evidence that
when people feel more satisfied with their social relations, they will feel happier, in
turn, when people feel happier, they will get more satisfied with social relations. Happy
people tend to be social more with friends and have more interaction between family.
Some people wonder if their social activities make them happier or their happy
personalities drive them to be social more with their friends and families.
15. SURVEY:
Let’s say if I'm asking which source you often use to get information. Newspaper?
Radio? And the survey shows 62% of the people chose internet. You might be thinking
I am going to say, how important the internet is, or how quickly it has changed the world
for a few years. But what if I tell you this survey is conducted on the website global and
mail.com? Our answer will be different. Because the people who did this survey on a
website must be frequent users of internet. This sample is a biased sample. So we have
to pay attention to how a survey is conducted.
16. EARTH vs. MARS:

A PPT is given, and you can read it accordingly. This lecture compares the conditions
on the earth and Mars, as well as the habitability of Mars. There are some similarities
such as polar caps, atmospheres and water climate. But Mars and the earth also have
lots of difference. Even the most inhabitable areas on the earth are way different from
those on Mars. In preparing for the Phoenix Mission, scientists have done Antarctica
trial runs. The lecture also describes different forms of water (hydrology) on the surface
and underground of the earth and Mars.
17. DISSOCIATION OF PERSONALITIES:

Morton Prince was an American physician and psychologist, his book “Dissociation of
a Personality” was the best-seller at that time. It tells a story of Miss Christine
Beauchamp, who was suffering from MPD (Multiple Personality Disorder) . Miss
Beauchamp have several personalities, namely B1, B2 and B3. There was hidden
memory in these 3 personalities. Miss Beauchamp was B2. B2 knows about B1, B3
knows both B1 & B2, but B1 knows nothing about B2 or B3. The strongest personality
account for most of the time and it will take over the others and become the main
personality at the end. This case and theory give great help to crime investigation.
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18. PRACTICE:
A picture with a Japanese girl playing guitar or violin. Mainly about the relation
between practice and performance in musical instrument playing, practice makes people
professional and excellent. Even professionals take 10000 hours to reach the
international level. Deliberate practice takes time and people also need to find and solve
problems and mistakes during it. There is an example of studying geometry to
demonstrate how important deliberate practice is. Key words include solitary practice
(?)
19. HUMAN BEHAVIOR:

Determinant, human behavior is affected by internal and external factors. At the end of
lecture, the speaker mentioned that psychologists are interested in explaining human
behavior. Determinant is influenced by two factors, the personal factors which are
internal and the environmental factors which are external. The personal factors include
people's belief on certain things and their individual thinking about it, while the
environmental factors include temperature, air pressure and the others' thinking about
them. In conclusion, one's determinants are affected by both himself and the
environment.
20. RICE:
In 1943, what became known as the Green Revolution began when Mexico, unable to
feed its growing population, shouted for help. Within a few years, the Ford and
Rockefeller Foundations founded the International Rice Research Institute in Asia, and
by 1962, a new strain of rice called IR8 was feeding people all over the world. IR8 was
the first really big modified crop to make a real impact on world hunger. In 1962 the
technology did not yet exist to directly manipulate the genes of plants, and so IR8 was
created by carefully crossing existing varieties: selecting the best from each generation,
further modifying them, and finally finding the best. Here is the power of modified
crops: IR8, with no fertilizer, straight out of the box, produced five times the yield of
traditional rice varieties. In optimal conditions with nitrogen, it produced ten times the
yield of traditional varieties. By 1980, IR36 resisted pests and grew fast enough to allow
two crops a year instead of just one, doubling the yield. And by 1990, using more
advanced genetic manipulation techniques, IR72 was outperforming even IR36. The
Green Revolution saw worldwide crop yields explode from 1960 through 2000.
21. SUGAR:
There's sugar in a lot of foods where you don't expect it. Of course, there's lots of sugar
in donuts of ice cream, or pastries, or other things that are sweet; candy of course, but
there are other places where you see it and you don't necessarily expect it. So as an
example: peanut butter. Here's a list of ingredients from Skippy Peanut Butter and you
see that sugar is the second most common ingredient.
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So that you may know from the reading food labels that these ingredients in any food
labels that are listed in order of how much there is in the food itself, so sugar comes
right after peanuts. Here's another example, Beef stew, you wouldn't necessarily
expected to find sugar in beef stew but it's there. Now it's down the list of ingredients,
it's actually toward the end, but if you look at the marketing of this and food at the can,
it says, there's fresh potatoes and carrots, but actually there's more sugar in this than
there are carrots. And so you wouldn't eat something like beef stew and expect to find
this to be the case.
22. DESERT ANTS:

There comes a time in a desert ant’s life when a piece of food is too large to ignore, but
too heavy to lift, and the only way to get it home is to adopt a new style of walking. The
long-legged and speedy Cataglyphis fortis normally covers ground with a three-legged
stride that moves two legs forwards on one side, and one on the other. For the next step,
the insect mirrors the move with its other three legs. But recordings of ants in the
Tunisian desert reveal that when faced with oversized lumps of food 10 times their own
weight, the forward “tripod” walking style is abandoned. Unable to lift the morsels in
their mandibles, the ants drag the food backwards instead, moving all six legs
independently. “This is the first time we have seen this in any ants,” said lead author
Sarah Pfeffer at the University of Ulm in Germany. The ants’ long legs already help
keep their bodies away from the scorching desert floor and enable them to speed around
at up to 60cm per second. “Think of Usain Bolt, who has very long legs compared to
body size. The desert floor is also very hot, so the further away their bodies are from
the surface, the better,” said co-author Matthias Wittlinger. The ants have also evolved
to function at body temperatures of 50C in a desert where temperatures can soar to 70C.
“They're basically just trying to get out of the heat,” he added.
23. FROGS:
Carnivorous amphibians, the greatest diversity in tropical rain forests living in fresh
water, dry land, underground and trees omnivorous species feeding by fruit important
food source for the world's ecosystems susceptible to dehydration adaptations to dry
habitats producing vocalizations/attracting mates declining population since 1950
malformations fungal disease cultural roles in literature, symbolism and religion.
24. CHILD LANGUAGE ACQUISITION:

Child language acquisition, three little words. So let's take them on at a time. Child,
when to start being a child? For many people, language acquisition starts around about
twelve months when kids say that first word, but don't forget the first year. At the first
year, our first year of life is very important as well and indeed before you are born,
remember there are couple of months before you are born, when you actually able to
perceive in the womb, something of the language that's around you.
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So language acquisition starts earlier than most people think. And it also ends later than
most people think. When does child language acquisition stop? Well, in a sense, you
know, we are all children, we stay being children all in our lives. There is no obvious
endpoint for learning sounds, of course, there is for learning grammar, there is for
vocabulary, huh. I mean that goes on for the rest of our lives in million or more words
in English. Most of us only have a vocabulary of 50, 60, 70 thousand words, whatever
it is until there is always something to learn. So remember that two ends of child
language acquisition are wider apart than some people think. That means there is more
scope for studying in it than most people think.
25. INDIAN TRIBES:

I understand your professor has been discussing several Eastern Woodland Indian tribes
in your study of Native American cultures. As you have probably learned, the Eastern
Woodland Indians get their name from the forest-covered areas of the Eastern United
States where they lived. The earliest Woodland cultures date back 9,000 years, but the
group we'll focus on dates back only to about 700 A.D. We now call these Native
Americans the Mississippian culture, because they settled in the Mississippi River
valley. This civilization is known for its flat-topped monuments called temple mounds.
They were made of earth and used as temples and official residences. The temple
mounds were located in the central square of the city, with the huts of the townspeople
built in rows around the plaza. The Mississippian people were city dwellers. But some
city residents earned their living as farmers, tending the fields of corn, beans, and squash
that surrounded the city. The city’s artisans made arrowheads, leather goods, pottery,
and jewelry. Traders came from far away to exchange raw materials for these items. In
the slides I'm about to show, you will see models of a Mississippian city.
26. CITY OF ROME:

But you can see from the relatively crooked and narrow streets of the city of Rome as
they look from above today, you can see that again, the city grew in a fairly ad hoc way,
as I mentioned. It wasn't planned all at once. It just grew up over time, beginning in the
eighth century B.C. Now this is interesting. Because what we know about the Romans
is when they were left to their own devices and they could build the city from scratch,
they didn’t let it grow in an ad hoc way. They, they structured it in a, in a very care-,
very methodical way. That was basically based on military strategy, military planning.
The Romans they couldn’t have conquered the world without obviously having a
masterful military enterprise. And they everywhere they went on their various
campaigns, their various military campaigns. They would build, build camps and those
camps were always laid out in a very geometric plan along a grid, usually square or
rectangular.
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27. CHOCOHOLICS:
Are you a chocolate-lover? Even true chocoholics might not know what their favorite
treat has in common with yogurt, cheese, and wine: its flavors come from fermentation.
Fermentation is the process of improving a food through the controlled activity of
microbes. The food you know as chocolate starts its life as the seeds of football-shaped
fruit. Farmers scoop out the seeds and pulp into piles or boxes. The seeds are now called
“cacao beans”. They ferment for about a week before they're dried, roasted, and crushed
with sugar until smooth and ready to eat. Let's go back to that fermentation step. Cacao
fermentation is a multi-stage process. The first stage involves yeast. Just like the yeast
in your beer, yeast in a cacao fermentation produces alcohol by digesting the sugary
pulp around the beans. As the pulp breaks down, oxygen seeps in. And oxygen-loving
bacteria take over. The bacteria generate acetic acid from the alcohol that the yeast
produced. Acetic acid causes biochemical changes as it soaks into the beans, and that
has a major impact on flavor. Finally, as the acid slowly evaporates and the sugars are
all used up, spore-forming organisms begin to grow. Cacao is a wild fermentation.
Farmers rely on natural microbes in their environment to create unique, local flavors.
28. AUTOCRACY:
Over the last decade the share of the world's population living under autocracy increased
from 48 to 68 percent. It is more important than ever to understand how autocracies
work. Autocrats have a keen interest in promoting the idea that they are all powerful.
Whereas leaders in democracies can be removed via elections, leaders in autocracies
can lose office in two ways: via a coup or popular revolt. To make matters worse,
autocrats can rarely address both threats at the same time. They often have to choose
whether to reward their elite cronies to prevent a coup or the masses to prevent a revolt.
This generates many difficult tradeoffs. Cheat too little an election and risk losing
office, but cheat to a much and signal weakness to your opponents. Use corruption to
reward your elite friends, but not so much that it slows economic growth and sparks a
revolt. Manipulate the media, but not so much that people turn off the television.
Repress your political opponents, but not so much that it causes a backlash. Empower
the security services, but not so much that they can overthrow you. Rulers who fail to
resolve these tradeoffs often suffer the consequences.
29. ENERGY CHALLENGE:

Most Americans take energy for granted. But, for many families, maintaining access to
reliable and affordable energy is a persistent challenge and a significant material
hardship. This is a problem referred to as energy insecurity, and it affects millions of
American households each year. We have found that energy insecurity is a growing and
vexing problem among low-income households, and the COVID-19 pandemic has
made this problem worse. Our analysis finds that that there are disparities in rates of
energy insecurity across various socio-demographic groups.
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Black and Hispanic households, for example, are significantly more likely to experience
energy insecurity and face utility disconnection than white households. So too are
households with young children, individuals that require electronic medical devices,
and those in dwellings with inefficient or poor conditions. Households that cannot pay
for energy are unable to power electronic learning or medical devices, keep perishable,
healthy food in the refrigerator, or maintain safe body temperatures. Under conditions
of extreme heat or cold, people can suffer from mental and physical health
consequences, including the possibility of death. Strategies for coping with
uncomfortable temperatures, such as burning trash or sitting in one’s car with the heat
running, can lead to tragic outcomes as well. Our research underscores the importance
of public policy that targets energy insecurity and its underlying causes.
Weatherization assistance, incentives for residential solar power, energy bill assistance,
and utility disconnection protections are all viable strategies for helping the millions of
households across the country that are currently unable to pay their energy bills.
30. FROGS:
Frogs are a diverse and largely carnivorous group of short-bodied, tailless amphibians
composing the order Anura. The oldest fossil proto frog appeared in the early Triassic
of Madagascar, but molecular clock dating suggests their origins may extend further
back to the Permian, 265 million years ago. Frogs are widely distributed, ranging from
the tropics to subarctic regions, but the greatest concentration of species diversity is
found in tropical rain forests. There are approximately 4,800 recorded species,
accounting for over 85% of extant amphibian species. They are also one of the five most
diverse vertebrate orders. Besides living in fresh water and on dry land, the adults of
some species are adapted for living underground or in trees. Adult frogs generally have
a carnivorous diet consisting of small invertebrates, but omnivorous species exist and a
few feed on fruit. Frogs are extremely efficient at converting what they eat into body
mass. They are an important food source for predators and part of the food web
dynamics of many of the world’s ecosystems. The skin is semi-permeable, making them
susceptible to dehydration, so they either live in moist places or have special adaptations
to deal with dry habitats. Frogs produce a wide range of vocalizations, particularly in
they are breeding season, and exhibit many different kinds of complex behaviors to
attract mates, to fend off predators and to generally survive. Frog populations have
declined significantly since the 1950s. More than one-third of species are considered to
be threatened with extinction and over one hundred and twenty are believed to have
become extinct since the 1980s. The number of malformations among frogs is on the
rise and an emerging fungal disease, chytridiomycosis, has spread around the world.
Conservation biologists are working to understand the causes of these problems and to
resolve them. Frogs are valued as food by humans and also have many cultural roles in
literature, symbolism and religion.
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31. BUMBLE BEES:
Why the bumble bees pick some flowers over others? Researchers have known for a
while that flower's color can be a signal. Color in short hand that says to a bee: hey, |
get some good quality nectar here, want to stop by for a visit. But new findings show
that bees also use color to get clues about a flower's temperature. And according to a
study from a British research team published in the journal Nature, some like it hot.
Bees use up a lot of energy just stay in warm on some days. In fact, they can’t even fly
if they are too cold. So if any flower is warmer than another, a bee can save some of its
fuel by basking on that flower while it’s doing its pollinating business. And it turns out
that bumble bees consistently do choose warmer flowers over cooler ones, even when
the two flowers offer up the same quantity and quality of nectar. Some plants seem to
be evolutionarily adapted to be slightly warmer because the warmer ones get visited
more by the chilly bees. When it comes to getting pollinated, apparently the heat is on,
and that is the buzz.
32. GENES AND EVOLUTION:

So the pace, at which human minds have evolved over the last half million years and
more recently the last 200,000 years, has been so frighteningly rapid that the evolution
of cognitive function and perception can only occur in a small number of genes. If one
needed to adapt dozens of genes changes in concert, in order to acquire the penetrating
minds that we now have, which our ancestors 5,000 years ago didn’t have, the evolution
could not have taken place, it could not have occurred so quickly. And for that reason
alone, one begins to really suspect that the genetic differences between people who
lived 5,000 years ago is evidence that the difference between their cognitive functions
and ours is not actually as large. Therefore, a rather small number of genes may be
responsible for the powerful minds that humans have which most of us now possess.
33. PARIS:
Paris is very old-there has been a settlement there for at least 6000 years and its shape
has been determined in part by the River Seine, and in part by the edicts of France’s
rulers. But the great boulevards we admire today are relatively new, and were
constructed to prevent any more barricades being created by the rebellious population;
that work was carried out in the middle 19th century. The earlier Paris had been in part
a maze of narrow streets and alleyways. But you can imagine that the work was not
only highly expensive, but caused great distress among the half a million or so residents
whose houses were simply razed, and whose neighborhoods disappeared. What is done
cannot usually be undone, especially when buildings are torn down.
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34. LIGHT POLLUTION:
Look at any photo of earth's night sight, and you see the planet lit up like a Christmas
decoration. As the glowing light of bustling cities expand, the serenity of natural
darkness wanes. But the repercussions are not just the loss of the starry night sky. Light
pollution also affects animals who depend on a nighttime environment to survive. Many
bird species use the stars to navigate at night. Baby sea turtles use moonlight reflected
off the ocean to guide them back to the water. City lights can confuse them, and fear
them off course. Humans are not immune, either. Excessive exposure to artificial light
at night can increase the risk of sleep disorders and it’s also been linked to obesity,
depression, diabetes and even cancer.
35. IT INDUSTRY:
The history of software is of course very very new. And the whole IT industry is really
only 67 years old which is extraordinary and to be so close to the birth of a major new
technology, a major new discipline is quite remarkable given where we got to in those
67 years. And the progression has been not so much a progression as a stampede
because Moore’s Law, the rapid expansion in the power of computing and the rapid fall
of the cost of computing and storage and communications has made it feasible for
information technology to move into all sorts of areas of life that were never
originally envisaged. What has happened is that there has been as I said a stampede for
people to pick the low-hanging fruit. And that is what's guided the development of
software and information technology over the past decades and continues to do so with
a number of consequences that we will explore.
36. BOOKS:
In today’s class we'll be examining some nineteenth-century pattern books that were
used for building houses. I think it’s fair to say that these pattern books were the most
important influence on the design of North American houses during the nineteenth
century. This was because most people who wanted to build a house couldn't afford to
hire an architect. Instead, they bought a pattern book, picked out a plan, and took it to
the builder. The difference in cost was substantial. In 1870, for example, hiring an
architect would've cost about a hundred dollars. At the same time, a pattern book written
by an architect cost only five dollars. At that price, it’s easy to see why pattern books
were so popular. Some are back in print again today, and of course they cost a lot more
than they did a hundred years ago. But they're an invaluable resource for historians, and
also for people who restore old houses. I have a modern reprint here that I'll be passing
around the roam in a moment so that everyone can have a look.
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37. SHYNESS:
Today we're going to talk about shyness and discuss recent research on ways to help
children learn to interact socially. Many people consider themselves shy. In fact, forty
percent of peoplewho took part in our survey said they were shy. That's two out of every
five people. And there are studies to indicate that the tendency toward shyness may be
inherited. But just because certain children are timid, doesn't mean they are doomed to
be shy forever. There are things parents, teachers, and the children themselves can do
to overcome this tendency and even to prevent it. One research found that if parents
gently push their shy children to try new things, they can help these children become
less afraid and less inhibited. Another way to help shy children is to train them in social
skills. For example, there are special training groups where children are taught things
like looking at other children while talking to them, talking about other people's
interests, and even smiling. These groups have been very successful at giving shy
children a place to feel safe and accepted, and at building up their self-esteem.
38. SHY FISH:

But a new study of fish called sticklebacks shows that shy individuals actually prefer to
follow fish that are similarly timid. Researchers had trios of sticklebacks with known
personalitiesplay follow the leader. The fish were placed in a tank that had some plastic
plants at one end and some food hidden at the other. In some of the groups, a bold fish
and a shy fish acted as leaders, while another shy fish followed. And in other groups, it
was a bold fish that did the following. The researchers recorded whether the follower
sallied forth more frequently withthe fish that was behaviorally similar or the one that
was different. What they found is that shy fish were more likely to emerge from
undercover when an equally wary fellow was already out there. Bold follower fish did
not seem to care which leader they followed. Of course, no matter which fish a
stickleback chose to stick with, the bold fish did lead more expeditions over the course
of the experiment than their more retiring friends. That'sbecause the bold fish initiated
more trips, regardless of who might be tailing them. The researchers write that "when
offered a choice of leaders, sticklebacks prefer to follow individuals whose personality
matches their own, but bolder individuals may, nevertheless, be able to impose their
leadership, even among shy followers, simply through greater effort."
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39. PAVLOV’S STUDY:
During this time my goals are going to be to talk about the phenomenon that we may
share impart with other animals, and our language and that is emotion and also talk
about some new technology, brain imagining, functional magnetic resonance imagining
that we applied to try to answer some very old questions about how’s does motivation
and emotion work. I’m going to present you with the scenario first, and some of you
may be familiar with. This was developed by Pavlov over a century ago. And in this
scenario, the dog is presented with the sound, the dog waits, and then it’ll sea food
powder and this happens repeatedly, things start to happen in the middle of what we’ve
already understood point. Interesting things start to happen here. Pavlov’s study was
salivation the dog, the salivation increases more time to paralyses. But other things
happened here too. You have a dog move around here more all kinds of things are going
on here. What we trying to capture was the experiment I’m going on to describe today
is what is going on in the brain to generate that state which we called it Pavlov state.
40. LICKING AND GROOMING

So the way a mother rat takes care of its pups is by licking and grooming, nipple
switching an arch back nursing. So the rats that do a lot of licking and grooming and
their last rats that rule very little. But most rats are in between. So that resembles a
human behaviors as well, right, you have mothers that are highly mothering and mothers
that couldn't care less and most mothers are somewhere in between. So if you look at
these rats. So all you do you observethem and put them in separate cages. So you put
the high lickers in one cage not the mothers, but the offspring and the low lickers in
another cage and then you let them grow and they're adults now, their mothers are long
buried and you look in the brain and you see that those who had high licking mothers
express a lot of glucocorticoid receptor, gene and though so our lawmakers express
know that reflects a number of factors and that results in a different stress response, but
this is not the only difference. We found later on there are hundreds of genes that are
differently expressed. So if you get in a mutation, you know polymorphism once in a
million. Here, just the motherly launching just hundreds of genes in one shot and it
changes them in a very stable way that you can look at the old rat and you can say
whether it was licked or not. But you can also save by behavior. So if you walk to the
cages to the room the rats that were poorly lit are highly anxious, hard to handle,
aggressive and the rats that were very well handled as off as little pups. They are much
more relaxed much easier to handle. So you know, like every technician in the lab
knows looking at the adult rat how it was licked when it was a little tough any question,
of course, mechanism, how does this work?
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41. LONDON TAXI SERVICE
But we can really thank the Great Exhibition of 1851 for giving us the world‘s premier
taxi service, for it was going to this exhibition, and this fabulous exhibition inventions
from all around the four corners of the Empire that the visitors were appalled, dismayed
and vexed by their journeys to this exhibition because the cabbies of the day, and their
horse-drawn carts were absolutely terrible, could not find their way to this exhibition.
And, so, a great public outcry, the London Authority sets up Public Carriage Office,
which is an organization that still exists. And you can take a short walk to Penton Street
up the road. And this Public Carriage office took on the responsibility of licensing all
major taxi drivers in London. All taxi drivers from 1851 onwards had to pass what is
now known as the London knowledge was phenomenal knowledge of London. What is
the London knowledge? It‘s the ability to remember the 25,000 streets, have it all
interconnected and all the main arterial roads in and out of London. Cabbies need to
know all this plus a thousand points of specific interest cafes, bars, public offices. They
need to know them all as part of their training. Sample answer: This lecture is about
the world‘s premier taxi service for going to the Great Exhibition of 1851. Because the
cabbies could not find their way to this exhibition, so a great public outcry leads to
Public Carriage Office, which still exists. It’s on the Penton Street and took the
responsibility of licensing all major taxi drivers in London. From 1851 onwards, drivers
had to pass the London knowledge. What is the London knowledge? It’s to remember
the 25,000 streets and have them interconnected. In conclusion, cabbies need to know
1,000 points of cafes, bar and public offices, as part of their training.
42. ENTREPRENEUR:
To be a successful entrepreneur, you should have good ideas, but the definition of a
good idea varies depending on whom you ask. A great idea should have several features.
Firstly, the great idea should be various and novel. Secondly, the great idea should be
unique, which means no one has thought about it. Thirdly, it is essential for great ideas
to be transformative and productive. All ideas are essentially a combination of other
smaller ideas, but this doesn't mean they can't be unique. Merely copying doesn't make
anything idiosyncratic, it's the individuality that one puts in which makes a concept
stand out. Constant innovation leaves no room for stagnation and thus, adds on to the
basic idea, effectively making it unique. Unique ideas are inspired by basic things; they
are simply extensions of pre-existing notions. And, an idea or a concept is unique only
when it transcends its predecessor and serves its purpose in a better and more precise
way.
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43. THERMODYNAMICS:
Thermodynamics is the science of the flow of heat. So, thermo is heat, and dynamic is
the motion of heat. Thermodynamics was developed largely beginning in the 1800's, at
the time of the Industrial Revolution. So, taming of steel. The beginning of generating
power by burning fossil fuels. The beginning with the problems with CO2 and global
warming. In fact, it's interesting to note that the first calculation on the impact of the
CO2 on climate was done in the late 1800's by Arrhenius. Beginning of a generation of
power moving heat from fossil fuels to generating energy, locomotives, etc. So, he
calculated what would happen to this burning of fossil fuels, and he decided in his
calculation, he basically got the calculation right, by the way, but he came out that in
2,000 years from the time that he did the calculations, human would be in trouble.
44. KING:
At the top, you would have a king. Now the king would rule over a kingdom. Now, this
is not so easy to govern especially during the Middle Ages. And the king might owe
many people, things especially people who help the king come to power, helped him
dispose the previous king or to conquer this land. And so in exchange for that and to
help govern, he might grant land or feasts to other people and the key currency in the
Middle Ages under the feudal system island. And land in exchange for loyalty and
service. So this whole thing is a kingdom. Now right over here, this is a Duchy. And a
Duchy will be controlled by a Duke. I guess I didn't call it duckie because that just
doesn't sound as serious. So the king might grant a Duchy, a Duchy to a Duke and in
exchange, the Duke would provide loyalty pledged their fealty. If the kingdom is
threatened, the Duke will fight alongside. The King would provide their own troops if
the king wants to go conquer other territories, same thing, and also provide the king
with taxes.
45. AUSTRALIAN CITES:

Australia's location is important for the world's exports, and its international trade is
also important. Since Australia has a large territory with vast, uninhabited areas, all
towns are scattered around. This leads to huge expenses for transportation when using
trains and ferries. The government also has to pay large amounts for its
telecommunications to build up the catching between these regions. The Australian
people are mainly living in five cities: Melbourne, Sydney, Perth and Brisbane and
Adelaide. The most special one is Perth, which is one of the most isolated cities in the
world. However, this does not affect its state to be one of the largest cities in Australia.
Most large companies, like the two leading companies, Telstra and Qantas, they are
both based in Perth.
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46. KNEE CRACKING:
The sound of a cracking knee isn't particularly pleasant. But it gets worse when you
listen up close. Knee-cracking recording "it does for most people but for me, it actually
just makes me excited." Omer Inan, an electrical engineer at Georgia Tech. "I actually
feel like there's some real information in them that can be exploited for the purposes of
helping people with rehab." Inan's experience with cracking knees goes back to his days
as an undergrad at Stanford, where he threw discus. If I had a really hard workout, then
the next day, of course, I'd be sore, but I'd also sometimes feel this catching or popping
or creaking every now and then in my knee." A few years later, he found himself
building tiny microphones at a high-end audio company. So when he got to Georgia
Tech and heard the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, DARPA, wanted
better tech for knee injuries, he thought: knee-cracking recording Why not strap tiny
microphones to people's knees, to eavesdrop as their legs bend? "What we think it is, is
the cartilage and bone rubbing against each other, the surfaces inside the knee rubbing
against each other, during those movements." He and a team of physiologists and
engineers built a prototype with stretchy athletic tape and a few tiny mics and skin
sensors. And preliminary tests on athletes suggest the squishy sounds the device picks
up are more erratic, and more irregular, in an injured knee than in a healthy one. Which
Inan says might allow patients and doctors to track healing after surgery. Details appear
in the IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. The primary application were
targeting at first is to give people a decision aid during rehabilitation, following an acute
knee injury, to help them understand when they can perform particular activities, and
when they can move to different intensities of particular activities."
47. BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION

With over 40 years unrivaled experience and a worldwide reputation, BSI leads the way
in testing and certification of fire safety products. Based on our dedicated labs in Hemel
Hempstead, our team provides BSI kitemark and Cee testing and certification for a
broad rangeof products, including fire extinguishers, hoses, alarm panels, and heat and
smoke detectors. We help clients to gain access into the European market by ensuring
that products meet all the CE mark requirements. And we are familiar with the market
access regulations of most countries across the world, enabling customers to enter
markets globally. The BSI kitemarket is categorized as a British super brand and
acknowledged the world over as a symbol of trust, integrity, and quality. It provides the
reassurance that vital product safety and performance requirements have been met. Our
team subjects each product to a rigorous set of tests along with robust production control
audits designed specifically to ensure that they perform two required standards of safety
and quality. We test for compatibility of fire detection and fire alarm system
components to ensure that they're compatible and connectable.
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This service meets the growing requirement of European regulatory authorities to meet
national installation guidelines. We also perform tests on individual detection
components. Fire suppression products such as fire extinguishers are subjected to
rigorous tests designed to ensure thatthey're effective, safe and capable of performing
in environments and conditions in which they're stored and used. The symbols for BSI
kitemark and C certification represent quality, safety, and trust. For specifiers, they
demonstrate a commitment to best practice procurement. And for the public, they
provide the reassurance that fire safety products are effective and reliable.
48. MODERNISM:
So, continuing our series of lectures on Modernism, we now turn to architecture and, in
particular, to the work of Frank O Gehry. Now, I'm not going to go into his career in
detail; it is enough to say that early on he was, like other modernist architects, tied to
the rectangle, the straight line, and so on. Often their buildings would have this basic
shape and they would just add bits of decoration like splashes of color or pointless
balconies. Soon enough, Gehry wanted to break away from straight lines and gridline
designs. He wanted the freedom to experiment with other shapes curves and unusually-
angled roofs. What helped him with this was the computer, which allowed him to
visualize and experiment with complex shapes, and to work on the whole design as one
piece, without the added decoration being thrown in as an afterthought. Architecture as
art, if you like ... or, or sculpture even. He himself said that he had struggled with
crossing the line between architecture and sculpture. Now, I want to talk about one
building in particular. The Guggenheim Museum in Bilbao, which I think you will
agree, is a masterpiece.
49. AMERICA’S ECONOMIC SIZE:

In terms of the size of economy, the US economy is more than the total amount of
China, Japan UK and Germany. In terms of the industrial output, US output is $2.8
trillion, but it only equals to the sum of China and Japan.
50. EDMUND WILSON

Wilson came from a different world. And he became the focal point of a board
mainstream American culture that thought that modern literature and wanted modern
literature to be able to be read and appreciated by ordinary people. They were not
modernists in an abstract sense. And certainly some of them like TS Eliot and Faulkner
were too difficult for some of their writings to be read by ordinary people. But this was
a world before the division between the brows or between a lead and whatever had
established itself as a part of our consciousness.
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Wilson was a major player in the successful effort of his generation to establish at the
heart of American life and innovative literature that would equal the great cultures of
Europe. And he knew that the great cultures of Europe were there. He was not a product
of a narrow American Studies kind of training at all. He joined a high artistic standard
with openness to all experience and a belief that literature was as much of a part of life
for everyone as conversation. He thought the Proust and Joyce and Yeats and Eliot
could and should be read by ordinary Americans and helped that to happen. Wilson was
a very various man. Over a period of almost 50 years, he was a dedicated, a literary
journalist, and an investigative reporter, a brilliant memoirist, and dedicated journal
keeper. (His biography, biographical histories to the Finland station and Patriotic Gore
are profoundly influential with Americans today.)
51. EDUCATING CHILDREN:

Many parents communicate and educate their children with two languages, probably
because they both know more than one language, or they come from different countries.
Most of these parents think this can benefit their children’s language learning. But
actually kids will get confused when their parents use different languages from each
other to describe the same object. If one parent sticks to one language, and the other one
sticks to another language, their children will not be confused any more.
52. WELSH LANGUAGE

This busy little town is named after Sir David's first cousin. It's also a Welsh language
stronghold. According to the 2001 census results seventy percent of the town's
population could speak Welsh but even here the language may not be completely safe.
The Welsh language board expects last year's census results to show a fall in the number
of Welsh speakers living in its northern and western heartlands. One of the main reasons
for that the board says is migration. Many Welsh speakers are choosing to leave the
country. At the same time only a small percentage of those moving in can speak the
language or choose to learn it. Historically, over the past 1788 Wales people have
continually left in order to find better standard of pay maybe in quality of employment
and the things have change was probably is that them there is a larger amount of English
people now who have found Wales of the last 20- 25 years particularly this corner of
Wales and regarded is a desirable place to come and live and as opposed to many areas
in England and cheaper as well.
53. AQUACULTURE
Aquaculture, the farming of fish, shrimp, shellfish and seaweeds, has been the sources
of human protein for nearly four thousand years, especially in Asia. In the last decade,
however, there is been unprecedented growth in aquaculture production, more than
300% since 1984, which has increased the importance of the modern food supply.
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It’s the world’s fastest growing food production activity. And globally, more than 25%
of the odd fishing and shellfishproduction in 1999 was attributable to aquaculture. Yes,
this industry’s contributions to human diet is actually greater than the numbers imply,
whereas 1/3 of the conventional fish catch is used to make fish meal and fish oil.
Virtually all farmed fish are used as human food. Today, nearly 1/3 of fish consumed
by human is the product of aquaculture, and that percentage will only increase as
aquaculture expands the world’s conventional fish catch, for the oceans and lakes
continues to decline because of overfishing and environmental damage.
54. BENEFITS OF MIGRATION

Now the economists calculated, it's a back-of-the-envelope calculation, that removing
allimmigration controls would double the size of the world economy, and even a small
relaxation of immigration controls would lead to disproportionally big gains. Now
from an ethical pointof view, it's hard to argue against a policy that will do so much to
help people that are much poorer than us. The famous Rand Study reckons that a typical
immigrant who arrives in US ends up with $20,000 a year, that's rough. It's not just
the migrants themselves who gain; it's the countries they come from. Already, the
migrants from poor countries working in rich countries send home around 200 billion
dollars a year, through normal channels, and about twice as that through informal
channels. And that compares to the neat a hundred million dollars that Western
governments give in aid. These remittances are not wasted on weapons or siphoned off
into Swiss bank accounts; they go straight into the pockets of local people. They pay
for food, clean water and medicines, they help kids in school, they help start up new
business.
55. TRUTH AND RHETORIC

But Aristotle says the reason we need rhetoric is we have to be able to use it. We have
to be able to use rhetoric influence, basically, the rebel, and the morons. We try to get
them to understand truth. Truth is suggested, is different than rhetoric. Rhetoric is the
dressing, is the body, right? Truth is the spirit, is the soul, is abstract. It doesn’t have a
body. It’s not particular.If you wanna get somebody to the truth, you might have to use
some kind of tricks. Right? Because most people are not sound and can't see the truth.
That’s what we think. Most people are ramble. Really? Only the educated be erudite
are actually capable of seeing the truth. If you wanna get the general mass there, you
may have to do fable a little bit. So Aristotle that is rhetoric; rhetoric is something that
is used to influence people, right? And it’s a kind of mentally promised a logic.
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56. NIGHT SKY DARKNESS
Our friends at the Highlands Museum and Discovery Center in Ashland, Kentucky,
asked a very good question. Why is it dark in space? That question is not as simple as
it may sound. You might think that space appears dark at night because that is when our
side of Earth faces away from the Sun as our planet rotates on its axis every 24 hours.
But what about all those other far away suns that appears as stars in the night sky? Our
own Milky Way galaxy containsover 200 billion stars, and the entire universe probably
contains over 100 billion galaxies. You might suppose that that many stars would light
up the night like daytime! Until the 20th century, astronomers didn't think it was even
possible to count all the stars in the universe. They thought the universe went on
forever. In other words, they thought the universe was infinite. Besides being very hard
to imagine, the trouble with an infinite universe is that no matter where you look in the
night sky, you should see a star. Stars should overlap each other in the sky like tree
trunks in the middle of a very thick forest. But, if this were the case, the sky would be
blazing with light. This problem greatly troubled astronomers and became known as
"Olbers' Paradox." A paradox is a statement that seems to disagree with itself. To try to
explain the paradox, some 19th century scientists thought that dust clouds between the
stars must be absorbing a lot of the starlight so it wouldn't shine through to us. But later
scientists realized that the dust itself would absorb so much energy from the starlight
that eventually it would glow as hot and bright as the stars themselves. Astronomers
now realize that the universe is not infinite. A finite universe - that is, a universe of
limited size - even one with trillions and trillions of stars, just wouldn't have enough
stars to light up all of space. Although the idea of a finite universe explains why Earth's
sky is dark at night, other causes work to make it even darker.
57. BOY’S AND GIRL’S PERFORMANCE

You can see that the two charts, each give quite a different picture of the performance
of boys and girls in the two key subjects of Math and English. It shows that in English,
girls consistently outperform boys over a period of 6 years, achieving scores about 10%
above their male peers. There is quite a different picture when we look at the Math
results with no real difference between genders in the results. What is the explanation
for these key differences? To answer this question, researchers look at biological and
cognitive factors, and a range of social factors. The interaction between these different
components in early childhood development is seen as maintained and reinforced in the
school context. And this leads to distinct gender patterns of behavior and skills with
direct consequences for school performanceand achievement. The ultimate uses of this
evidence (are) to show that biological factors, such as patterns of cognitive
developments are closely linked to social factor, such as learned gender categories.
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This cognitive skill is learned both pre-school and subsequently at school, supported by
the responses of teachers, creating a reinforcement of patterns.
58. EFFECTS OF DISEASE:

As a part of our study of the effects of diseases on society, of the, uh, social
consequences of man’s diseases, we should certainly include yellow fever. Now, yellow
fever’s a deadly disease that’s caused by a virus, and it’s been the source of many
epidemics since at least the eighteenth century in Africa, Europe, and the Americas. In
fact, it still kills more than thirty thousand people a year worldwide. And there’s still
no cure for the disease. However, there is a vaccine to immunize us against it. The road
to the discovery of that vaccine was a rocky one, I think. It’s called ‘yellow’ fever
because one of its symptoms is jaundice - a yellowish colour that the skin takes on,
because of liver damage. It’s transmitted by mosquitoes, either from man to man- this’s
called the ‘urban’ cycle- or from monkey to man- this’s called the ‘sylvatic’ or ‘jungle’
cycle. The disease probably originated in West Africa, and it was carried from there to
the West Indies and the New World in the eighteenth century with the ships of the slave
trade. The first big outbreak of yellow fever happened in Cuba in 1762 and 1763, and
it killed thousands of American and British colonial troops there. After that, between
then and 1900, it killed about ten percent of Cuba’s population.
59. WORKBOOKS:
Before we start our first lab, I would like to tell you a little bit about the workbook we
will be using. The first thing I would like to point out is that the workbook contains a
very large amount of material. Far more than you could ever handle in a single semester.
What you are supposed to do is choose the experiments and activities that you want to
do within a certain framework of course. Part of my job is to help you make your
choices. Next, I would like to mention that in each workbook chapter there are usually
two subsections. The first is called experiments and the second is called activities. In
the experiment section, the workbook gives full instructions for all the experiments
including alternate procedures to the procedure you wish. There are plenty of
equipments available. In the activity section, you will find suggestions for projects that
you can do on your time. You will see that there are usually no detailed instructions for
the activities. You are supposed to do them your own way. If there are no questions
let’s turn to chapter one now.
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60. GRADUATION:
All of my research that I conducted was by 60 plus graduate students, was motivated
by their need to learn, so that we can teach. Of course, in some inventions happened
along the way but I’ve always considered the end result. And I always consider this
invention to be byproduct, byproducts of the learning process. The end product for me
was always better understanding or when one really succeeded in unifying theory that
can help us in teaching the subject. I’ve also looked at teaching as a vehicle to try new
ideas, of new ways to doing things on an intelligent group of learners. That is as the
vehicle for the teaching research results. And in my experience, this kind of teaching is
the most stimulated and motivating to students. I also uncovered many interesting
research problems in the course of teaching assumption. It is this unity of research and
teaching their close connection and the benefits gathered by exercising and the interplay
that to me recognized the successful professor.
61. ROBOTS:
This is a kind of object that you’re probably all familiar with when you hear the term
robot. But I’m going to show you the very first robots. These were the very first robots.
There were characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum’s universal robots and their
play was written by a Czech writer called Karel Capek and basically these robots. You
know people tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or you know Hollywood
depictions kind of devoid of politics. But the first robots were actually created and
imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. You just had the First World War. You
finished that had a devastating impact across Europe. And people kind of reflecting on
what does it mean to be human what makes us human those kinds of questions and this
kind on context is what inspired Czech x to kind of write this play and interestingly
these robots have been humans. They are actually in the play assembled on a production
line a bit like the Ford manufacturing production line. So even though they are human
they are assembled and these robots are designed to labor and manage their primary
purpose in society.
62. HANS KREBS:

This is Hans Krebs. Who in 1937 published a paper so in the sequence of chemical
reactions by which energy is released in individual cells. It’s called the Krebs cycle
which some of you may remember from your chemistry course in high school. Krebs is
a wonderful example to me of how a scientist who was determined can overcome all
kinds of human obstacles. Krebs father constantly discouraged him and told him that he
had just mediocre intelligence and would never do anything important in his life as a
teenager. What Krebs remembers in his memoir his father said to him you can’t make
a silk purse out of a sow’s ear? And later on when Krebs studied with the great
biochemist Otto Warburg.
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Warburg also told him the same thing not saying quote but that he had only mediocre
ability and would never be a great scientist and we all hear about how important it is for
parents to encourage their children. But sometimes the children will go on to do great
things no matter what we say to them.
63. ASTRONOMERS:
Most people think of astronomers as people who spend their time in cold observatories
peering through telescopes every night. In fact, a typical astronomer spends most of his
or her time analysing data and may only be at the telescope a few weeks of the year.
Some astronomers work on purely theoretical problems and never use a telescope at all.
You might not know how rarely images are viewed directly through telescopes. The
most common way to observe the skies is to photograph them. The process is very
simple. First, a photographic plate is coated with a light-sensitive material. The plate is
position so that the image received by the telescope is recorded on it. Then the image
can be developed enlarged and published so that many people can study it because most
astronomical objects are very remote. The light we receive from them is rather feeble
but by using a telescope as a camera, long time exposures can be made. In this way,
objects can be photographed that is a hundred times too faint to be seen by just looking
through a telescope.
64. OLD CANADA ROAD:

The old Canada road is a long lost trail between the Canadian province of Quebec and
Maine in the North-East corner of the United States. Yes, it really was lost and finding
it again was a complex process that involved state of the art technology. How the
location of the road was pinpointed was very interesting and I’ll return to it as soon as
I have given you a little background information. The road began in 1817 a few years
before Maine even became a state at the time Quebec was a major market for livestock
crops and fish. So a road to Quebec was seen by officials in Maine as necessary for
trade. For about 20 years the movement of people and goods was mostly from Maine to
Quebec but then the trend reversed as thousands of Canadians emigrated to Maine to
escape poor crops, a lack of jobs and the threat of disease. I think it was a cholera
epidemic. Besides these negative reasons major building projects in Maine also made
the state very attractive for the Canadians who needed work. I should stress though that
immigration during that period went in both directions. In fact, the flow of people and
goods went completely unhindered. There wasn’t even a border post until around 1850.
The people of the time saw Maine and Quebec as a single region mainly because of the
strong French influence which is still evident in Maine today eventually the road fell
into disuse as a major railway was completed. Finally, people simply forgot about it and
that’s how it came to be lost. This brings me back to the original topic.
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65. MELATONIN:
I'm just going to take on where stuff left off. The hormone I want to now talk about
its called melatonin. The synthesis is in the Pineal Gland, which is very small. It is the
size of a pea in your brain. Descartes called it the 'seat of soul', and it is where melatonin
is made. And it has a rhythm as well. And in the sense, it is the opposite of the cortisol.
It peaks at night. We call it as the darkness hormone. In every species that we studied,
melatonin occurs at night. And it's hormone that prepares you for the things that your
species, does at night. So, of course, in humans we sleep, but animals, like rodents,
they are awake. So, it's a hormone that is related to darkness behavior.
66. AEGEAN SEA AREA:

Well, we begin our story with the emergence of the Bronze Age in the Aegean Sea area.
That appears to have taken place about 3000 B.C. I think these days they date it down
about another century to about 2900. Precision is impossible; don’t worry about that.
And what we find, the first example of a Bronze Age and I use the word civilization
now for the first time, because before the Bronze Age there is nothing that we would
define as civilization. Civilization involves the establishment of permanent dwelling
areas that we call cities, as opposed to villages. Agricultural villages will have existed
all over the place in the late Stone Age, in the Neolithic Period, as it is known. But there
is a difference and the critical difference is that a city contains a number of people who
do not provide for their own support. That is to say, they don’t produce food. They need
to acquire it from somebody else. Instead, they do various things like governing and are
priests, and are bureaucrats, and are engaged in other non-productive activities that
depend upon others to feed them. That’s the narrowest definition of cities.
67. EFFECTS OF DISEASE:

As a part of our study of the effects of diseases on society, of the, uh, social
consequences of man’s diseases, we should certainly include yellow fever. Now, yellow
fever’s a deadly disease that’s caused by a virus, and it’s been the source of many
epidemics since at least the eighteenth century in Africa, Europe, and the Americas. In
fact, it still kills more than thirty thousand people a year worldwide. And there’s still
no cure for the disease. However, there is a vaccine to immunize us against it. The road
to the discovery of that vaccine was a rocky one, I think. It’s called ‘yellow’ fever
because one of its symptoms is jaundice - a yellowish colour that the skin takes on,
because of liver damage. It’s transmitted by mosquitoes, either from man to man- this’s
called the ‘urban’ cycle- or from monkey to man- this’s called the ‘sylvatic’ or ‘jungle’
cycle. The disease probably originated in West Africa, and it was carried from there to
the West Indies and the New World in the eighteenth century with the ships of the slave
trade. The first big outbreak of yellow fever happened in Cuba in 1762 and 1763, and
it killed thousands of American and British colonial troops there. After that, between
then and 1900, it killed about ten percent of Cuba’s population.
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68. STUDENTS:
Hello students, Raise your hand if you’re right-handed. Yep, that looks typical. Most of
us about ninety percent are right-handed. It’s been that way throughout history. In
ever…In nearly every culture, right has been associated with positive qualities, while
the left has been associated with negative, or even evil, ones. In Latin, left means
"sinister.” In ancient Japan, men could reject, or, refuse, to marry women who were
left-handed. Um, in modern China, teachers try to force left-handed students to learn to
write with their right hands. And, as I’m sure all lefties know, everyday items, like, can
openers, uh, scissors, and uh, computer keyboards, are designed for righties. In short,
left-handers have been made to feel "left” out. Get it? It might seem straightforward to
you and I, but scientifically speaking, the basis of handedness is not well understood.
Most scientists define right-handed or left-handed on the basis of a person’s preferred
writing hand. But some scientists claim it should be based on the hand that is, um, faster
and more accurate in performing manual activities, like tightening a screw or, uh, tying
a knot. Still others claim that ability doesn’t matter; in other words, that handedness
should denote only preference.
69. LAW OF PHYSICS:

Can we never get to absolute zero? What a wonderful question. I wish I had a wonderful
answer to go with it. Here is the problem, there is actually a law of physics called the
third law of thermodynamics, that says you cannot get to the absolute zero, but we don't
really know it’s true, but we are pretty sure it is for the following reason: every time
you think of some way of cooling something down a little bit, it means you try to get
energy out of that thing and make the temperature lower. Well if you can get energy
out, usually there is a way that the energy can go in as well. And that always means
there is a competition between taking the energy out and putting the energy in. Now
you can try to make it, so you are favouring getting energy out, but you can’t completely
stop the energy from going in and that means you might be able to get colder and colder,
but you won't be able to get all the way to absolute zero. Could we go back to my
PowerPoint, because I think that one of these slides will illustrate that point a little bit
better? Yes, here, remember the logarithmic thermometer? There is no zero on this
logarithmic thermometer, just keeps going down, you make it a fact of 10 colder, you're
not a zero. You make it a fact of 10 colder, you’re still not a zero. You make it a fact of
10 colder, you're still not a zero. So, you start a million of a degree, now you are 10
million of a degree, now you are 100 million of a degree. Now you are billions of
degrees. You never get to zero that way. You get closer and closer, but you never get to
zero. So that’s why we cannot get to absolute zero.
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70. WORKBOOK:
Before we start our first lab, I would like to tell you a little bit about the workbook we
will be using. The first thing I would like to point out is that the workbook contains a
very large amount of material. Far more than you could ever handle in a single semester.
What you are supposed to do is choose the experiments and activities that you want to
do within a certain framework of course. Part of my job is to help you make your
choices. Next, I would like to mention that in each workbook chapter there are usually
two subsections. The first is called experiments and the second is called activities. In
the experiment section, the workbook gives full instructions for all the experiments
including alternate procedures to the procedure you wish. There are plenty of equipment
available. In the activity section, you will find suggestions for projects that you can do
on your time. You will see that there are usually no detailed instructions for the
activities. You are supposed to do them your own way. If there are no questions let’s
turn to chapter one now.
71. GRADUATE STUDENTS:

All of my research that I conducted was by 60 plus graduate students, was motivated
by their need to learn, so that we can teach. Of course, in some inventions happened
along the way but I’ve always considered the end result. And I always consider this
invention to be byproduct, byproducts of the learning process. The end product for me
was always better understanding or when one really succeeded in unifying theory that
can help us in teaching the subject. I’ve also looked at teaching as a vehicle to try new
ideas, of new ways to doing things on an intelligent group of learners. That is as the
vehicle for the teaching research results. And in my experience, this kind of teaching is
the most stimulated and motivating to students. I also uncovered many interesting
research problems in the course of teaching assumption. It is this unity of research and
teaching their close connection and the benefits gathered by exercising and the interplay
that to me recognized the successful professor.
72. HAUSSMANN’S RENOVATION OF PARIS

Cities are interesting palaces. Some cities are carefully planned and built for a reason
and reflect the needs of the people as it grows, others are less consciously designed.
Paris for example was originally founded in the third century as a small village and with
every passing generation it grew in size and importance. It grew from medieval city to
a modern city but the transition was not always smooth. Emperor napoleon had to hire
someone to oversee the rebuilding of Paris. The man he chose was houseman. In 1853
Haussmann began the processof renovating Frances capital city. His basic instructions
were to bring the light and air into the central district. Improve the sanitation and living
areas and make Paris a more modern beautiful city.
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Not your average weekend renovation, Haussmann’s project includes the destruction of
old medieval neighborhood, widening of streets, building large parks and public
squares, and addition of fountains and sew lines to add all this, the size of Paris had to
be increased, doubled actually and the napoleons issued official decree annexing
nearby suburbsto make them part of the city. One of the main priorities of the massive
renovation was to connect all the districts together. If we think of Paris like a house,
each district was its own room, existing essentially independently of the other districts,
napoleons wanted to be easier totravel between the most important districts and to create
a sense of being one unified city, not a series of independent neighborhoods, so
Haussmann created large avenue that connecteddistricts, more than that he made all the
avenues look roughly the same. Buildings on Major Avenue were required to be roughly
the same height and style and even used the same color stones for the facade. The result
was to remove any local characters and create a uniform Paris. For the first time the city
has a specific look, a style that people began to associate not with the districts but with
Paris itself.
73. ROBOTS:
This is a kind of object that you’re probably all familiar with when you hear the term
robot. But I’m going to show you the very first robots. These were the very first robots.
There were characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum’s universal robots and their
play was written by a Czech writer called Karel Capek and basically these robots. You
know people tend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or you know Hollywood
depictions kind of devoid of politics. But the first robots were actually created and
imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. You just had the First World War. You
finished that had a devastating impact across Europe. And people kind of reflecting on
what does it mean to be human what makes us human those kinds of questions and this
kind on context is what inspired Czech x to kind of write this play and interestingly
these robots have been humans. They are actually in the play assembled on a production
line a bit like the Ford manufacturing production line. So even though they are human
they are assembled and these robots are designed to labor and manage their primary
purpose in society.
74. HANS KREBS:

This is Hans Krebs. Who in 1937 published a paper so in the sequence of chemical
reactions by which energy is released in individual cells. It’s called the Krebs cycle
which some of you may remember from your chemistry course in high school. Krebs is
a wonderful example to me of how a scientist who was determined can overcome all
kinds of human obstacles.
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Krebs father constantly discouraged him and told him that he had just mediocre
intelligence and would never do anything important in his life as a teenager. What Krebs
remembers in his memoir his father said to him you can’t make a silk purse out of a
sow’s ear. And later on when Krebs studied with the great biochemist Otto Warburg.
Warburg also told him the same thing not saying quote but that he had only mediocre
ability and would never be a great scientist and we all hear about how important it is for
parents to encourage their children. But sometimes the children will go on to do great
things no matter what we say to them.
75. INFLUENCE OF CLIMATE CHANGE

Climate change, some adverse effects of climate changes to agricultural productions.
Some lands are unsuitable for growing crops. There will be millions of people
facing hunger inAfrica in the future. Climate change will result in less production and
less food. It is difficult for developing countries to deal with climate change due to their
financial status and other issues. There are many people living in hunger especially in
Africa. The climate change has devastating effects on world economy. The tropical
areas on earth are dry and hot, and are originally not suitable for food production. The
change of the climate leads to extreme weather conditions such as flood and hurricane,
which exacerbates the food production. As a result, it leads to a continuous decline in
food supply annually around 10-17%. And this trend is perceived to be continuing in
the future by 2070. The regions suffering the most will be some African countries.
76. INFINITE MONKEY THEOREM

The infinite monkey theorem states that a monkey hitting keys at random on a
typewriter keyboard for an infinite amount of time will almost surely type a given text,
such as the complete works of William Shakespeare. In this context, "almost surely" is
a mathematical term with a precise meaning, and the "monkey" isn't an actual monkey,
but a metaphor for an abstract device that produces a random sequence of letters ad
infinitum. The theorem illustrates the perils of reasoning about infinity by imagining a
vast but finite number, and vice versa. The probability of a monkey exactly typing a
complete work such as Shakespeare's Hamlet is so tiny that the chance of it occurring
during a period of time of the order of the age of the universe is minuscule, but not zero.
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77. SATURN RINGS
In the solar system, many planets have rings; Saturn's rings are the most spectacular
planetary ring. Consisting of different kinds of particles, these rings orbit the Saturn.
in 1610, Galileowas the first who spotted Saturn‘s rings. With his 20-power telescope,
Galileo might have mistaken Saturn's gaseous ring to surmise that Saturn was formed
of one planet with two moons as satellites. In 1675, Giovanni Cassini determined that
Saturn's "ring" was actually composed of sub-rings with gaps between them. So the
number of Saturn’s rings is more than 10. Other planets like Venus, Jupiter Neptune
Uranus also have rings but not as many as Saturn. Finally, Scientists conducted that
these rings are formed as a result of gravitational field.
78. ABSOLUTE ZERO

Absolute zero is the point at which the fundamental particles of nature have minimal
vibration motion. Absolute zero is not achievable and does not exist. But scientists are
putting a lot of effort in designing experience and trying to achieve or create absolute
zero. The reason they do so is not for a predetermined and they are not focusing on the
goal of the experiment. Define in this experiment is to find and prove whether
something you don't know that exist or not and this is the beauty of science that
scientists fall in love with.
79. EARLY ROBOT

This is a kind of object that you're probably all familiar with when you had the term
robot, but I'm gonna show you the very, very first robots. These were the very first
robots. They were characters in a play in the 1920s called Rossum's Universal Robots
and they, the play was written by Czech writer called Karel Capek. And basically,
these robots, you know, peopletend to think of robots as kind of cute cuddly toys or,
you know, Hollywood depictions kind of devoid of politics. But the first robots were
actually created and imagined in a time of absolute political turmoil. You just had the
First World War, you know, it finished had a devastating impact across Europe and
so people will kind and people are kind of reflecting on what does it mean to be human,
what makes us human, those kinds of question. And this kind of context is what inspired
Capek to kind of write this play. And interestingly, these robots being human, they are
actually in the play assembled on a production line, a bit like the Ford manufacturing
production line. So even though they are human, they are assembled and these robots
are designed to labor and that is their primary purpose in society.
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80. EARTHQUAKE AND FAULT
Today, we will discuss the relationship between the fault lines in the earth’s crust and
an earthquake. This dislocation of the rock occurs from the earth’s surface, seven
kilometers to several hundred kilometers vertically down to the crust. The earthquake’s
focus is called epicenter which is vertically beneath the interior of the earth’s crust and
the energy releases and transfers through epicenter. The faults are the fracture on the
earth’s crust. The position of the epicenters can be identified by the faults’ maps,
looking down from the center of the earth. It will result in seismic wave which is
decreased as it moved away from the epicenter.
81. LANGUAGE EXTINCTION

A language dies when the last person who speaks it dies. But you know, sometimes
people say it dies when the second-last person who speaks it dies, because the last
person has nobody to talk to. Well, of course, languages have come and gone
throughout history as communities have come and gone. But what's happening now is
something really quite extraordinary. Well, there are about 6000 languages in the world
at the moment, more or less. Nobody knows the exact number. Of these, about half of
them are so seriously in danger, are likely to die out in the course of present century.
Now the present century is a hundred years, half is 3000 languages. So, that means one
language is dying out somewhere in the world average every two weeks. There are all
kinds of reasons why languages die one is physical reason when people are affected by
famine, disease and earthquake. Another is genocide, when somecountries deliberately
stamp out a small language. The main reason is globalization. That is, some huge
languages in the world, like English, Arabic, Spanish and French, and these are like
stream rollers crushing the smaller languages they find in their path. A great deal can
be done to preserve endangered language. The first thing is that the people themselves
must want the language to be preserved. That's very important. The second thing is that
the powers- that- be must want the language to be preserved. They must be respect for
the minority languages in their care. The third thing has to be there, of course, is cash.
It costs quite a lot of money to preserve an endangered language. Think about it, you
have to train the teachers; you have to write books for the children and all sorts of things.
It doesn't cost extraordinary amount money, but it does cost a bit. So without money,
endangered languages don't have a positive future.
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82. HAPPINESS:
As Joanne pointed out, only one country, tiny between China and little Bhutan, wedged
the Gross National India, has adopted central index of Happiness as the government
policy, and actually has a good deal of success in education and in health and in
economic growth and in environmental preservation. They have a rather sophisticated
way of measuring the effects of different policies on people's happiness. They are the
only country to go that far. But you are now beginning to get other countries interested
enough to do kind of white paper policy analyses of happiness research - what effects
would it have if we used it more for public policy? You are beginning to get countries
like Australia, France, Great Britain that areconsidering publishing regular statistics on
happiness. So it is beginning to become a subject of greater interest for policymakers
and legislators in different advanced countries.
83. AMORY LOVINS:

Amory Lovins is an American consultant experimental physicist and he has been active
at the nexus of energy, resources, economy, environment, development and security in
more than 50 countries for over 40 years. He pays attention on energy saving and how
to use energy in a more efficient and sustainable ways. He built a house with plenty of
energy-saving concepts. He’s an unusual character with a wide range of knowledge and
a genius, but he’s not a scientist. He has a consulting company and lives in the
mountains. For 30 years, he used a lotof ways to save energy and solved problems with
technologies that already existed and demonstrated them. Some people think he is so
crazy. A female writer wrote a book about him which is called Mr. Green.
84. HAPPINESS
There was a time when the subject of happiness was the business of philosophers as
part of their discussion of what makes for a good life, then much later psychologists and
sociologists got in on the act, and now it seems so is the government. I understand that
the government should have the welfare and wellbeing of those it governs at heart. From
the purely practical point of view of keeping people quiet at home enjoying their gadgets
in comfort rather than on the street rioting, which surely it's not something you can
legislate for. Today there are numerous journals on the topics and is even included in
the curriculum of some universitiesand colleges, surveys are done, statistics compiled,
graph drawn, yet all they seem to prove is what most people have concluded themselves
from personal experience. An obvious example would be that having a lot of money
doesn't necessarily make you happy. We all wish to be happy and have ideas about what
it is we think would make so. But we also know or suspect it’s not that easy.
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Most of us learn that it is a by-product of something else, usually being totally
absorbed or involved in some task or pastime and can only be reached that way. These
activities of course must be worthwhile in themselves.
85. PROBLEMS IN BIGGER CITIES

We have briefly looked at some of the problems involved running a bigger city like say
Melbourne; keeping the road rail systems running, placing, providing food, and housing
and so on. In another lecture, I’m going to deal with we must now call the Megalopolis:
cities with populations of ten million or more. However, first I want to go back in history
to when the population of cities could be numbered in the thousands rather than
millions. One of the earliest theorists of the city was of course, Plato who created an
ideal city in his text The Republic. The population of the city would be around twenty-
five to thirty thousand at the most, oddly enough the same figures were chosen by
Leonardo Da Vinci for his ideal cities. Now, of these twenty-five to thirty thousand
inhabitants only about five thousand would be citizens, a reason for this might be that
it is the largest number that could be addressed publicly at one time and by one person,
and makes the voting systems much easier to manage. Also, perhaps the numbers are
kept deliberately low because a large population would be hard to control; all because
in practical terms a few inhabitants are easy to feed from local suppliers without having
to depend on outside sources.
86. BEST MANAGERS:

Managers usually work long hours, so they don’t have time to read about other firms or
broaden their perspectives. It's important to study this while in university. Ideas come
from university and broad perspectives should be generic skills for managers. That's
why the best managers are not necessarily the most experienced. It's not supposed to be
the people who work their way up the ladder.
87. SOOT:
Soot, which comes from combustion of many different things, is black so it's a strong
absorber. In fact it's second only to CO2 in terms of warming, so it's actually ahead of
methane, which you hear a lot about. The interesting thing about soot and aerosols'
impact on climate is that their lifetimes are so much shorter. So if we can reduce the
soot we can make changes within months versus tens of years. It's not to say we should
ignore the CO2 and the greenhouse gases but it could buy us some time while we
actually do the right strategies to reduce the greenhouse gases.
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88. NOBLE GASES:
Uniquely stable, they seemed to participate in no chemical reactions. But by
understanding the stability of the noble gases, physicists discovered the key to chemical
bonding itself. Dmitri Mendeleev added the noble gases to his periodic table in 1902,
where he arranged the elements in rows and columns according to their atomic weight.
Mendeleev was able to see repeating (or periodic) patterns in their properties. The noble
gases appeared regularly in the periodic table, occurring in every eighth position, at
least amongst the lighter elements.
89. BIOLOGICAL FORGETTING:

People forget things every day including experiences, feelings and thoughts. We call
this process biological forgetting. Remembering is hard for people, and people try to
overcome biological forgetting. Human' memory is not fixed, but it can be reconstructed
and shaped by the past. Since ancestors, we have always been trying to improve our
memory.
90. ORACLE:
Oracle is the largest database company in the world. It has many services such as emails,
voice mails and database. It helps business people travel around and do business
anywhere they need. Mobile phone let people communicate on the way. In conclusion,
technology provides convenience. (In the exam, there is a picture going with this audio,
and you can give your response according to the words in the picture.)
91. HOUSING AFFORDABILITY:

The impact on young Australians who are interested in buying a home of their own has
been very significant. Australia's housing affordability now shapes the typical housing
cycle or housing career as some people call it. Most Australians in the normal course of
events are people who move through the housing cycle in a way that matches the stages
of life that they're at. So, they move out of the family home in their late teens or early
20s as they gain their independence from their families, then they rent save for a home
they can afford as either a group, or maybe a couple. And maybe they can upgrade it
when they have a family in their middle age, they are more than likely to have paid off
their mortgage. And that means they have housing security in their old age. That's no
longer the typical housing cycle for Australians, young people generally live at home
for much longer than they once did. They generally rent for longer and they're more
likely to be saddled with a mortgage not just into their middle age but more often than
not into their retirement as well. In fact, in 2006, 65,000 retiree households were still
paying off the mortgage. Affordable rent is also an elusive right around Australia. We
have very low rental vacancies, we see high turnover as landlords want to maximize
their profits in tight market, and we see less long-term or lifelong rental, as we see in
other countries and other economies.
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92. CANCER CELLS:
Cell division is an intricate chemical dance that’s part individual, part community-
driven. And in a neighborhood of 100 trillion cells, sometimes things go wrong. Maybe
an individual cell’s set of instructions, or DNA, gets a typo, what we call a mutation.
Most of the time, the cell senses mistakes and shuts itself down, or the system detects a
troublemaker and eliminates it. But, enough mutations can bypass the fail-safes, driving
the cell to divide recklessly. That one rogue cell becomes two, then four, then eight. At
every stage, the incorrect instructions are passed along to the cells’ offspring. Weeks,
months, or years after that one rogue cell transformed, you might see your doctor about
a lump in your breast. Difficulty going to the bathroom could reveal a problem in your
intestine, prostate, or bladder. Or, a routine blood test might count too many white cells
or elevated liver enzymes. Your doctor delivers the bad news: it's cancer.
93. MELANIN:
Sunscreen as we know it today didn’t exist 50,000 years ago. So how did our ancestors
cope with this onslaught of UV? The key to survival lay in their own personal sunscreen
manufactured beneath the skin: melanin. The type and amount of melanin in your skin
determines whether you'll be more or less protected from the sun. This comes down to
the skin’s response as sunlight strikes it. When it’s exposed to UV light, that triggers
special light-sensitive receptors called rhodopsin, which stimulate the production of
melanin to shield cells from damage. For light-skin people, that extra melanin darkens
their skin and produces a tan. Over the course of generations, humans living at the Sun-
saturated latitudes in Africa adapted to have a higher melanin production threshold and
more eumelanin, giving skin a darker tone. This built-in sun shield helped protect them
from melanoma, likely making them evolutionarily fitter and capable of passing this
useful trait on to new generations.
94. NOSTALGIA:
In the late 17th century, a medical student named Johannes Hofer noticed a strange
illness affecting Swiss mercenaries serving abroad. Its symptoms, including fatigue,
insomnia, irregular heartbeat, indigestion, and fever were so strong; the soldiers often
had to be discharged. As Hofer discovered, the cause was not some physical
disturbance, but an intense yearning for their mountain homeland. He dubbed the
condition nostalgia, from the Greek “nostos “for homecoming and “algos” for pain or
longing. At first, nostalgia was considered a particularly Swiss affliction. Some doctors
proposed that the constant sound of cowbells in the Alps caused trauma to the ear drums
and brain. Commanders even forbade their soldiers from singing traditional Swiss songs
for fear that they’d lead to desertion or suicide. But as migration increased worldwide,
nostalgia was observed in various groups. It turned out that anyone separated from their
native place for a long time was vulnerable to nostalgia. And by the early 20th century,
professionals no longer viewed it as a neurological disease, but as a mental condition
similar to depression.
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95. OCEAN CURRENTS:
Ocean currents are driven by a range of sources: the wind, tides, changes in water
density, and the rotation of the Earth. The topography of the ocean floor and the
shoreline modifies those motions, causing currents to speed up, slow down, or change
direction. Ocean currents fall into two main categories: surface currents and deep ocean
currents. Surface currents control the motion of the top 10 percent of the ocean’s water,
while deep-ocean currents mobilize the other 90 percent. Though they have different
causes, surface and deep ocean currents influence each other in an intricate dance that
keeps the entire ocean moving. Near the shore, surface currents are driven by both the
wind and tides, which draw water back and forth as the water level falls and rises.
Meanwhile, in the open ocean, wind is the major force behind surface currents. As wind
blows over the ocean, it drags the top layers of water along with it. That moving water
pulls on the layers underneath, and those pull on the ones beneath them.
96. STANDARDIZED TESTS:

Reliability and validity are two critical ideas for understanding standardized tests. To
understand the difference between them, we can use the metaphor of two broken
thermometers. An unreliable thermometer gives you a different reading each time you
take your temperature, and the reliable but invalid thermometer is consistently ten
degrees too hot. Validity also depends on accurate interpretations of results. If people
say results of a test mean something they don’t, that test may have a validity problem.
Just as we wouldn't expect a ruler to tell us how much an elephant weighs, or what it
had for breakfast, we can't expect standardized tests alone to reliably tell us how smart
someone is, how diplomats will handle a tough situation, or how brave a firefighter
might turn out to be. So standardized tests may help us learn a little about a lot of people
in a short time, but they usually can’t tell us a lot about a single person. Many social
scientists worry about test scores resulting in sweeping and often negative changes for
test takers, sometimes with long-term life consequences. We can't blame the tests,
though. It’s up to us to use the right tests for the right jobs, and to interpret results
appropriately.
97. EMOTIONAL MEMORY:

Getting back to PTSD, another type of non-declarative memory is emotional memory.
Now, this has a specific meaning in psychology and refers to our ability to learn about
cues in our environment and their emotional and motivational significance. What do I
mean by that? Well, think of a cue like the smell of baking bread, or a more abstract
cue like a 20-pound note. Because these cues have been pegged with good things in the
past, we like them and we approach them. Other cues, like the buzzing of a wasp, elicit
very negative emotions and quite dramatic avoidance behavior in some people. Now, I
hate wasps. I can tell you that fact. But what I can’t give you are the non-declarative
emotional memories for how I react when there’s a wasp nearby. I can’t give you the
racing heart, the sweaty palms that sense of rising panic. I can describe them to you, but
I can't give them to you.
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98. WALLS:
Walls and fences are often built with the intention of security, security from another
group of people, from crime, from illegal trades. But walls and fences only provide us
with a feeling of security, which is different from real security. Even though they might
make us feel safe, the structures themselves can’t protect us. Instead, they do something
else: they separate. They create an us and a them. They establish an enemy. Walls make
us build a second wall in our head, a mental wall. And those mental walls slowly make
us lose sight of all the things we have in common with the people on the other side. The
other way around, mental walls can grow so strong that they encourage us to build, keep
or strengthen physical walls. Physical and mental walls are closely interlinked, and one
almost always comes with the other. It’s a constant cycle: physical walls empower
mental walls, and mental walls empower physical walls until at one point one part falls
away, and the cycle is disrupted.
99. UNHEALTHY FOOD:

Small changes can add up to big shifts in the environment. We know this from decades
of research on addictive substances. I understand we really would all like to believe that
we're in charge, that we have complete freedom over what we eat. But how free can we
be? Living in a saturated environment, one that continuously surrounds us with food
products carefully engineered to get us hooked and keep us coming back for more.
Those kids in the Tenderloin, they apparently live in what's called a food desert. They
don’t even have access to a grocery store, really. What's a grocery store when it's stuffed
with junk food 74% of it loaded with added sugar? All the health experts will tell you,
shop around the perimeter of this grocery store that way you can steer your way around
all the junk that’s in the middle. But how different is that from a strategy that steers
children around drug dealers in the Tenderloin. We can do so much better than this. We
don’t have to live in an environment that is ready to get us fat, and then blames us for
the health consequences in the medical bills. We don’t have to sit by and watch our
children suffer from diseases of adulthood. We can rerigged this environment to make
it safe. It’s not about personal choice anymore. It’s about our public choice.
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SPEAKING:
ANSWER SHORT QUESTIONS
Expert Advice
1. Which is the biggest one, the elephant, the tiger, or the cheetah? – Elephant.
2. A business doesn’t want to make a loss - what does it want to make? - Profit.
3. What is the process of water changing into a gas? – Evaporation.
4. What do we call a person who studies mystery? – Mystic/occult.
5. What do we call the event in which people move through a public place to celebrate an
important day or event? – Parade.
6. What is the animal that looks like a horse but with black and white stripes? - Zebra.
7. How do we call the animals that are kept on farms or as pets? – Domestic.
8. What is the process of water changing into a gas? – Evaporation.
9. Which kind of energy makes light bulbs work? – Electricity.
10. What is the antonym of 'innocent'? – Guilty.
11. How do we describe a person who is not guilty of a crime? – Innocent.
12. What do we call the two metal bars that trains run on? – Rail/Track.
13. What do we use to rest our heads on in bed? – Pillow.
14. What is a small stick made of wood or cardboard that is used for lighting a fire? – Match.
15. What is the small shiny white ball that forms inside the shell of oyster? –
Pearl/Margarite.
16. What do we call the female head of a family? – Mistress/Hostess.
17. What is the top surface inside the room? – Ceiling.
18. How do we call a person who is about the same age? – Contemporary.
19. What is the legal document protecting someone's intellectual property? – Patent.
20. How many countries are involved in a mutual agreement? – Two.
21. How would you describe an economy that is largely based on farming? – Agricultural.
22. What is the opposite of majority? – Minority.
23. What is the term to specifically describe either a brother or a sister? – Sibling.
24. What do we call the first meal of the day? – Breakfast.
25. What is the joint connecting your foot to the leg? – Ankle.
26. What is a violent conflict between two or more countries? – War.
27. What do we call a set of wires covered in plastic or rubber that carries electricity? –
Cable.
28. What handicap equipment is used for broken legs? - Crutch / walking stick.
29. Where do marine animals live? - Sea / ocean.
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30. What do you call your cousin's father? – Uncle.
31. What do we cover our necks with in the winter? - Scarf / scarves.
32. What do people cover their heads with? – Hats.
33. What is the opposite of 'damp'? – Dry.
34. When you want to include a picture or other file into an email, what will you do? –
Attach.
35. What do we call the story a person tells to make people laugh? – Joke.
36. What is the opposite of ‘emigrate’? – Immigrate.
37. What do we call the colored liquid for writing, drawing and printing? – Ink.
38. How do we describe things that are capable of being dissolved in a liquid? -
Soluble/water-soluble.
39. How many months does a season have? – Three.
40. What is one quarter of 100? – Twenty-Five.
41. Which one is renewable energy, solar power or fossil fuel? – Solar Power.
42. How do we describe people who have or express great love of their country? -
Patriotic.
43. What do we call the jewellery worn around your wrist? – Bracelet.
44. What do we call a covering of very thin transparent material worn by a bride to hide
her face? – Veil.
45. What do we call a picture painted on a wall? - Mural/fresco/wall painting.
46. What do we call a man of high social rank who had a duty to fight for his king in the
Middle Ages? – Knight.
47. How do we describe the action of cooking something in hot fat or oil? - Fry/frying.
48. What do we call the creature who sucks the blood of living people in legends or horror
stories? – Vampire.
49. What do we call the team competing against the host team in a race? – Away team.
50. Which one is wholesome, poison or antibiotic? – Antibiotic.
51. What is the object that has six square sides? – Cube.
52. What is the back part of your foot that is below your ankle? – Heel.
53. What do we call the equipment used to make things look bigger? – Magnifier.
54. What do we call a small horse? – Pony.
55. What are the animals that prey on other animals for living? – Predator.
56. What do we call a young cow? - Calf/calves.
57. What would call a doctor who sells prescribed medicines? - Pharmacist/Chemist.
58. What would you call a specialist who repairs leaking water pipes? – Plumber.
59. What is the animal with white ivory and long trunk? - Elephant.
60. If you are celebrating a bicentennial event, how many years ago did this event happen?
- Two hundred.
61. What is another way to say the arrangement of musical notes in a tune? - Melody.
62. What do you call a short period of break between the parts of a concert or a play? -
Intermission.
63. What is the shape in geometry that has three sides? – Triangle.
64. What literacy genre describes all details of a famous person’s life? – Biography.
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65. What are wine glasses and spectacles made of? – Glass.
66. What do you call the country where you were born? – Motherland.
67. What do we call the activity of taking out weeds from the ground? – Weeding.
68. What makes a refrigerator or any other electrical devices work? – Electricity.
69. How many years are there in a half of century? – Fifty.
70. What do we call something that seems to exist but in fact does not? – Illusion.
71. What do we call drawings or writing on a wall, especially in a public place? – Graffiti.
72. What do we call the place where pedestrians can cross a street? - Crosswalk/pedestrian
crossing/zebra crossing.
73. What is place that a person lives permanently? – Home.
74. What do we call the largest land animal living in Africa or India? – Elephant.
75. What is the book that you write to describe your own life story? – Autobiography.
76. In which compass direction does the Sun rise from? - East.
77. How many eggs are there in a dozen? - Twelve.
78. What is the line where the sky meets the land? - Skyline.
79. If a conference is held annually, how often is it held? - Once a year.
80. What product do you apply to your skin to protect from sunburn? - Sunscreen.
81. What do you call a length of time that lasts for seven days? – Week.
82. How do we describe the position of subterranean? – Underground.
83. What do we call the path by which satellites revolve around the earth? – Orbit.
84. Which one of the following is not a mythological animal, unicorn, giraffe, dragon or
mermaid? – Giraffe.
85. What is the connecting part between two bones? – Joint.
86. What substance would farmers spread into the soil in order to make plants grow more
successfully? – Fertilizer.
87. What do we call the lenses which people use instead of glasses? - Contact lenses.
88. What is the large, flat surface that films are shown on? – Screen.
89. What is the scientific study of rocks? – Geology.
90. What do we call the line between a sunset and the sea? - Sea-sky-line.
91. What's the first meal of the day in the morning? – Breakfast.
92. What is the round, yellow part in the middle of an egg? – Yolk.
93. What do we watch with a screen and a projector? - Slide/movie/film.
94. What is the opposite of 'guilty'? – Innocent.
95. When you bake a cake, what do you put the cake into? – Oven.
96. What is the barrier that can prevent floods from damaging our home? – Dam.
97. What includes everything in the world such as stars and planets? - Universe/cosmos.
98. What do we call animals which eat meat? – Carnivore.
99. What do we describe an event which happens once every year? – Annual.
100. If a student fails to show up in a class because of illness, how do we describe it? -
Absent/absence.
101. What do we describe the space with no air in it? – Vacuum.
102. What is the literature that withstands centuries? - Classic literature.
103. Who prepares and sells medicine in shops or hospitals? - Chemist/pharmacist.
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104. What do we call a scientist who studies planets and stars? – Astronomer.
105. What is the meeting point of the sea and the sky? - Sea level.
106. Which one would you use to describe the desert, humidity or aridity? - Aridity.
107. Does a scapegoat receive or give a crime? - Receive.
108. What is the magazine that is dedicated to academic news? - Journal, Academic
journal.
109. Which gas does plant use during the photosynthesis? – Carbon dioxide.
110. What is the taste of ocean water? Salty or sweet? – Salty.
111. What movement can babies do before they can sit and walk? - Crawling, Crawl.
112. How many days are added in February during a leap year? - One day.
113. What is the habitat of camels – Desert.
114. Which century does the 1600s refer to? - 17th century.
115. What does ASAP mean? - As soon as possible.
116. What is the process of breaking down plastic and glass and using it again? –
Recycling.
117. How do we call the flat surface at the front of a television or computer, on which
we can see pictures? – Screen.
118. What fruit category includes orange, mandarin and lemon? – Citrus.
119. In a compass, there are four directions, north, south, east, and? - West.
120. What do we describe a person who would like to help others? – Warm-hearted.
121. What is the electronic device whose function is about the arithmetic of numbers? –
Calculator.
122. What do we call learning a lot of things in a short time in preparation for an exam?
– Cramming/cram.
123. What do we call a person who takes care of children when their parents are at work?
– Babysitter/nanny.
124. What do we call a person undergoing treatments in hospital? – Patient.
125. What flight starts in a country and ends in the same country? – Domestic.
126. What do we call a bicycle with two seats and two pairs of handles? – Tandem.
127. What do you call a doctor who specializes in children’s diseases? -
Pediatrician/pediatrician.
128. How do we describe a person who enjoys the company of others? – Extrovert.
129. What is the feeling of wanting something that someone else has? – Envy/Jealousy.
130. What do eyes produce while crying? – Tears.
131. What do you call the money you pay for speeding on the road? – Fine.
132. What is the cooking process to make cakes or bread? – Baking.
133. What do we use to get to the third floor when the elevator is broken? – Stairs.
134. What is glass made from? – Sand.
135. What protects birds from the cold? – Feather.
136. What do you call the case you use to carry documents? – Briefcase.
137. When you fill in a form, what are the two options for gender‘? – Male and female
138. What’s the fastest way to get from the 20th floor to the 1st floor? – Lift/Elevator.
139. What subject involves the study of the Periodic Table? - Chemistry.
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140. What force makes humans stay on the earth? - Gravity.
141. Which sweet food do bees produce? – Honey
142. What is the big musical instrument that has 88 black and white keys? - Piano.
143. Which part of a birds’ body is used for flying? - Wings.
144. What is more fuel efficient, a small car or a large truck? - A small car.
145. What is one half of 100%? - 50%.
146. If you want to buy a ring, who do you approach, a jeweler or pharmacist? - Jeweler.
147. In winter, what activities do people usually do on snow mountains by standing on
long, thin boards? – Skiing.
148. What do you call the diagram which includes X-axis and Y-axis? - Coordinate
system.
149. What is the activity of inhaling tobacco substances? – Smoking.
150. Which organ is the blood pumped from? – Heart.
151. What is the term used to describe a period of seven days? – Week.
152. What is the heading at the top of an article or page in a newspaper or magazine? –
Headline.
153. What is the opposite of north? – South.
154. What do you call a list in a book which outlines the structure of the book? - Table
of contents.
155. How many days are there in a fortnight? – Fourteen.
156. If a flight is not international, then what is it called? – Domestic.
157. One who plans and draws the design of buildings and superintends their erection? –
Architect.
158. What is a painting of a person’s head usually called? – Portrait.
159. What do you call a person who is working for a company? – Employee.
160. Horse is a mammal, amphibian or reptile? – Mammal.
161. There are eight planets, such as Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, and the Earth. What stellar
system dothese planets belong to? - Solar system.
162. What is the document does a student get when he completes his study at university?
-Graduation certificate.
163. When a person’s Blood Alcohol Content is higher than the standard range, what
activity are they not allowed to do? – Driving.
164. What do we call the frozen water? – Ice.
165. Which one has a low humidity, a desert or a rainforest? - A desert.
166. What is the antonym of horizontal? - Vertical.
167. What do we call a large notice or picture sticked on a wall? – Poster.
168. What do we call a large building with a square base and triangular sides? – Pyramid.
169. What do you pay when you park in a wrong place? - Fine/parking fine.
170. In addition to A, E, I, O, what is the other vowel letter? - U.
171. What do you call a group of mountains? - Range.
172. What do you call the person who is guilty in law term? - Criminal.
173. When you mix black and white, what color would you get? - Gray.
174. Pedestrians travel by what? - By foot.
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175. What kind of educational institution does a 10-year-old child study in? – Primary
school,Elementary School.
176. What is the ground military force? – Army.
177. What do bees collect from the center of flowers? - Pollen.
178. How many hemispheres does the equator divide the globe into? - Two.
179. What do we call the legal document that states how people’s property should be
allotted aftertheir deaths? - Will.
180. What do you call the son of your sister or brother? - Nephew.
181. What is the nominal form of the wide? – Width.
182. How would you describe an animal that no longer exist on the earth? – Extinct.
183. What medal does a champion get? - A gold medal.
184. How do you call the buildings of a university or college and the land around them?
– Campus
185. When you have the primary, and the secondary, what do you have next? - Tertiary.
186. Who sits in the cockpit of an airplane? – Pilot
187. Which part of the body do mammals use to feed their next generations? - Breast.
188. What material are windows made of? - Glass.
189. What do people with claustrophobia fear? - Confined space.
190. What is the description of events that is spoken with background music during a
film or aplay? - Narration.
191. What do you call the persons who study religions? - Theologians/theologists.
192. What is the string on shoes? - Shoelace, bootlace, cord.
193. What is the smallest unit of computer memory? – Bit.
194. Who do you consult, when suffering from fever? – Doctor.
195. What is the device that controls electrical appliances on and off? - Switch.
196. How many years does a centennial celebrate? - 100 years.
197. What do we call a festival which is held every four years gathering people together
as a sporting event? - Olympics Games.
198. What can bring astronauts to space? - Spacecraft.
199. What is the act of students being present at school? - Attendance.
200. What do we call the building that doctors and nurses work in? Answer: Hospital /
clinic.
201. What do we call a reward paid to an employee at the end of the year? - Year-end
bonus.
202. What do we call a person who is registered for the election? – Candidate.
203. What do we call a person who does a job without being paid? – Volunteer.
204. What is the subject studying the nature of society? – Sociology.
205. We call a person used to using the right hand a right-hander, and what do we call a
person if the left hand? – Left-hander.
206. What do we call a photo of a person's face taken from the side? – Profile.
207. What do we call comments in a movie given by a person unseen on the screen? –
Voice over.
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208. What do we call a list of the times when classes in school happen? - Curriculum
table.
209. What are the imaginary lines that run around the earth vertically? – Longitude.
210. What do we call a player who is going to replace another one on the field? –
Substitute.
211. What is the process of choosing a person for a position by voting? – Election.
212. Where do passengers stand waiting for a train in the railway station? – Platform.
213. What do you call the daughter of your sister or brother? – Niece.
214. Who is a person who gives evidence in court? – Witness.
215. What is the verb that describes traveling on boat? – Cruise.
216. How do we describe something between continents? – Intercontinental.
217. What is the second month of the year? – February.
218. What kind of liquid do mammals feed their babies? – Milk.
219. Which sense is related to your ears? - Hearing, auditory.
220. How often does a biennial convention take place? - Every two years.
221. What natural resource is used by a carpenter? - Wood.
222. What do the following belong to: roses, daisies, tulips, etc.? – Flowers.
223. What do the following terms describe: kilograms, pounds, and ounces? – Weight.
224. When the writer of a book is unknown, what word do we use to describe the writer?
-Anonymous.
225. Why are bees important for agriculture? – Pollination
226. What is the collection of comma, period, colon, exclamation marks, and question
marks? –Punctuation.
227. What do you call a piece of equipment we use to look at stars? - Telescope.
228. Who is the person who works in a hospital and can do operations? - Surgeon, doctor.
229. What do you use to test the body temperature? - Thermometer.
230. When trains or cars need to go through a mountain, where do they enter the
mountain? –Tunnel.
231. What is the first paragraph of an essay? – Introduction
232. What is the dictionary of synonyms and antonyms? - Thesaurus.
233. In the sentence: - He has been quite upset since he went back to school. Which word
uses a past tense? - Went.
234. What's the process of people paying money to governments for public services? –
Taxation.
235. What identification document do most people need to carry when they travel
between countries? - A passport.
236. Would you go to a pharmacist or a surgeon to get a prescription filled after visiting
a doctor? – A pharmacist, chemist.
237. What shines at night in the sky and uses its own brightness? - Star.
238. What is the natural material used to make car tires? - Rubber.
239. When you react to a stimulus, is your response quick or slow? - Quick.
240. What is the external organ used for hearing? – Ears
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241. Where would you normally see crosswords? - Newspaper.
242. What do you call the person who plays musical instruments as a job? - Musician.
243. Animals with white ivory and long trunk? - Elephant.
244. What do we call a period of 100 years? – Century
245. Which one means 'not limited', infinite or finite? – Infinite.
246. What publication reports current events every day? – Newspaper.
247. How many sides does a pentagon have? – Five
248. What device is used to measure the height of mountains? - Altimeter.
249. What do meter and millimeter measure: weight or length? - Length.
250. What protects birds on the outside of their bodies? - Feather.
251. What is the ceremony where two people get married? - Wedding, marriage
252. What is the horizontal line that separates the globe into two halves? - Equator.
253. What’s the force that pushes everything to the earth? - Gravity.
254. What is the book that describes your own life story? – Autobiography
255. What are the two holes in your nose that you use to breathe? - Nostrils.
256. If you want to read tragedies or comedies, what genre of book do you read? –
Fictions/Novels.
257. What does the chemical symbol H2O stand for in chemistry? – Water.
258. What do we call a book that contains lots of words with their meanings – Dictionary.
259. What is the verb describing the process that water becomes ice? – Freeze.
260. If someone lives in an urban area, where do they live? – City.
261. If telescopes are used to locate distant objects, what instrument is employed to
magnify miniscule objects? – Microscope.
262. How many years are celebrated in a bicentennial? – Two hundred.
263. What are the instructions that tell you how to cook food? – Recipe.
264. What is the piece of paper that you receive after you have bought an item? – Receipt.
265. What is the red fluid that flows from the heart to the rest of the body? – Blood.
266. What are the things called that you touch with your left hand when you play the
guitar? – Strings.
267. What device do you use to type when you use a computer? - Keyboard.
268. In what room do scientists usually do experiments? – Laboratory.
269. On what geographical location would someone be living if their country is
surrounded bywater on all side? - Island, islet.
270. How many years are there in the passage of a decade? - 10 years.
271. What would call a person who sells prescribed medicines? - Pharmacist, Chemist.
272. What do you call the strap that secures a person in a car or an aeroplane? - Seatbelt.
273. What is the antonym of vertical? - Horizontal, flat.
274. If there are 8 black balls and 1 white ball, and I randomly pick one, which color is
mostlikely to be picked? - Black.
275. What is the opposite of positive? - Negative.
276. What order is a bibliography usually listed in? - Alphabetical order.
277. What rises from the east in the morning and sets to the west in the evening every
day? –The Sun.
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278. When you get lost in a city, what do you need to buy to find out where you are and
whereto go? - Map.
279. When something is given in a pair, how many of them are there? - Two.
280. What do we call the treatment in which people use needles to ease others' pain? –
Acupuncture.
281. What do we use to launch a space shuttle? - Rocket/Booster.
282. How do you describe a line that segments a circle? – Chord.
283. What does a Sundial measure according to the shadow in the sunlight? - Time, point.
284. Where do you call when fire breaks down? Fire & Rescue Services or police station?
– Fireand Rescue Services.
285. What do you call a person who works in a garage? – Mechanic.
286. What is the term used to describe a period of seven days? - Week.
287. What do you call a natural tendency for people or animals to behave in a particular
way? –Instinct.
288. What are the people who study history and historical evidence? – Historian.
289. What do you throw underwater to keep ships staying on rivers or oceans without
drifting away? - Anchor.
290. How often does February have one extra day? - Every four years.
291. What do you call the people who work for a company? - Employees, workers.
292. What is the opposite of the word 'public'? – Private
293. What is the boat that carries people from one side of a river to the other? – Ferry
294. What is the opposite of division in mathematics? - Multiplication.
295. What is the joint connecting the foot to the leg? – Ankle.
296. What do we call a dream that is very frightening or unpleasant? – Nightmare.
297. We call numbers like one, three, five odd numbers, then what do we call numbers
like two, four, six? – Even numbers.
298. What is the opposite of "dangerous"? – Safe.
299. What device is used for breathing? – Ventilator.
300. What do we call a device that cuts grass? – Mower.
301. What do you call a seat with legs but with nothing to support your arms or back? –
Stool.
302. If your knees are located in the centre of your legs, which centre are your elbows
located in? –Arms.
303. What is the name of the liquid in the pen? – Ink.
304. What do we call a person who can speak several languages? – Multilingual.
305. How many legs does a tripod have? – Three.
306. What is the process in which a doctor finds out the illness? – Diagnosis.
307. What do we call the document in which a political party announces their plans
before elections? – Manifesto.
308. What do you call a leave which is taken for a general reason? - Casual leave.
309. What do Internet websites sometimes require you to enter to get a discount on
shopping? - Voucher/coupon.
310. What is the direction of the longitude lines on the earth's surface? – Vertical.
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311. What is the opposite of multiple? – Single.
312. What do we call the opening in the face used for speaking and eating? – Mouth.
313. What is the bone structure that protects the brain? – Skull.
314. What do we call a person who attacks and robs ships at sea? – Pirate.
315. What do we call a person whose job is cutting up and selling meat? – Butcher.
316. What do we call the head of a court? – Judge.
317. Where do passengers wait for airplanes? – Terminal/Airport.
318. What category do crystals, rubies, and diamonds belong to? – Gem.
319. What do you call your nephew's dad? – Brother.
320. Which one would a vegetarian most likely eat; chicken sandwiches or fruit salad? –
Fruit salad.
321. What do we call the cloth that covers the screen after a movie ends in cinema? –
Curtain.
322. What do people usually use to cut food? – Knife.
323. What part of a plant has petals? – Flowers.
324. What is the subject to study the past events? – History.
325. What do we call a section or a part of a book? – Chapter.
326. What is the main building of a large company or an organization? – Headquarters.
327. What is the star that gives heat and light to the Earth? – Sun.
328. What is the adjective opposite to 'rural'? – Urban.
329. What is the storyline or the series of scenes of novels, movies, short stories or plays?
– Plot.
330. What do we call a group of mountains such as the Himalayas? – Range.
331. What do we call the joint that joins the leg to the rest of the body? – Hip joint.
332. What instrument would you use when you want to weigh something up? – Scale.
333. What do we call a person who buys things in a shop? – Customer/buyer.
334. How do you call the money that you pay in advance for receiving newspapers or
journals? –Subscription
335. How many sides does an octagon have? – Eight
336. Would you go to a pharmacist or a surgeon with a prescription after visiting a
doctor? – Pharmacist.
337. What do pedestrians move by? – Foot/feet.
338. What will ice become when it melts? – Water.
339. What are buses, trains, and cars used for? – Travel/transport/transportation.
340. What is the joint between your shoulder and your forearm? – Elbow.
341. What organs in your body are for chewing? – Teeth.
342. What do you call someone who cannot speak? – Dumb.
343. When your bone is injured and broken, what would you say you have? - Fracture.
344. How many quarters in a calendar year? – Four.
345. How do we call 7 days in time period? – Week.
346. What we call it if trees are cut down in a large area? – Deforestation.
347. What do we call a book containing writings on a particular theme? – Compilation.
348. How do we describe a person unable to pay his or her debts? - Insolvent/bankrupt.
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349. What do we call a room or building where dead bodies are kept before they are
buried? – Mortuary.
350. What do we call a person who fights against the government? – Rebel.
351. What do we call one thousand years? – Millennium.
352. What do we call a set of answers to exercises or problems? – Key.
353. What do we call a material that helps to insulate the burn? - Fireproof material.
354. What is the room in which you keep things when you don't need them?–
Storeroom.
355. What does 'MBA' stand for? - Master of Business Administration.
356. What do we call the extra working time? – Overtime.
357. What do we call a horse-like animal with a single horn on the head? – Unicorn.
358. How would you call people who study ancient bones, rocks and plants? –
Archaeologist.
359. Some calendars begin the week on Sunday, what is the other day which commonly
starts a week? – Monday.
360. Where are you going if you are in a downward direction in a map? – South.
361. What is the device that shows the time of the day according to the shadow of
sunlight? - Sundial.
362. Which continent do China, India, and Japan belong to? - Asia.
363. If you are celebrating a biennial activity, how many years ago did you celebrate it
last time? – Two.
364. What do you call the people who travel to visit famous sightseeing locations? -
Tourists.
365. If knees are located in your legs, where are elbows located? – Arms.
366. How do you describe the line that divide a circle into the same half? - Diameter.
367. What is the opposite of a synonym? – Antonym.
368. What do you call a person who lives next to your house? – Neighbour.
369. What is the opposite of 'wet'? – Dry.
370. What heavenly body makes an object cast a shadow during the day? – Sun.
371. What is the main harmful content in tobacco that is often discouraged by a doctor?
– Nicotine.
372. What do you call the condition of being unable to sleep? - Insomnia.
373. How would you describe the process by which snow becomes water? – Melting.
374. What do we call the thread in the center of the candle? – Wick.
375. What do you call the document that tells your qualification and work experience? -
CV, Curriculum Vitae, Resume.
376. What do you call a person who is guilty in terms of law? - Criminal/offender.
377. What do we call dollars, cents, pounds and Euros? – Currency.
378. What are buses, trains, and cars used for? – Travel.
379. What is the opposite of the word artificial? - Natural.
380. If a car is not stationary, what is it doing? - Moving, Running.
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WRITING:
SUMMARIZE WRITTEN TEXT
Expert Advice
1. GLOBAL BUSINESS:
Political risk and nationalism have had major impacts on the development and
retardation of global business. Two World Wars, the protectionism of the 1930s, and
subsequent waves of economic nationalism damaged the global economy severely and
threw it into reverse, though temporarily and partially, and changed the trajectory of
globalization during the twentieth century. Wartime blockades, interwar trade barriers,
and policies of sovereign nations protecting or serving national interests dealt a blow to
the global integration of the market. The two World Wars also brought about
technological innovation, and partly contributed to the rise of regions that had been
traditionally on the periphery, and laid the basis for today’s multi-polar global economy.
Under these pressures, global business looked to transform itself from being based on
a unitary structure to a multi-centred one: today’s multinational corporations were
created to operate beyond the constraints imposed by the sovereign states. In addition,
the economic entities involved in global business created international public goods on
their own, such as special safe havens, rather than remaining passive to the actions of
sovereign states. Ironically, however, this seems to be creating a new kind of political
risk and widespread anti-globalism. The effects of political risks, due to their nature,
showed significant geographical differences. They varied widely between European
and US companies. In Europe, where serious risks such as war and occupation became
a reality, the capability to address political risks had a great impact on the rise, fall, and
survival of firms, while in US, such risks have little impact on companies.
2. HEAT:
In the 1840s scientists understood that heat was not just a substance but a form of energy
that can be converted from one form to another. James Prescott Joule and Rudolf
Clausius stated that heat can produce mechanical energy, and mechanical energy can
produce heat. Which lead to the idea that the “heat energy” of a substance is the kinetic
energy of its atoms and molecules. Heat is what makes kinetic energy. The more heat
that is produced the higher the kinetic energy level of an object or substance is or has.
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The kinetic energy theory of matter is a scientific theory that states that matter consists
of small particles in a rapid random motion. The kinetic energy theory gives the
differences of three states of matter; solids, liquids, and gases. The Kinetic Theory of
Matter states that matter is composed of a large number and small particles that are in
constant motion. It also assumes that particles are small and widely separated. They
collide and exchange energy. The theory helps explain the flow or transfer of heat and
the relationship between pressure, temperature and volume properties of gases. Heat is
energy and describes the movement between objects. Heat is a measure of the total
internal energy that has been absorbed or transferred from one body to another. Internal
energy is the kinetic and potential energy of molecules of an object. The total internal
energy of molecules increases by gaining energy from a temperature difference such as
conduction, convection and radiation or by gaining energy from a form conversion
(mechanical, chemical radiant, electrical, nuclear). Heat is a form of energy that is
mostly converted into kinetic energy of molecules. As long as you heat an object, its
temperature rises.
3. MARKETING OBJECTIVE:
A marketing objective is a marketing target or goal that an organization hopes to achie
ve such as to boost market share from 9 to 12 per cent within 2 years. Marketing objec
tives steer the direction of the business. Operating a business without knowing your o
bjectives is like driving a car without knowing where you want to go. Some businesse
s achieve a degree of success without setting marketing objectives; stumbling across a
successful business model by accident. But why should anyone rely on chance? If fir
ms set marketing objectives the probability of success increases because decision mak
ing will be more focused. Marketing objectives must be compatible with the overall
objectives of the company, they cannot be set in isolation by the marketing departmen
t. Achieving the marketing objective of boosting share from 9 to 12 per cent will help
realize a corporate objective of growth. To be effective, marketing objectives should b
e quantifiable and measurable. Targets should also be set within a time frame. An exa
mple of a marketing objective that Nestle might set is To achieve a 9 percent increase
in the sales of KitKat by the end of next year A car manufacturer, such as BMW could
set the following marketing objective.To increase the number of BMW 3 Series cars s
old in China from 250,000 to 400,000 over the next 12 months'. Setting sales volume t
argets can be particularly important in industries such as car manufacturing because of
the high fixed costs associated with operating in this market. If sales volume can be i
ncreased, the high fixed costs of operating will be spread across a greater number of u
nits of output, reducing fixed costs per unit.
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4. PROTEIN FAMILIES:
In addition to this lack of information about protein families, there is a lack of informa
tion about those from the species of most interest to researchers: Homo sapiens. Only
a quarter of known protein structures are human. A majority of the rest come from bac
teria. This paucity is a problem, for in proteins form and function are intimately relate
d. A protein is a chain of smaller molecules, called amino acids, that is often hundreds
orthousands of links long. By a process not well understood, this chain folds up, after
it has been made, into a specific and complex threedimensional shape. That shape dete
rmines what the protein does: acting as a channel, say, to admit a chemical into a cello
r as an enzyme to accelerate a chemical reaction; or as a receptor, to receive chemical
signals and pass them on to a cell's molecular machinery.
5. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGIES:
Many technologies have promised these qualities, but few have been commercially
viable. What's been lacking is the performance data needed to demonstrate that these
technologies are durable, genuinely environmentally beneficial, and suitable to be
insured. Over the past 13 years, our Department of Architecture & Civil Engineering
has led on research into straw as a low-impact building material. This work, which has
included developing a unique straw bale panel as well as scientific monitoring and
testing, has now culminated in crucial industry certifications. The BM TRADA’s Q-
Mark certification guarantees a straw building’s energy efficiency, fire safety,
durability and weather-resilience and means that developers and homebuyers can now
get insurance and mortgages for straw homes and buildings. The innovative straw walls
in the new houses provide two times more insulation than required by current UK
building regulations. Based on monitoring a residential straw-bale development in
Leeds, fuel bill reductions up to 90% can be expected. The walls have been built using
ModCell technology; prefabricated panels consisting of a wooden structural frame
infilled with straw bales or hemp and rendered with either a breathable lime-based
system or ventilated timber or brick cladding. This technology combines the lowest
carbon footprint and the best operational CO? performance of any system of
construction currently available. In fact, as an agricultural co-product, straw buildings
can be carbon negative as straw absorbs CO? when it grows.
6. PROTEIN MOLECULES:
About 120,000 types of protein molecules have yielded up their structures to science.
That sounds a lot, but it isn't. The techniques, such as X-ray crystallography and
nuclear-magnetic resonance (NMR), which are used to elucidate the structures as not
yet work on all proteins. Some types are hard to produce or purify in the volumes
required. Others do not seem to crystallize at all—a prerequisite for probing them with
X-rays.
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As a consequence, those structures that have been determined include who are less than
a third of the 16,000 known protein families. Researchers can build reasonable
computer models for another third, because the structures of these resemble ones
already known. For the remainder, however, there is nothing to go on.
7. AMERICANS:
Americans in the mid-nineteenth century could point to plenty of examples, real as well
as mythical, of self-made men who by dint of “industry, prudence, perseverance, and
good economy” had risen “to competence, and then to affluence.” With the election of
Abraham Lincoln they could point to one who had risen from a log cabin to the White
House. “I am not ashamed to confess that twenty five years ago I was a hired laborer,
mauling rails, at work on a flat-boat—just what might happen to any poor man’s son!”
Lincoln told an audience at New Haven in 1860. But in the free states a man knows that
“he can better his condition there is no such thing as a freeman being fatally fixed for
life, in the condition of a hired laborer.” “Wage slave” was a contradiction in terms,
said Lincoln. “The man who labored for another last year, this year labors for himself,
and next year he will hire others to labor for him.” If a man “continue through life in
the condition of the hired laborer, it is not the fault of the system, but because of either
a dependent nature which prefers it, or improvidence, folly, or singular misfortune.”
The “free labor system,” concluded Lincoln, “opens the way for all - gives hope to all,
and energy, and progress, and improvement of condition to all.”
8. SOUTH AFRICA:
The area that is now South Africa has been inhabited by humans for millennia. The San,
the original inhabitant this land, were migratory people who lived in small groups of
about 15 to 20 people. They survived by fishing and hunting and by gathering roots and
other wild foods. They did not build permanent dwellings but used rock shelters as
temporary dwellings. Around 2,000 years ago Khoikhoi pastoralists migrated to the
coast. In the eastern part of present-day South Africa, iron-working societies date from
about 300 AD. The Sotho-Tswana and Nguni peoples arrived in this region around
1,200 AD. They lived by agriculture and stock farming, mined gold, copper and tin and
hunted for ivory and built stone-walled towns. Over the centuries, these societies had
diverse contacts with the Khoisan. Strife between the San and the Khoikhoi developed
over competition for game; eventually the Khoikhoi became dominant. These peoples
lived in the western part of present-day South Africa and are known collectively as the
Khoisan.
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9. COMPARATIVE ADVANTAGE
With an abundance of low-priced labor relative to the United States, it is no surprise
that China, India and other developing countries specialize in the production of labor-
intensive products. For similar reasons, the United States will specialize in the
production of goods that are human- and physical capital intensive because of the
relative abundance of a highly- educated labor force and technically sophisticated
equipment in the United States. This division of global production should yield higher
global output of both types of goods than would be the case if each country attempted
to produce both of these goods itself. For example, the United States would produce
more expensive labor-intensive goods because of its more expensive labor and the
developing countries would produce more expensive human and physical capital-
intensive goods because of their relative scarcity of these inputs. This logic implies that
the United States is unlikely to be a significant global competitor in the productiongreen
technologies that are not relatively intensive in human and physical capital.
Nevertheless, during the early stages of the development of a new technology, the
UnitedStates has a comparative advantage in the production of the products enabled by
this innovation. However, once these technologies become well-understood and
production processes are designed that can make use of less-skilled labor, production
will migrate to countries with less expensive labor.
10. TREE RING

Here’s how tree ring dating, known to scientists as dendrochronology (from the Greek
roots dendron = tree, and chronos = time), works. If you cut a tree down today, it’s
straightforwardto count the rings inwards, starting from the tree’s outside. But it’s less
straightforward to attach a date to a particular ring in an ancient Anasazi wooden beam,
because at first you don’t know in what year the beam was cut. Hence the sequence of
the rings in a tree cross-section is like a message in Morse code formerly used for
sending telegraph messages; dot-dot-dash-dot- dash in the Morse code, wide-wide-
narrow-wide-narrow in the tree ring sequence. (Actually, the tree ring sequence is even
more diagnostic and richer in information than the Morse code, because trees actually
contain rings spanning much different width, rather than the Morse code choice between
dot and dash.) Tree ring specialists (known as dendrochronologists) proceed by noting
the sequence of wider and narrower rings in a tree cut down in a known recent year, and
also noting the sequences in beams from trees cut down at various times in the past. In
that way, dendrochronologists have constructed tree ring records extending back for
thousands of years in some parts of the world. A bonus of dendrochronology is that the
width and substructure of each ring reflects the amount of rain and the season at
which the rain fell during that particular year. Thus, tree ring studies also allow one to
reconstruct the past climate.
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11. BENEFIT OF HONEY
In order to have a competitive edge, athletes often use drugs with high athletic
performance. The National Honey Board recently found that honey has the same
functions but less negative impact. This clinical trial is the third in a series of studies
focusing on the use of honey by athletes. The first study (involving 71 subjects)
determined that honey has a milder effect on blood sugar than other popular forms of
carbohydrate gel. The second study in the series (with 39 weight trained subjects)
investigated the combination of honey with a protein supplement and suggested that
honey speeds muscle recovery after a workout.
12. MALAYSIA
Malaysia is one of the most pleasant, hassle-free countries to visit in Southeast Asia.
Aside from its gleaming 21st century glass towers, it boasts some of the most superb
beaches, mountains and national parks in the region. Malaysia is also launching it’s
biggest-ever tourism campaign in effort to lure 20 million visitors here this year. Any
tourist itinerary would have to begin in the capital, Kuala Lumpur, where you will find
the Petronas Twin Towers, which once comprised the world tallest buildings and now
hold the title of second-tallest. Both the 88-story towers soar 1,480 feet high and are
connected by a sky-bridge on the 41st floor. The limestone temple Batu Caves, located
9 miles north of the city, have a 328-foot-high ceiling and feature ornate Hindu shrines,
including a 141-foot-tall gold-painted statue of a Hindu deity. To reach the caves,
visitors have to climb a steep flight of 272 steps. In Sabah state on Borneo island not to
be confused with Indonesias Borneo you'll find the small mushroom-shaped Sipadan
island, off the coast of Sabah, rated as one of the top five diving sites in the world.
Sipadan is the only oceanic island in Malaysia, rising from a 2,300-foot abyss in the
Celebes Sea. You can also climb Mount Kinabalu, the tallest peak in Southeast Asia,
visit the Sepilok Orang Utan Sanctuary, go white-water rafting and catch a glimpse
ofthe bizarre Proboscis monkey, a primate found only in Borneo with a huge pendulous
nose, a characteristic pot belly and strange honking sounds. While you're in Malaysia,
consider a trip to Malacca. In its heyday, this southern state was a powerful Malay
sultanate and a booming trading port in the region. Facing the Straits of Malacca, this
historical state is now a place of intriguing Chinese streets, antique shops, old temples
and reminders of European colonial powers. Another interesting destination is
Penang, known as the Pearl of the Orient. This island off the northwest coast of
Malaysia boasts of a rich Chinese cultural heritage, good food and beautiful beaches.
13. WINE INDUSTRY

In 1920, the eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution created yet
another setback for the American wine industry. The National Prohibition Act, also
known as the Volstead Act, prohibited the manufacture, sale, transportation,
importation, delivery, or possession of intoxicating liquors for beverage purposes.
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Prohibition, which continued for thirteen years, nearly destroyed what had become a
thriving and national industry. One of the loopholes in the Volstead Act allowed for the
manufacture and sale of sacramental wine, medicinal wines for sale by pharmacists
with a doctor’s prescription, and medicinal winetonics (fortified wines) sold without
prescription. Perhaps more important, prohibition allowed anyone to produce up to two
hundred gallons yearly of fruit juice or cider. The fruit juice, which was sometimes
made into concentrate, was ideal for making wine. People would buy grape concentrate
from California and have it shipped to the East Coast. The top of the container was
stamped in big bold letters: caution: do not add sugar or yeast or else fermentation will
take place! Some of this yield found its way to bootleggers throughout America who
did just that. But not for long, because the government stepped in and banned the sale
of grape juice, preventing illegal wine production. Vineyards stopped being planted,
and the American wine industry came to a halt.
14. PRIMARY CARER

Slightly less than one in five carers (19%) were primary carers (475,000 people). That
is, they were the main carer of a person who was limited in carrying out the core
everyday activities of mobility, communication or self-care. Both primary carers and
the larger group of other carers (close to 2 million) contribute to the wellbeing of older
people and people with disabilities. However, because they care for people who
otherwise would have difficulty carrying out basic everyday activities, there is
particular interest in primary carers: in the contribution they make, their wellbeing,
labor force experiences, motivations and the support they receive in caring. Primary
carers were more likely than other carers to be assisting someone who lived in the same
household (81% compared with 76%). As with caring as a whole, the likelihood of
being a primary carer increased with age to peak at age 55-64 years, where one in
twenty peoplewere primary carers. However, rather than then declining, the likelihood
of being a primary carer remained at around this level among the older age groups.
Consequently, primary carers had a somewhat older age profile than other carers. The
median age of primary carers was 52 years, compared with 47 years for other carers.
Primary carers were more likely than other carers to be female (11% compared with
50%) and less likely to be in the labor force (39% compared with 60%). Women not in
the labor force were by far the largest single group among primary carers (44%). In
contrast, men employed full time were the largest single group among other carers
(25%). Consistent with their lower labor force participation, primary carers had lower
personal incomes than other carers (a median gross income M $231 per week compared
with $321 per week) and were more likely to have a government pension or allowance
as their main source at income (55% compared with 35%).
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15. PARENTS’ BORN ORDER EFFECTS
Parents' own born order can become an issue when dynamics in the family they are
raising replicate the family in which they were raised. Agati notes common examples,
such as a firstborn parent getting into "raging battles" with a firstborn child. "Both are
used to getting thelast word. Each has to be right. But the parent has to be the grown up
and step out of that battle," he advises. When youngest children become parents, Agati
cautions that because they "may not have had high expectations placed on them, they
in turn may not see their kids for their abilities." But he also notes that since youngest
children tend to be more social, "youngest parents can be helpful to their firstborn, who
may have a harder time with social situations. These parents can help their eldest kids
loosen up and not be so hard on themselves. Mom Susan Ritz says her own birth order
didn't seem to affect her parenting until the youngest of her three children, Julie, was
born. Julie was nine years younger than Ritz's oldest, Joshua, mirroring the age
difference between Susan and her own older brother. "I would see Joshua do to Julie
what my brother did to me," she says of the taunting and teasing by a much older
sibling. "I had to try not to always take Julie's side." Biases can surface no matter what
your own birth position was, as Lori Silverstone points out. "As a middle myself, I can
be harder on my older daughter. I recall my older sister hitting me," she says of her
reactions to her daughters' tussles. "My husband is a firstborn. He's always sticking up
for the oldest. He feels bad for her that the others came so fast. He helps me to see what
thatfeels like, to have that attention and then lose it." Silverstone sees birth order triggers
as "an opportunity to heal parts of ourselves. I've learned to teach my middle daughter
to stand up for herself. My mother didn't teach me that. I'm conscious of giving my
middle daughter tools so she has a nice way to protect herself." Whether or not you
subscribe to theories that birth order can affect your child's personality, ultimately, "we
all have free will," Agati notes. It's important for both parents and kids to realize that,
despite the characteristics often associated with birth order, "you're not locked into any
role."
16. DOUBLE BLIND

The feature of being "double blind", where neither patients nor physicians are aware of
who receives the experimental treatment, is almost universally trumpeted as being
a virtue ofclinical trials. Hence, trials that fail to remain successfully double blind are
regarded as providing inferior evidential support. The rationale for this view is
unobjectionable: double blinding rules out the potential confounding influences of
patient and physician beliefs. Nonetheless, viewing double blind trial as necessarily
superior is problematic. For one, it leads to the paradox that very effective experimental
treatments will not be supportable by best evidence. If a new drug were to make even
the most severe symptoms of the common cold disappear within seconds, most
participants and investigators would correctly identify it as the latest wonder drug and
not the control (i.e. placebo) treatment.
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Any trial testing the effectiveness of this wonder drug will therefore fail to remain
double blind. Similar problems arise for treatments, such as exercise and most surgical
techniques, whose nature makes them resistant to being tested in double blind
conditions. It seems strange that an account ofevidence should make a priori judgments
that certain claims can never be supported by 'best evidence'. It would be different if the
claims at issue were pseudoscientific - untestable. But so far as treatments with large
effects go, the claim that they are effective is highly testable and intuitively they should
receive greater support from the evidence than do claims about treatments with
moderate effects.
17. GREENHOUSE GASES

When an individual drives a car, heats a house, or uses an aerosol hair spray, greenhouse
gases are produced. In economic terms, this creates a classic negative externality. Most
of the cost (in this case, those arising from global warming) are borne by individuals
other than the one making the decision about how many miles to drive or how much
hair spray to use. Becausethe driver (or sprayer) enjoys all the benefits of the activities
but suffers only part of the cost, that individual engages in more than the economically
efficient amount of the activity. In this sense, the problem of greenhouse gases parallels
the problem that occurs when someone smokes a cigarette in an enclosed space or
litters the countryside with fast-food wrappers. If we are to get individuals to reduce
production of greenhouse gases to the efficient rate, we must somehow induce them
to act as though they bear all the costs of their actions. The two most widely accepted
means of doing this are government regulation and taxation, both of which have been
proposed to deal with greenhouse gases.
18. COMMUNICATION:
By living in close contact with humans, dogs have developed specific skills that
enable them to interact and communicate effectively with people. Recent studies have
shown that the canine brain can pick up on emotional cues contained in a person's
voice, body odor and posture, and read their faces. In this study, the authors observed
what happened when they presented photographs of the same two adults' faces (a man
and a woman) to 26 feeding dogs. The images were placed strategically to the sides of
the animals' line of sight and the photos showed a human face expressing one of the
six basic human emotions: anger, fear, happiness, sadness, surprise, disgust or being
neutral. The dogs showed greater response and cardiac activity when shown
photographs that expressed arousing emotional states such as anger, fear and
happiness. They also took longer to resume feeding after seeing these images. The
dogs' increased heart rate indicated that in these cases they experienced higher levels
of stress. In addition, dogs turned their heads to the left when they saw human faces
expressing anger, fear or happiness.
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The reverse happened when the faces looked surprised, possibly because dogs view it
as a non-threatening, relaxed expression. These findings, therefore, support the
existence of an asymmetrical emotional modulation of dogs' brains to process basic
human emotions.
19. BANK:
Banks provide short-term finance to companies in the form of an overdraft on a current
account. The advantage of an overdraft is its flexibility. When the cash needs of the
company increase with seasonal factors, the company can continue to write cheques
and watch the overdraft increase. When the goods and services are sold and cash begins
to flow in, the company should be able to watch the overdraft decrease again. The most
obvious example of a business which operates in this pattern is farming. The farmer
uses the overdraft to finance the acquisition of seed for arable farming, or feed through
the winter for stock farming and to cover the period when the crops or animals are
growing and maturing. The overdraft is reduced when the crops or the animals are sold.
The main disadvantage of an overdraft is that it is repayable on demand. The farmer
whose crop fails because of bad weather knows the problem of being unable to repay
the overdraft. Having overdraft financing increases the worries of those who manage
the company. The other disadvantage is that the interest payable on overdrafts is
variable. When interest rates increase, the cost of the overdraft increases. Furthermore,
for small companies there are often complaints that the rate of interest charged is high
compared with that available to larger companies. The banks answer that the rates
charged reflect relative risk and it is their experience that small companies are more
risky.
20. LEADERSHIP:
A leader can define or clarify goals by issuing a memo or an executive order, an edict
or a fatwa or a tweet, by passing a law, barking a command, or presenting an interesting
idea in a meeting of colleagues. Leaders can mobilize people’s energies in ways that
range from subtle, quiet persuasion to the coercive threat or the use of deadly force.
Sometimes a charismatic leader such as Martin Luther King Jr. can define goals and
mobilize energies through rhetoric and the power of example. We can think of
leadership as a spectrum, in terms of both visibility and the power the leader wields. On
one end of the spectrum, we have the most visible: authoritative leaders like the
president of the United States or the prime minister of the United Kingdom, or a dictator
such as Hitler or Qaddafi. At the opposite end of the spectrum is casual, low-key
leadership found in countless situations every day around the world, leadership that can
make a significant difference to the individuals whose lives are touched by it.
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Over the centuries, the first kind–the out-in-front, authoritative leadership–has
generally been exhibited by men. Some men in positions of great authority, including
Nelson Mandela, have chosen a strategy of “leading from behind”; more often,
however, top leaders have been quite visible in their exercise of power. Women (as well
as some men) have provided casual, low-key leadership behind the scenes. But this
pattern has been changing, as more women have taken up opportunities for visible,
authoritative leadership.
21. GARDENERS:
Gardeners can feed their families and enrich the soil by growing legumes, such as green
beans, soybeans, lentils and peas. Legume roots produce their own nitrogen, which is a
major fertilizer nutrient needed by all plants for growth. Nitrogen is produced in nodules
that form on the roots of legumes, which contain Rhizobium bacteria. The bacteria take
nitrogen from the air and convert it into a form the plants can use. When legumes are
pulled up in the fall, excess nitrogen from the nodules is left in the soil. The excess
organic nitrogen can be used by other plants the following growing season. It's
considered organic nitrogen because it was produced naturally, making green beans or
peas great rotational crops in an organic crop production system. Organic growers
prefer organic nitrogen because of its natural origins and because it breaks down slowly
in the soil, thus slowly feeding plants throughout the growing season. Synthetic nitrogen
fertilizers tend to release nitrogen quickly and are harsher on the environment. Synthetic
nitrogen fertilizers are generally applied in split applications during the season to mimic
the slow release of organic nitrogen sources. Each specific legume generally requires a
specific type of Rhizobium bacteria to produce nodules on their roots. Gardeners who
have never grown green beans before can purchase small bags of inoculum or bacteria
from most popular vegetable seed catalogs. Before planting beans, open the package
and pour in the dust-like bacteria among the seed. Shake the package and then plant.
Nodules will form on the roots as they develop. The bacteria will remain in the soil,
making it unnecessary to inoculate the seed next year. Do not apply extra nitrogen
fertilizer to bean crops. Doing so makes bacteria in the nodules lazy, encouraging them
to stop producing their own nitrogen. Legumes that are particularly popular in the home
vegetable garden include lima beans, peas, edible soybeans, lentils and fava beans. In a
recent survey, 44 percent of gardeners trained through New Mexico State University's
Master Gardener Program said they grew green beans and other legumes in their home
gardens. When planting, be sure to purchase appropriate strains of Rhizobium bacteria
for each type of legume.
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22. GLOBAL PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT:
If you are inspired to take concrete action for global peace and development, take a look
at the United Nations Volunteers (UNV) program. Every year, up to 8,000 qualified and
experienced women and men of some 160 different nationalities volunteer at least six
months of their lives to help others. These UN Volunteers work in some 130 countries
promoting peace, responding to disasters, empowering communities and helping to
build sustainable livelihoods and lasting development. UN Volunteers come from
dozens of professional backgrounds but all of them are catalysts of positive change.
They are encouraged to be creative and entrepreneurial, and foster volunteerism for
peace and development both within and beyond their assignments. They work at the
heart of communities in partnership with governments, United Nations entities and civil
society. Being a UN Volunteer is not a career (you are currently limited to four years
of service), but it is rich with opportunities and experience and offers huge personal
rewards. As a UN Volunteer you receive a Volunteer Living Allowance (VLA) which
covers basic needs, housing and utilities. Additionally, UNV will provide a settling-in-
grant, life, health, and permanent disability insurance, return airfares and a nominal
resettlement allowance.
23. SOCIAL NETWORKS:

Ten years ago, Barsky and Purdon (2006) discovered that social networks which are
expanding communication through social media are becoming popular and the costs
involved are getting further reduced. Yet, library executives did not see how such a
phenomenon could become a part of library and information services. They felt that the
users should be left to their social media while the library carried on with its traditional
roles (De Rosa et al., 2007). This was also the case when Charnigo and Barnett-Ellis
(2007) conducted a survey of 126 academic librarians and concluded that 54% of the
librarians surveyed did not believe that there was an academic purpose for Facebook.
The rationale behind these librarians’ belief was that the social media was a space where
students interact with each other, hence, the librarian was not welcome as their coming
in might be viewed as an invasion of space. But time has proved that as the technology
of the social media became more popular, users and librarians acquired digitally
literacy, and libraries, seeing an explosion of social media around it, were forced to
reconsider their stance. In a survey involving 497 international librarians, Taylor &
Francis (2014) discovered that over 70% of librarians now feel that the use of social
media is important. Though the wave began with public libraries (Mon, 2015), today,
libraries of every type either have a social media presence or they are seriously
considering it. Hence, the use of social media by libraries has become mainstream.
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24. VITAMIN D:
Vitamin D refers to a group of fat--soluble secosteroids responsible for enhancing
intestinal absorption of calcium, iron, magnesium, phosphate and zinc. In humans, the
most important compounds in this group are vitamin D3 and vitamin D2.
Cholecalciferol and ergocalciferol can be ingested from the diet and from supplements.
Very few foods contain vitamin D; synthesis of vitamin D (specifically cholecalciferol)
in the skin is the major natural source of the vitamin. Dermal synthesis of vitamin D
from cholesterol is dependent on sun exposure Vitamin D from the diet or dermal
synthesis from sunlight is biologically inactive; activation requires enzymatic
conversion (hydroxylation) in the liver and kidney. Evidence indicates the synthesis of
vitamin D from sun exposure is regulated by a negative feedback loop that prevents
toxicity, but because of uncertainty about the cancer risk from sunlight, no
recommendations are issued by the Institute of Medicine (US), for the amount of sun
exposure required to meet vitamin D requirements. Accordingly, the Dietary Reference
Intake for vitamin D assumes no synthesis occurs and all of a person's vitamin D is from
food intake, although that will rarely occur in practice. As vitamin D is synthesized in
adequate amounts by most mammals exposed to sunlight citation needed, it is not
strictly a vitamin, and may be considered a hormone as its synthesis and activity occur
in different locations.
25. SOLAR POWER:

The advantages and disadvantages of solar power compared to other forms of
renewable energy have been greatly debated. While obviously superior to some forms
of energy, solar power's high cost and efficiency dependent on geography have limited
its appeal. However, a large number of advantages also merit further development and
even possible adaptation for residences.
Advantages of Solar Power:
Solar energy remains popular because it is both a renewable and clean source of energy.
These advantages along with the hope that eventually nations can use solar power to
decrease global warming ensure its popularity.
Renewable:
Solar energy is a true renewable resource. All areas of the world have the ability to
collect some amount of solar power and solar power is available for collection each day.
Clean:
Solar energy is non-polluting. It does not create greenhouse gases, such as oil-based
energy does, nor does it create waste that must be stored, such as nuclear energy. It is
also far more quiet to create and harness, drastically reducing the noise pollution
required to convert energy to a useful form.
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Residential size solar energy systems also have very little impact on the surrounding
environment, in contrast with other renewable energy sources such as wind and
hydroelectric power.
Low Maintenance:
Solar panels have no moving parts and require very little maintenance beyond regular
cleaning. Without moving parts to break and replace, after the initial costs of installing
the panels, maintenance and repair costs are very reasonable.
26. CLIMATE CHANGE:

You used to think that being green was a luxury for your company, but climate change
has made you realize that you can no longer ignore it. The buzz is about becoming
carbon-neutral, but where do you start? Consider your drivers. Do you want to become
carbon-neutral for marketing reasons, for financial reasons or to help save the planet?
Simon Armitage of the Carbon Neutral Company believes: "Your drivers will help you
tailor your carbon-reduction program and determine key performance indicators." This
will help build a case for going carbon-neutral. First, measure your carbon footprint, or
get a specialist to do it for you. That primarily means taking account of your energy
usage and emissions caused through travel. Before you begin, think about whether
you're collecting the right data and whether it's readily accessible. When implementing
any energy reduction measures, ensure you engage with your staff. "It's much better if
your people decide for themselves when it's sensible for them to travel," says Armitage.
You'll also need them to participate in switching off the lights and other energy-saving
measures. Set targets and show it's not a one-off exercise.
27. POSITIVE MINDSET:

Research shows that when people work with a positive mind-set, performance on nearly
every level – productivity, creativity, engagement - improves. Yet happiness is perhaps
the most misunderstood driver of performance. For one, most people believe that
success precedes happiness. “Once I get a promotion, I'll be happy,” they think. Or,
“Once I hit my sales target, I'll feel great.” But because success is a moving target – as
soon as you hit your target, you raise it again, the happiness that results from success is
fleeting. In fact, it works the other way around: People who cultivate a positive mind-
set perform better in the face of challenge. I call this the "happiness advantage” – every
business outcome shows improvement when the brain is positive. I've observed this
effect in my role as a researcher and lecturer in 48 countries on the connection between
employee happiness and success. And I'm not alone: In a meta-analysis of 225 academic
studies, researchers Sonja Lyubomirsky, Laura King, and Ed Diener found strong
evidence of directional causality between life satisfaction and successful business
outcomes.
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Another common misconception is that our genetics, our environment, or a combination
of the two determines how happy we are. To be sure, both factors have an impact. But
one's general sense of well-being is surprisingly malleable. The habits you cultivate, the
way you interact with coworkers, how you think about stress – all these can be managed
to increase your happiness and your chances of success.
28. NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION:

By 1984, the internet had grown to include 1,000 host computers. The National Science
Foundation was one of the first outside institutions hoping to connect to this body of
information. Other government, non-profit, and educational institutions followed.
Initial attempts to catalogue this rapidly expanding system of networks were simple.
Among the first was Archie, a list of FTP information created by Peter Deutsch at
McGill University in Montreal. However, the greatest innovation in the Internet was
still to come, brewing in an MIT laboratory in Cambridge, Mass. The World Wide Web,
or the Web, is often confused with the Internet. In fact, it is just one part of the Internet,
along with email, video conferencing, and streaming audio channels. In 1989, Tim
Berners-Lee, now a scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, introduced
a new system of communication on the Internet which used hyperlinks and a user-
friendly graphical interface. His slice of the Internet pie camera to be known as the
World Wide Web. Berners Lee says, “The Web is an abstract (imaginary) space of
information. On the Net, you find computers –on the Web, you find documents, sounds,
videos, information. On the Net, the connections are cables between computers; on the
web, connections are hypertext links. The Web exists because of programs which
communicate between computers on the Net. The Web could not be without the Net.
The Web made the Net useful because people are really interested in information (not
to mention knowledge and wisdom!) and don’t really want to know about computers
and cables.”
29. EDUCATION PROCESS:

Assessment is a central process in education. If students learned what they were taught,
we would never need to assess; we could instead just keep records of what we had
taught. But as every teacher knows, many students do not learn what they are taught.
Indeed, when we look at their work, it is sometimes hard to believe that they were in
the classroom. In fact, it is impossible to predict with any certainty what students will
learn as the result of a particular sequence of classroom activities. And because we
cannot teach well without finding out where our students are starting from, we have to
assess. Even if all our students started out at the same point (a highly unlikely
situation!), each of them will have reached different understandings of the material
being studied within a very short period of time.
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That is why assessment is the bridge between teaching and learning it is only through
assessment that we can find out whether what has happened in the classroom has
produced the learning we intended. Of course, assessment is also used for other
purposes in education, which makes the picture much more complicated. In all
countries, assessments of the performance of individual students are used to determine
which students are, and which students are not, qualified for subsequent phases of
education, and also to decide which kinds of education students should receive.
30. VOTING RIGHTS IN UNITED KINGDOM

Assessment is a central process in education. If students learned what they were taught,
we would never need to assess; we could instead just keep records of what we had
taught. But as every teacher knows, many students do not learn what they are taught.
Indeed, when we look at their work, it is sometimes hard to believe that they were in
the classroom. In fact, it is impossible to predict with any certainty what students will
learn as the result of a particular sequence of classroom activities. And because we
cannot teach well without finding out where our students are starting from, we have to
assess. Even if all our students started out at the same point (a highly unlikely
situation!), each of them will have reached different understandings of the material
being studied within a very short period of time. That is why assessment is the bridge
between teaching and learning it is only through assessment that we can find out
whether what has happened in the classroom has produced the learning we intended. Of
course, assessment is also used for other purposes in education, which makes the picture
much more complicated. In all countries, assessments of the performance of individual
students are used to determine which students are, and which students are not, qualified
for subsequent phases of education, and also to decide which kinds of education
students should receive.
31. UPPER PALEOLITHIC PEOPLE

The ways of life of Upper Paleolithic people are known through the remains of meals
scatteredaround their hearths, together with many tools and weapons and the debris left
over from their making. The people were hunter-gatherers who lived exclusively from
what they could find in nature without practicing either agriculture or herding. They
hunted the bigger herbivores, while berries, leaves, roots, wild fruit and mushrooms
probably played a major role in their diet. Their hunting was indiscriminate, perhaps
because so many animals were about that they did not need to spare pregnant females
or the young. In the cave of Enlene, for example, many bones of reindeer and bison
fetuses were found. Apparently, Upper Paleolithic people hunted like other predators
and killed the weakest prey first. They did, however, sometimes concentrate on salmon
runs and migrating herds of reindeer. Contrary to popular beliefs about cave men,
Upper Paleolithic people did not live deep inside caves. They rather chose the foot of
cliffs, especially when an overhang provided good shelter. On the plains and in the
valleys, they used tents made from hides of the animals they killed.
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At times, on the Great Russian plains, they built huts with huge bones and tusks
collected from the skeletons of mammoths. (Men hunted mostly with spears; the bow
and arrow was probably notinvented until the Magdalenian period that came at the end
of the Upper Paleolithic. Tools and weapons, made out of wood or reindeer antlers,
often had flint cutting edges. Flint knappers were skillful and traditions in flint knapping
were pursued for thousands of years. This continuity means that they must have been
carefully taught how to find good flint nodules and how to knap them in order to make
knives, burins (chisel-like tools) or scrapers, which couldbe used for various purposes.)
32. CITY OF LONDON

Who would have thought back in 1698, as they downed their espressos, that the little
band of stockbrokers from Jonathan‘s Coffee House in Change Alley EC3 would be the
founder- members of what would become the world‘s mighty money capital? Progress
was not entirely smooth. The South Sea Bubble burst in 1720 and the coffee house
exchanges burned down in 1748. As late as Big Bang in 1986, when bowler hats were
finally hung up, you wouldn‘t have bet the farm on London surpassing New York,
Frankfurt and Tokyo as Mammon‘s international nexus. Yet the 325,000 souls who
operate in the UK capital‘s financial hub have now overtaken their New York rivals in
size of the funds managed (including offshore business); they hold 70% of the global
secondary bond market and the City dominates the foreign exchange trading. And its
institutions paid out £9 billion in bonuses in December. The Square Mile has now
spread both eastwards from EC3 to Canary Wharf and westwards into Mayfair, where
many of the private-equity locusts’ and their hedge fund pals now hang out. For
foreigners in finance, London is the place to be. It has no Sarbanes-Oxley and no euro
to hold it back, yet the fact that it still flies so high is against the odds. London is one of
the most expensive cities in the world to live in, transport systems groan and there‘s an
ever-present threat of terrorist attack. But, for the time being, the deals just keep on
getting bigger.
33. COLUMBUS
When Christopher Columbus arrived at Hispaniola during his first transatlantic voyage
in the year A.D. 1492, the island had already been settled by Native Americans for about
5,000 years.The occupants in Columbus‘s time were a group of Arawak Indians called
Tainos who livedby farming, were organized into five chiefdoms, and numbered around
half a million (the estimates range from 100,000 to 2,000,000). Columbus initially
found them peaceful and friendly, until he and his Spaniards began mistreating them.
Unfortunately for the Tainos, they had gold, which the Spanish coveted but didn‘t want
to go to the work of mining themselves. Hence the conquerors divided up the island and
its Indian population among individual Spaniards, who put the Indians to work as virtual
slaves, accidentally infected them with Eurasian diseases, and murdered them. By the
year 1519, 27 years after Columbus‘s arrival, that original population of half a million
had been reduced to about 11,000, most of whom died that year of smallpox to bring the
population down to 3,000.
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34. NEW MUSEOLOGY
What is museology? A simple definition might be that it is the study of museums, their
history and underlying philosophy, the various ways in which they have, in the course
of time, been established and developed, their avowed or unspoken aims and policies,
their educative or political or social role. More broadly conceived, such a study might
also embrace the bewildering variety of audiences- visitors, scholars, art lovers,
children- at whom the efforts of museum staff are supposedly directed, as well as related
topics such as the legal duties and responsibilities placed upon (or incurred by)
museums, perhaps even some thought as to their future. Seen in this light, museology
might appear at first sight a subject so specialized as to concern only museum
professionals, who by virtue of their occupation are more or less obliged to take an
interest in it. In reality, since museums are almost, if not quite as old as civilization
itself, and since the plethora of present-day museums embraces virtually every field of
human endeavor- not just art, or craft, or science, but entertainment, agriculture, rural
life, childhood, fisheries, antiquities, automobiles: the list is endless- it is a field of
enquiry so broad as to be a matter of concern to almost everybody.
35. CHILDREN WATCHING TELEVISION

Why and to what extent should parents control their children‘s TV watching? There is
certainly nothing inherently wrong with TV. The problem is how much television a
child watches and what effect it has on his life. Research has shown that as the child
watches and what effect it has on his life. Research has shown that as the amount of
time spent watchingTV goes up, the amount of time devoted not only to homework and
study but other important aspects of life such as social development and physical
activities decreases. Television isbound to have it tremendous impact on a child, both
in terms of how many hours a week he watches TV and of what he sees. When a parent
is concerned about the effects of television, he should consider a number of things: what
TV offers the child in terms of information and knowledge, how many hours a week a
youngster his age should watch television, the impact of violence and sex, and the
influence of commercials. What about the family as a whole? Is the TV set a central
piece of furniture in your home! Is it flicked on the moment someone enters the empty
house? Is it on during the daytime? Is it part of the background notice of your family
life? Do you demonstrate by your own viewing that television should be watched
selectively?
36. ELECTRIC VEHICLE

Here's a term you're going to hear much more often: plug-in vehicle, and the acronym
PEV. It'swhat you and many other people will drive to work in ten years and more from
now. At that time, before you drive off in the morning you will first unplug your car -
your plugin vehicle. Its big on board batteries will have been fully charged overnight,
with enough power for you to drive 50-100 kilometers through city traffic.
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When you arrive at work you'll plug in your car once again, this time into a socket that
allows power to flow from your car's batteries to the electricity grid. One of the things
you did when you bought your car was to sign a contractwith your favorite electricity
supplier, allowing them to draw a limited amount of power from your car's batteries
should they need to, perhaps because of a blackout, or very high wholesale spot power
prices. The price you get for the power the distributor buys from your car would not
only be most attractive to you, it would be a good deal for them too, their alternative
being very expensive power form peaking stations.
37. COMPULSORY VOTING IN AUSTRALIA

A democratic country should have the right to decide whether to vote or not. It is strange
that after decades of crawling up the political backside of the US, Australians don't have
that right. Being fined for not voting reminds me of the old saying "you can lead a horse
to water but you cannot make him drink". The fine is not for failing to vote but for
failing to have your name marked off a list! Forcing people to make a decision just
means they'll make the easiest, quickest decision they can, not the best one. You need
an informed electorate for compulsory voting to work. However, the reality is that
nobody knows anything about the candidates and promotional material is not readily
available. I'd rather 80% of people didn't vote than have them all just pick the first
recognizable name on the ballot sheet. Then at least the government is elected by the
20% who care and make informed decisions. Otherwise it is largely potchance who
gets elected. Furthermore, compulsory voting doesn't ensure that the entire electorate is
engaged in the democratic process. Those who don't want to vote can simply turn up
and get their name marked off, without even putting pencil to paper. But you're seriously
deluding yourself if you think that this is what all those who don't care about
government do when they turn up to the polling booth. Voluntary voting at least
ensures those who vote are the ones that care enough to do so. Perhaps somebody
could enlighten me as to the reasonwhy, to the best of my knowledge, Australia is the
only 'democracy' that has compulsory voting. It is certainly not compulsory in the USA,
England, Canada, and New Zealand, Philippines or any other European or Asian
democracy that I am aware of. Compulsory voting is, however, mandatory in most
communist regimes.
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38. GRASS AND COW
The co-evolutionary relationship between cows and grass is one of nature‘s
underappreciated wonders; it also happens to be the key to understanding just about
everything about modern meat. For the grasses, which have evolved to withstand the
grazing of ruminants, the cow maintains and expands their habitat by preventing trees
and shrubs from gaining a foothold and hogging the sunlight; the animal also spreads
grass seed, plants it with his hooves, and then fertilizes it with his manure. In exchange
for these services the grasses offer ruminants a plentiful and exclusive supply of lunch.
For cows (like sheep, bison, and other ruminants) have evolved the special ability to
convert grass - which single-stomached creatures like us can‘t digest - into high-quality
protein. They can do this because they possess what is surely themost highly evolved
digestive organ in nature: the rumen. About the size of a medicine ball,the organ is
essentially a forty-five-gallon fermentation tank in which a resident population of
bacteria dines on grass.
39. AUSTRALIANS DEBATE

When Australians engage in debate about educational quality or equity, they often seem
to accept that a country cannot achieve both at the same time. Curriculum reforms
intended to improve equity often fail to do so because they increase breadth or
differentiation in offerings in a way that increases differences in quality. Further, these
differences in quality often reflect differences in students’ social backgrounds because
the new offerings are typically taken up by relatively disadvantaged students who are
not served well them. Evidence from New South Wales will be used to illustrate this
point. The need to improve the quality of education is well accepted across OECD and
other countries as they seek to strengthen their human capital to underpin their modern,
knowledge economies. Improved equity is also important for this purpose, since the
demand for high level skills is widespread and the opportunities for the low skilled are
diminishing. Improved equity in education is also important for social cohesion. There
are countries in which the education system seems primarily to reproduce existing social
arrangements, conferring privilege where it already exists and denying it where it does
not. Even in countries where the diagnosis might be less extreme, the capacity of
schooling to build social cohesion is often diminished by the way in which schools
separate individuals and groups.
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40. THE ROSETTA STONE
When the Rosetta Stone was discovered in 1799, the carved characters that covered its
surface were quickly copied. Printer's ink was applied to the Stone and white paper laid
over it. When the paper was removed, it revealed an exact copy of the text - but in
reverse. Since then, many copies or "facsimiles" have been made using a variety of
materials. Inevitably, the surface of the Stone accumulated many layers of material left
over from these activities, despite attempts to remove any residue. Once on display,
the grease from many thousands of human hands eager to touch the Stone added to
the problem. An opportunity for investigation and cleaning the Rosetta Stone arose
when this famous object was made the centerpiece of the Cracking Codes exhibition at
The British Museum in 1999. When work commenced to remove all butthe original,
ancient material the stone was black with white lettering. As treatment progressed, the
different substances uncovered were analyzed. Grease from human handling, a coating
of carnauba wax from the early 1800s and printer's ink from 1799 were cleaned
away using cotton wool swabs and liniment of soap, white spirit, acetone and purified
water. Finally, whitepaint in the text, applied in 1981, which had been left in place until
now as a protective coating, was removed with cotton swabs and purified water. A
small square at the bottom left corner of the face of the Stone was left untouched to
show the darkened wax and the white infill.
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WRITING
WRITING ESSAY
Expert Advice
Register on www.languageacademy.com.au for free AI powered practice portal and
fullscored Mock-Test with Scorecard, Feedback and Analysis.
1. Do you agree that privatization of public sector undertakings is beneficial to society?

2. In order to improve living standards, it is inevitable to destroy the environment. Do you
agree with this statement or not?
3. At present, some old people prefer to live in nursing homes instead of living with their adult
children. What do you think are the reasons?
4. Some people believe that there has been no major development in humanity with the
rising number of child abuse cases. Is it a lack of education?
5. People dispute travel is or is not a component of a quality education. Some believe travel
is overrated. What is your opinion?
6. Games are as important for adults as they are for children. Do you think adults need
games? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.
7. Some people are always in a hurry to get somewhere and get things done. Others prefer to
take their time and live a slow-paced life. Will you prefer the slow-paced life and why?
8. Some films are serious and designed to arouse audience's thinking. Other films are
designed primarily to entertain. Which type of movie will you choose?
9. A person should never make an important decision alone. Do you support this statement
or not?
10. Climate change is a concerning global issue. Who should take the responsibilities,
governments, big companies or individuals?
11. In the past 100 years, there have been many inventions, such as antibiotics, airplanes, and
computers. What do you think is the most important of them? Why?
12. You are given climate change as the field of study. Which area would you prefer? Explain
why you pick this particular area of your study and give an example in the area you pick.
13. There are both problems and benefits for high school students study plays and works of
theatres written centuries ago. Discuss and use your own experience.
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14. Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. What is your opinion on this? Do you
think this is a good or bad change?
15. Some people say involvement of youth in crimes is increasing at an alarming rate.
What is your opinion?
16. The means of communicating in society today has changed greatly over the last ten years.
Give your opinion.
17. Some languages are increasingly spoken in different countries, while the usage of others
is rapidly declining. Is this a positive or a negative development?
18. Globalization is important. What is your opinion? Give your reasons.
19. Schools should prepare students for university, rather than for work. To what extent do
you agree with this statement?
20. Taking part in sports is important for an adult's health and happiness. To what extent do
you agree with it?
21. Do you think students who go to university and pay full fees should earn higher salaries
than those who do not go to university?
22. The only effective way to deal with unemployment is to introduce rapid urbanization. To
what extent do you agree with it?
23. Animal rights are important. Give your opinions.
24. Some say mothers are better parents than fathers. What is your opinion?
25. Some people say robots will work as teachers in school in the future. Discuss the
advantages and disadvantages.
26. Which subject will you choose for study of science? Explain it with examples.
27. Many people say there is much violence promoted in mass media. What is your opinion?
28. Some employers take the opinions of their employees when determining the areas to invest
in. Please explain whether it will bring advantages or disadvantages.
29. Living in the countryside or having an urban life, which one do you prefer? Please use
examples or your personal experience to support your opinion.
30. In our technological world, the number of new inventions has been increasing. Please make
an example with its impact on our life, and explain if it is beneficial or not.
31. There are more men or women in certain jobs and there’s nothing we can change about it.
Do you agree with that?
32. Some people think air travel has more negative impacts than positive impacts on modern
life. What do you think?
33. While artificial intelligence becomes so advanced, people can use computers to translate
foreign languages. Do you agree with it? Give examples or your experiences to support.
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34. Information revolution brought by modern mass media has both positive and negative
consequences to individuals and the society. To what extent do you agree with this
statement? Discuss and use your own experience.
35. Some universities deduct students’ work if assignment is given late. What is your opinion
and suggest some alternative actions?
36. Effective learning requires time, comfort and peace so it is impossible to combine study
and employment. Study and employment distract one from another. To what extent do you
think thestatements are realistic? Support your opinion with examples?
37. The disadvantages of tourism in less developed countries are as great as the advantages.
What is your opinion?
38. Do you think it has a positive or negative impact on you if you buy a home close to the
work place?
39. Some say that in today’s world the value of humanities has been eclipsed by the necessity
of preparing for specific wealth-producing careers, such as medicine. What is your opinion
about a role in today’s changing world for study of the humanities?
40. What is the role of writing theater plays and discussing ancient writings in the study of high
school students?
41. There are both advantage and disadvantage of company workers accessing their own
products and services. Discuss.
42. It is important to preserve the beautiful buildings of the past, even if it will be expensive to
do so.To what extent do you agree or disagree with it?
43. Medical technology can increase life expectancy. Is it a blessing or curse?
44. In your opinion, what are the advantages and disadvantages of extreme or adventure sports?
45. Some people think human behaviors can be limited by laws; others think laws have little
effect. What is your opinion?
46. The world’s governments and organizations are facing a lot of issues. Which do you think
is themost pressing problem for the inhabitants on our planet and gives the solution?
47. It is argued that getting married before finishing school or getting a job is foolish. To what
extentdo you agree or disagree?
48. What do you think are the strengths and weakness of the education system in your country?
Useyour own experience to support your idea.
49. You are given climate as the field of study. Which area would you prefer? Explain why you
pickedthis up the particular area of your study, and give an example in the area you pick.
50. The formal written examination can be a valid method to assess students’ learning. To what
extentdo you agree or disagree?
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51. The time people devote in job leaves very little time for personal life. How widespread is
theproblem? What problem will this shortage of time cause?
52. Business whether big or small is to maximize profit. Do you agree with that? Give your
opinion.
53. As cities expanding, some people claim governments should look forward creating better
networksof public transportation available for everyone rather than building more roads for
vehicle owning population. What‘s your opinion? Give some examples or experience to
support.
54. It is important to preserve the beautiful buildings of the past, even if it will be expensive to
do so.To what extent do you agree or disagree with it.
55. The mass media, including TV, radio and newspapers influence our society and shapes our
opinions and characters. What is your opinion?
56. Governments promise continuous economic growth, but it's actually an illusion. Some
people think that governments should abandon this. Please talk about the validity and the
implications.
57. There are both advantage and disadvantage of company workers accessing their own
products and services. Discuss.
58. There are more men or women in certain jobs and there’s nothing we can change about it.
Do you agree with that?
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RE-ORDER PARAGRAPHS
Expert Advice
NOTE: The Re-Orders provided are in correct order.
1. THE GLOW WORMS

1. The Newness railroad was closed in 1932 after 25 years of shipping oil shale.
2. The rails were pulled out of the 600-meter tunnel, which had been bored through the
sandstonein the Wollemi National Park, and the tunnel was left to its own devices.
3. For Newness, that meant becoming home to thousands and thousands of glow worms.
4. The glow worm is a catch-all name for the bioluminescent larvae of various species, in
this case, the Arachnocampa richardsae, a type of fungus gnat. Found in massive
numbers in caves, the fungus gnat larvae cling to the rocky walls of the abandoned
tunnel and hunt with long, glowing strings of sticky mucus.
2. BLUE HALO
1. Latest research has found that several common flower species have nanoscale ridges on the
surfaceof their petals that meddle with light when viewed from certain angles.
2. These nanostructures scatter light particles in the blue to ultraviolet colour spectrum,
generating asubtle effect that scientists have christened the 'blue halo'.
3. By manufacturing artificial surfaces that replicated 'blue halos', scientists were able to
test theeffect on pollinators, in this case foraging bumblebees.
4. They found that bees can see the blue halo, and use it as a signal to locate flowers more
efficiently
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3. ECOLOGICAL FOOTPRINT
1. Ecological footprint accounting measures the demand on and supply of nature.
2. On the demand side, the Ecological Footprint measures the ecological assets that a given
population requires to produce the natural resources it consumes.
3. It tracks the use of six categories of productive surface areas: cropland, grazing land,
fishing grounds, built-up land, forest area, and carbon demand on land.
4. On the supply side, a city, state or nation's bio-capacity represents the productivity of its
ecologicalassets.
5. Both the Ecological Footprint and bio-capacity are expressed in global hectares-globally
comparable, standardized hectares with world average productivity.
4. EARTHWORMS:
1. Not all wildlife is created equal in our eyes.
2. Take the earthworm, which doesn't have the widespread appeal of larger, more charismatic
animals such as gorillas, tigers or pandas.
3. Worms are never going to get a strong "cute response", and they won't ever be the face of
a conservation campaign.
4. But what Darwin rightly recognized is that - panda fans avert your eyes - worm
conservation is much more important once we factor in their provision of what we now call
"ecosystem services", which are crucial to human survival.
5. MAYOR:
1. Education scholars generally agree that mayors can help failing districts, but they are
starting to utter warnings.
2. Last summer the editors of the Harvard educational review warned that mayoral control
can reduce parents' influence on schools.
3. And they pointed to Mr. Bloomberg's aggressive style as an example of what not to do.
4. All this must be weighed up by the New York state legislature in 2009, when mayoral
control is up for renewal-or scrapping.
6. NEW VENTURES:
1. New Ventures is a program that helps entrepreneurs in some of the world's most dynamic,
emerging economies-- Brazil, China, Colombia, India, Indonesia and Mexico.
2. We have facilitated more than $203 million in investment, and worked with 250 innovative
businesses whose goods and services produce clear, measurable environmental benefits,
such as clean energy, efficient water use, and sustainable agriculture.
3. Often they also address the challenges experienced by the world's poor.
4. For example, one of the companies we work with in China, called Ecostar, refurbishes copy
machines from the United States and re-sells or leases them for 20 percent less than a
branded photocopier.
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8. BENEFITS OF LANGUAGE:
1. Over the years many human endeavors have had the benefit of language.
2. In particular a written language can convey a lot of information about past events, places,
people and things.
3. But it is difficult to describe music in words, and even more difficult to specify a tune.
4. It was the development of a standard musical notation in the 11th century that allowed
music tobe documented in a physical form.
5. Now music could be communicated efficiently, and succeeding generations would know
something about the music of their ancestors.
9. COPERNICANISM:
1. The expanding influence of Copernicanism through the seventeenth century transformed
not only the natural philosophic leanings of astronomers but also the store of conceptual
material accessible to writers of fiction.
2. During this period of scientific revolution, a new literary genre arose, namely that of the
scientific cosmic voyage
3. Scientists and writers alike constructed fantastical tales in which fictional characters
journey tothe moon, sun, and planets.
4. In so doing, they discover that these once remote worlds are themselves earth-like in
character. Descriptions of these planetary bodies as terrestrial in kind demonstrate the
seventeenth centuryintellectual shift from the Aristotelian to the Copernican framework.
10. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE FORESTS

1. The earth is losing its forests. Presently, trees cover about 30 percent of the earth's
surface, butthey are being destroyed at an alarming rate, especially in the tropics.
2. Timber harvesting is a major reason for the destruction of the forests.
3. The timbers are used for building houses, making furniture, and providing pulp for paper
products,such as newspapers and magazines.
4. At least 40 hectares of rainforest are being felled every minute, mostly in order to
extract the valuable timber.
5. Another way that man is destroying the world's forests is by burning them down. In the
Amazon, for example, rainforests are being burnt down at a rate of 20 hectares a minute
11. LECTURE
1. In the lecture, you should be a good listener.
2. To be a good listener, you should take notes.
3. This make you memorize, for these you take note, and should construct sentences.
4. After that, this would help you in revising and exercising key words.
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12. SHERBET POWDER
1. A reaction that needs some type of energy to make it go is said to be endothermic. It takes
in energy.
2. For example, the sherbet you used for the chapter problem on page 25 is a mixture of baking
soda and citric acid.
3. When it is mixed with water in your mouth an endothermic reaction occurs, taking heat
energy from your mouth and making it feel cooler.
4. Another example of an endothermic reaction is seen with the cold packs used by athletes
to treat injuries. These packs usually consist of a plastic bag containing ammonium nitrate
dissolves in the water.
5. This process is endothermic-taking heat energy from the surroundings and cooling the
injured part of your body. In this way the cold pack acts like an ice pack.
13. SCIENTIFIC DISHONESTIES

1. I think we should be wary of the reporting of science -it is often over-dramatized in order
to securean audience - but not of science itself
2. Of course, there are rare extremely scientific dishonesties, which will be seized upon by
the newsorganizations.
3. The role of science in modern society remains valuable.
4. Mobile phones, for example, can cause incidents if drivers insist on talking on the phone
instead oflooking at roads.
5. But no one would argue that mobile phones cannot help to make a phone call when we
are in acrisis.
14. ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT

1. With the Arctic the fastest warming region on the planet, climate change is already
altering key components of the Arctic environment.
2. Some of the clearest signs of change are the thinning and retreat of sea ice and the
migration ofspecies into the Arctic that normally live at lower latitudes.
3. The response of the Arctic to climate change will have an unprecedented impact on how
the Arcticecosystem operates.
4. This is likely to affect the UK's climate and economy, with anticipated impacts on
industries liketourism and fisheries.
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15. COSMIC HAZARDS
1. Earth is a target in a cosmic shooting gallery, subject to random violent events that were
unsuspected a few decades ago.
2. In 1991 the United States Congress asked NASA to investigate the hazard posed today
by largeimpacts on Earth.
3. The group conducting the study concluded from a detailed analysis that impacts from
meteoritescan indeed be hazardous.
4 Although there is always some risk that a large impact could occur, careful study shows
that thisrisk is quite small.
16. COPERNICUS
1. Copernicus probably hit upon his main idea sometime between 1508 and 1514. For years,
however, he delayed publication of his controversial work, which contradicted all the
authoritiesof the time.
2. The historic book that contains the final version of his theory, De revolution ibus or
biumcoelestium libri vi ("Six Books Concerning the Revolutions of the Heavenly Orbs"),
did not appearin print until 1543, the year of his death.
3. According to legend, Copernicus received a copy as he was dying, on May 24, 1543.
4. The book opened the way to a truly scientific approach to astronomy. It had a profound
influence on later thinkers of the scientific revolution, including such major figures as
Galileo, Johannes Kepler, and Isaac Newton.
17. COPERNICAN FRAMEWORK

1. The expanding influence of Copernicanism through the seventeenth century transformed
not only the natural philosophic leanings of astronomers but also the store of conceptual
material accessible to writers of fiction.
2. During this period of scientific revolution, a new literary genre arose, namely that of the
scientific cosmic voyage
3. Scientists and writers alike constructed fantastical tales in which fictional characters
journey to the moon, sun, and planets.
4. In so doing, they discover that these once remote worlds are themselves earth-like in
character.
5. Descriptions of these planetary bodies as terrestrial in kind demonstrate the seventeenth
century intellectual shift from the Aristotelian to the Copernican framework.
18. GENDER INEQUALITIES

1. Most European countries are concerned about gender inequalities in education.
2. However, the comprehensiveness of legislative and policy frameworks differs widely.
3. On the one hand, they differ concerning the degree to which gender equality
concepts areembedded in various legislative acts.
4. On the other hand, they can frame gender equality in different ways, focusing on one
or moreof the various concepts that are associated with this term.
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19. ANTS' PREDICTION
1. It’s often said that ants can predict impending rain and respond by changing their
behaviour.
2. Some people say that if you see ants building their mounds higher, or building
them fromdifferent materials, this might signal the coming of rain.
3. But is there any scientific evidence to support this piece of folk wisdom?
4. The short answer is - no, although it is a difficult question to answer partly because
of thesheer diversity of ants – there are 13,000 named species on the planet!
20. MARINE CREATURES

1. In order to establish whether diversity matters in the sea as well as on land, 11 marine
biologists,along with three economists, have joined forces.
2. They have spent the past three years crunching all the numbers they could lay on their hands
on.
3. These ranged from the current UN Food and Agriculture Organization‘s database to
informationhundreds of years old, gleaned from kitchen records and archeology.
4. The results of this comprehensive analysis have been published in Science.
21. CHILDREN
1. Many young children are inexperienced in dealing with emotional upheaval.
2. As a result, they lack the coping strategies that many adults have.
3. In particular, many young children lack the verbal skills to express their emotions
and toeffectively communicate their need for emotional support.
4. The frustration of not being able to effectively communicate may manifest itself in
alternative behaviors.
5. Strategies that children may employ at this age are commonly referred to as defense
mechanisms.
22. NATIVE PLANTS AND ANIMALS

1. Australia's native plants and animals adapted to life on an isolated continent over
millions of years.
2. Since European settlement they have had to compete with a range of introduced
animals forhabitat, food and shelter.
3. Some have also had to face new predators.
4. These new pressures have also caused a major impact on our country's soil and
waterways and on its native plants and animals.
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23. ART HISTORY
1. Art history is the study of objects of art in their historical development and stylistic
contexts.
2. The study includes painting, sculpture, architecture, ceramics, furniture, and other
decorativeobjects.
3. Art history is the history of different groups of people and their culture represented
throughouttheir artwork.
4. Art historians compare different time periods in art history.
5. As a term, art history (its product being history of art) encompasses several
methods of studying the visual arts; in common usage referring to works of art and
architecture.
24. FEEDING BIRDS

1. According to experts, feeding birds is probably the most common way in which people
interact with wild animals today. More than 50 million Americans engage in the practice,
collectively undertaking an unwitting experiment on a vast scale.
2. Is what we‘re doing good or bad for birds?
3. Recently, researchers at the Cornell Lab of Ornithology sought to answer this question,
analyzing nearly three decades’ worth of data from a winter-long survey called Project
Feeder Watch.
4. Preliminary results suggest the species visiting our feeders the most are faring
exceptionally well in an age when one third of the continent‘s birds need urgent
conservation.
5. Still, what are the consequences of skewing the odds in favor of the small subset of
species inclined to eat at feeders? What about when the bird we‘re aiding is invasive, like
our house finch?
25. EUROPEAN UNION

1. The European Union has two big fish problems.
2. One is that, partly as a result of its failure to manage them properly, its own fisheries
can nolonger meet European demand.
3. The other is that its government won’t confront their fishing lobbies and decommission
all thesurplus boats
4. The EU has tried to solve both problems by sending its fishermen to West Africa. Since
1979 it has struck agreements with the government of Senegal, granting our fleet’s
access to its waters.
5. As a result, Senegal’s marine ecosystem has started to go the same way as ours.
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26. WERE WE REALLY UP TO THE CHALLENGE?
1. During the school year, we had the benefit of being both unaccountable and omnipotent.
2. We could engage in impassioned debates about how as chief executive of a certain
companywe would have done this, or if we had been the banker on that deal we would
have structured itlike that.
3. Insulated from the consequences of such decisions, and privy to all critical information
about the case, we were able to solve complex business problems with relative ease.
4. We knew that once we began our internships, this would no longer be the case.
5. The information would be more nebulous and the outcomes of our decisions would be
unpredictable.
6. So in approaching this impending summer period, what lingered in the back of our
minds was a collectively felt, unspeakable thought: "Were we really up to the
challenge?"
27. SYNAPSE
1. Our brain's learning process is linked to our synapses, which serve as connections
between ourneurons.
2. The more the synapse is stimulated, the more the connection is reinforced and learning
improved.
3. Researchers took inspiration from this mechanism to design an artificial synapse, called
amemristor.
4. This electronic nano-component consists of a thin ferroelectric layer sandwiched
between two electrodes.
28. THE UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE

1. Conferences have played a key role in guiding the work of the United Nations since its very
inception.
2. In fact, the world body was born when delegates from 50 nations met in San Francisco in
April 1945 for the United Nations Conference on International Organization.
3. The recent high-profile conferences on development issues, often held at the Summit level,
have continued a series that began in the 1970s and broken new ground in many areas: by
involving Presidents, Prime Ministers and other heads of State- as pioneered at the 1990
World Summit for Children.
4. These events have put long-term, difficult problems like poverty and environmental
degradation atthe top of the global agenda.
5. These problems otherwise would not have the political urgency to grab front-page
headlines and command the attention of world leaders.
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29. WORKING MEMORY CAPACITY
1. Researchers studied groups of people from the University of Wisconsin-Madison community,
ranging in age from 18 to 65.
2. The first group was asked to perform simple tasks, like pressing a button every time they took a
breath or clicking in response to a letter popping up on a computer screen; these tasks were so easy
that their minds were likely to wander, the researchers figured.
3. The researchers checked in periodically, asking the participants if their minds were on task or
wandering.
4. When the task was over, they measured each participant's working memory capacity by having
them remember letters while doing math equations.
5. Though all participants performed well on the task, the researchers noticed that the individuals
who indicated their minds had wandered more than others also scored higher on the working
memory test.
30. BRAIN
FUNCTION
1. The brain is our most treasured possession.
2. It coordinates our movements, our words, our relationships, and the ability to pass on our
genes.
3. Our body therefore protects the organ fiercely: The central nervous system polices particles
traveling through the bloodstream and invites only the safest into our cognitive chamber.
4. This selective process occurs due to a proactive boundary known as the blood-brain barrier.
5. The barrier serves a vital role, but is also poses a tremendous challenge for scientists
developing drugs to treat brain-based disorders.
31. EXCEPTIONAL HEALTH

1. It is natural to be healthy, but we have wandered so far astray that disease is the rule and good
health, the exception.
2. Of course, most people are well enough to attend to their work, but nearly all are suffering from
some ill, mental or physical, acute or chronic.
3. There is too much illness, too much suffering.
4. We are losing every year a vast army of individuals who are in their productive prime.
5. The average individual is of less value to himself, to his family and to society than he could be.
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32. INTERNATIONAL DATELINE
1. International dateline, imaginary line on the earth’s surface, generally following the 180°
meridian of longitude, where, by international agreement, travelers change dates.
2. The date line is necessary to avoid a confusion that would otherwise result.
3. For example, if an airplane were to travel westward with the sun, 24 hours would elapse as
it circled the globe, but it would still be the same day for those in the airplane while it would
be one day later for those on the ground below them.
4. The same problem would arise if two travelers journeyed in opposite directions to a point
on the opposite side of the earth, 180° of longitude distant.
5. The apparent paradox is resolved by requiring that the traveler crossing the date line change
his date, thus bringing the travelers into agreement when they meet.
33. SYDNEY FIREWORKS

1. Fireworks and special effects, including a red waterfall‖ from the bridge base, will turn the
structure built in 1932 into a giant Aboriginal flag shortly after the sun sets for the last time
in 2015.
2. It’s about how we’re all so affected by the harbor and its surrounds, how special it is to all
of us and how it moves us, said the Welcome to Country‘s creative director, Rhoda Roberts.
3. From 8:40 pm, the bridge will be turned into a canvas showing the Welcome to Country
ceremony.
4. Fireworks and special effects will also turn the bridge into a giant Aboriginal flag before
the 9 pm fireworks display.
34. JET STREAM

1. Jet stream, narrow, swift currents or tubes of air found at heights ranging from 7 to 8 mi
(11.3-12.9 km) above the surface of the earth.
2. They are caused by great temperature differences between adjacent air masses.
3. Instead of moving along a straight line, the jet stream flows in a wavelike fashion; the
waves propagate eastward (in the Northern Hemisphere) at speeds considerably slower than
the wind speed itself.
4. Since the progress of an airplane is aided or impeded depending on whether tail winds or
head winds are encountered.
5 In the Northern Hemisphere the jet stream is sought by eastbound aircraft, in order to gain
speed and save fuel, and avoided by westbound aircraft.
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35. WEB SECURITY
1. In the lobby of Google’s headquarters in Mountain View, California, computer screens
displaylists of the words being entered into the company’s search engine.
2. Although Google says the system is designed to filter out any scandalous or potentially
compromising queries, the fact that even a fraction of searches can be seen by visitors to
the world’s biggest search company is likely to come as a shock to internet users who think
of web browsing as a private affair.
3. That may be changing.
4. Over the past year, a series of privacy gaffes and government attempts to gain access to
internet users’ online histories have, along with consolidation among online search and
advertising groups, thrust the issue of internet privacy into the spotlight.
5. This presents a challenge to Google and other internet search companies, which have built
a multi- billion dollars industry out of targeted advertising based on the information users
reveal about them online.
36. MONEY TRANSACTIONS

1. Cash transactions offer both privacy and anonymity as it does not contain information that
can beused to identify the parties nor the transaction history.
2. Moreover, money is worth what it is because we have come to accept it.
3. The whole structure of traditional money is built on faith and so will electronic money have
to be.
4. Electronic transactions are happening in closed group networks and Internet. Electronic
commerceis one of the most important aspects of internet to emerge.
5. To support e-commerce, we need effective payment systems and secure communication
channelsand data integrity.
37. MARQUEZ
1. Marquez arrived in October 1577 at the abandoned town of Santa Elena with two ships
carrying pre-fabricated posts and heavy planking.
2. He erected fort San Marcos in six days in defense against a Native American attack such
as theone that forced the abandonment of the town a year earlier.
3. The town had flourished, nearing 400 residents, since its establishment more than a decade
earlier in 1566 by Pedro Menendez de Aviles who had founded La Florida and St.
Augustine the year before.
4. In 1571, it became the capital of La Florida.
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38. THE TOWN OF LIBERAL
1. The town of Liberal is said to have been named for an early settler famous among travelers
for being free with drinking water.
2. Liberal is conservative in a moderate Midwestern kind of way which is changing fast due
to big National Beef Packing plant which relies on Hispanic migrants and thus four-fifths
of the children in Liberal’s public-school system are Hispanic.
3. This should make the town receptive to Democrats, but Mr. Trump easily won the county
of which it forms part.
4. Liberal’s mayor, Joe Denoyer, who was raised in a Democratic family near Chicago and
moved to Liberal in search of work.
5. Mr. Denoyer voted for Mr. Trump by being impressed by his promise, though he thinks it
unlikely that the president will keep his promises.
39. CHILDREN'S DEPRESSION

1. Just as with adults, pessimistic ways of interpreting defeats seem to feed the sense of
helplessness and hopelessness at the heart of children's depression. That people who are
already depressed think in these ways has long been known.
2. What has only recently emerged, though, is that children's beliefs about their own ability
to control what happens in their lives.
3. This insight suggests a window of opportunity for inoculating them against depression
before it strikes.
4. One line of evidence comes from studies of children's belief about their own ability to
control whathappens in their lives- for example, being able to change things for the better.
This assessed by children's rating of themselves in such term as: 'when I have problems at
home, I'm better than most kids at helping to solve problems' and 'When I work hard, I get
good grades.
40. PANDA:
1. People didn't know pandas well.
2. Now, people can attach a GPS to them.
3. This GPS can transmit data every couple of hours for up to two years.
4. Then it is found five pandas' habitats sometimes overlap.
41. ENTREPRENEURIAL KNOWLEDGE

1. Entrepreneurial knowledge is essentially intuitive
2. It involves seeing and realizing a vision of future markets, products and/or other
opportunities.
3. Ignorance is the opposite of knowledge, i.e., want of knowledge
4. To deal with uncertainty and ignorance economists have recognized the entrepreneur
aspossessing this non-rational form of knowledge
5. Like some ancient priest-king, the entrepreneur knows’ the future and leads his people.
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42. FISCAL DEFICIT
1. The fiscal deficit has deteriorated.
2. The current reforms pace is too slow.
3. Industry too is not ready to deliver growth, should even the government pursue
the rightpolicies.
4. There are big gaps in perception and capability of managers.
5. Government finances are terminally impaired with uncontrolled fiscal deficits.
6. A good budget is one which makes a sincere attempt to change the policy environment.
43. NONPERFORMING ASSETS

1. The one major cause for the current weakened state of Indian banks is the level and volume
of nonperforming assets. The problem has not been looked at in its proper perspective.
2. Description such as 'deceased portfolio' and figures running into thousands of crores have
all led to treating the problem as a major one-time aberration requiring emergency
treatment.
3. The causal explanations - political interference, willful defaults, targeted lending and even
fraudulent behaviors by banks - have some grain of truth in them.
4. Yet, the fact remains that the banks allowed themselves to be pressurized into lowering
their guard in the one area of business that is and should be their bread and butter of
existence- risk assessment. The response from the banks is to concentrate on somehow
reducing the amount and number of accounts in this category.
44. VANILLA
1. Some cafes can get away with being plain vanilla.
2. But others cannot.
3. The bigger your cafe, the more is the need for additional mean of income.
4. This is because the returns from browsing cover only a percentage of your costs.
5. Thrills, ranging from video games to burgers cover the rest.
6. These fruits will make your clients spend more time with you and also add to your
profits.
45. BOOK STORIES

1. This book is chock-a-block full of intrusive stories and practical advice, describing
Carton’s activities at Vingresor (where he assumed his first presidency at age 32),
Linjeflug, and SAS in particular
2. He began at Vingresor as an order giver, not a listener - neither to his people nor to his
customers and made every mistake in the book.
3. By the time he got to Linjeflug four years later, he had learned many lessons, in fact, he
began his second stint as top dog by calling the entire company together in a hanger and
asking for help, afar cry from his barking out commands just 48 months back.
4. At SAS, he arrived at a time crisis.
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46. SPORTS ADMINISTRATORS
1. It is a matter of deep regret and concern that the sports administrators often cause more
harm to theimage of the country than sportsmen and sportswomen do through their dismal
performances.
2. In the case of sports persons, there is room for some sympathy, but the apathy of the
administrators, which has even led to sanctions from international bodies, is unpardonable
3. A case in the point is the hefty penalty of US $10,000 slapped on the Indian Body-Building
Federation for not fulfilling its commitment for holding the Asian Championships in
Mumbai in October
4. The potential exchanges between the officials of IBBF and the Maharashtra Body-Building
Association has all the trappings of a drama we are accustomed to.
47. THE FIFTH PAY COMMISSION

1. It reminds us of the political shenanigans during the implementation of the Fifth pay
Commission.
2. How many times have you heard experts, politicians and the finance minister refer to
the implementation of the pay hikes following the commission's report as the singular
cause for theincrease in government expenditure?
3. They argue that it is this, which has led to the bankruptcy in many states.
4. Here was a commission whose members worked very hard, did exemplary research and
homework, before coming up with a list of recommendations that balanced economic
efficiency with safety nets for disadvantaged labour.
5. Barring P. Chidambram, who was then the finance minister, every single political party
and politician opposed the implementation of the recommendations and are directly
responsible for the current fiscal crises in the Centre and the states.
48. WATCHING ELEPHANTS

1. While watching elephants in the Samburu National Reserve in northern Kenya, I noticed
one thatwalked very slowly.
2. Elephant expert lain Douglas-Hamilton told me that this female elephant, Babyl, had been
crippled for years, but the other members of the herd never left her.
3. They would walk a while and then stop and look around to see where she was.
4. Depending on how she was doing, they would either wait or go on.
5. Sometimes the matriarch even fed Babyl.
49. THE DESTRUCTION OF THE FORESTS

1. The earth is losing its forests. Presently, trees cover about 30 percent of the earth's
surface, butthey are being destroyed at an alarming rate, especially in the tropics.
2. Timber harvesting is a major reason for the destruction of the forests.
3. The timbers are used for building houses, making furniture, and providing pulp for paper
products,such as newspapers and magazines.
4. At least 40 hectares of rainforest are being felled every minute, mostly in order to
extract the valuable timber.
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5. Another way that man is destroying the world's forests is by burning them down. In the
Amazon, for example, rainforests are being burnt down at a rate of 20 hectares a minute.
50. CHILDREN MAY LEARN FROM INTERACTIVE MEDIA

1. We already know that children engage cognitively when they watch TV and can learn
from well-designed educational TV programs.
2. However, learning from video isn't the same as learning from direct experience, and until
age 2 or 3 years, children appear to have difficulty learning from media that are not
interactive.
3. Older preschoolers also have trouble learning from media when they're tested on more
difficulttasks.
4. This may be because video is presented in two dimensions.
5. Also, video lacks many cues that support learning; for example, people and characters
in videos can't react to a learner's facial expressions or respond to a learner's questions.
51. BRAZILIAN MUSIC

1. Early in 1938, Mario de Andrade, the municipal secretary of culture here, dispatched
a four- member Folklore Research Mission to the northeastern hinterlands of Brazil on a
similar mission.
2. The intention was to record as much music as possible as quickly as possible, before
encroaching influences like radio and cinema began transforming the region‘s distinctive
culture.
3. They recorded whoever and whatever seemed to be interesting: piano carriers, cowboys,
beggars, voodoo priests, quarry workers, fishermen, dance troupes and even children at
play.
4. But the Brazilian mission’s collection ended up languishing in vaults here.
52. HIRE YOUNG PEOPLE

1. Employers are often reluctant to hire young people, even though there are more than
850,000 unemployed 16 to 24-year-olds and UK businesses are struggling to fill one in five
vacancies because of skills shortages.
2. They are skeptical about young people’s skills and their readiness for work.
3. But a growing number of companies are setting up schemes to recruit young workers.
4. They can be surprised by the results.
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53. EATING HABITS
1. Researchers surveyed more than 2,000 young people about their eating habits in 1999;
2. When they surveyed the same group five years later, most of the teenagers were eating
fewerfruits and vegetables.
3. The researchers, led by Nicole Larson of the University of Minnesota School Public
Health,found two dips in the intake of fruits and vegetables during the teenage years.
4. The first occurred in early adolescence, when consumption went down by more than
half aserving. The second came in late adolescence and was about the same size as the
first.
54. MAYORAL CONTROL

1. Mayoral control of schools can be effective.
2. Mayor-controlled districts have seen improved student achievement across all
subjects and student groups.
3. Moving to a mayor-led district can also help spur innovation and advancement.
4. In cities with lagging student achievement, getting more engagement from mayors
orincreasing their authority over schools could be part of the solution.
55. ANIMALS EXPLORATORY URGE

1. All animals have a strong exploratory urge, but for some it is more crucial than others.
2. It depends on how specialized they have become during the course of evolution.
3. If they have put all their efforts into the perfection of one survival trick, they do not
bother somuch with the general complexities of the world around them.
4. So long as the ant eater had its ants and the koala bear had gum leaves, then they are
satisfied and the living is easy.
5. The non-specialists, however, the opportunists of the animal world, can never afford to
relax.
56. FOOD MANUFACTURERS

1. Over the last half-century, organic farming has become a driving force in the world's
food market.
2. In the late 1900s, food manufacturers were challenged by the organic community to
ensurethey were using ingredients that had been produced in natural healthy ways.
3. It was a time when managers had to take a critical look at every aspect of their
productionprocess and make improvements where necessary.
4. Whether these systems have been maintained seems questionable, particularly as
contractsdepend so heavily on efficiency and quick sales.
5. As a result, some people believe it is now time to re-assess many companies in terms
of thestandards they agreed to some years ago.
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57. RUGBY
1. Citizens commonly identify with their nation in the context of major sporting events:
imagining the nation is easier when there is a national team playing another nation
(Hobsbawm, 1990).
2. Rugby in Wales is a particularly strong example of this phenomenon, being perhaps the
main thing that unites people in Wales.
3. In many ways rugby in Wales defines what Wales is and what people in Wales share.
4. From outside Wales, too, it is the rugby that commonly defines the nation - with the sport
providing both widespread interest and one of the few positive associations of outsiders’
perceptions of Wales.
58. MONASH STUDENT

1. Mechanical engineering student Ne Tan is spending the first semester of this year studying
at theUniversity of California, Berkeley as part of the Monash Abroad program.
2. Ne (Tan), an international student from Shanghai, China, began her Monash journey at
Monash College in October 2006.
3. There she completed a diploma that enabled her to enter Monash University as a
second year’s student.
4. Now in her third year of study, the Monash Abroad program will see her complete four
units ofstudy in the US before returning to Australia in May 2009.
59. JEAN BRIGGS

1. Jean Briggs has worked with the Inuit of the Canadian Arctic and has described how, within
these communities, growing up is largely seen as a process of acquiring thought, reason
and understanding (known in Inuit as ihuma).
2. Young children don’t possess these qualities and are easily angered, cry frequently and are
incapable of understanding the external difficulties facing the community, such as
shortages of food.
3. Because they can’t be reasoned with, and don’t understand, parents treat them with a great
deal of tolerance and leniency.
4. Its only when they are older and begin to acquire thought that parents attempt to teach them
or discipline them
60. OPINION COMPROMISE

1. In general, there is a tendency to underestimate how long it takes to discuss and resolve
an issueon which two people initially have different views.
2. The reason is that achieving agreement requires people to accept the reality of views
differentfrom their own and to accept change or compromise.
3. It is not just a matter of putting forward a set of facts and expecting the other person
immediately to accept the logic of the exposition.
4. They (and probably you) have to be persuaded and helped to feel comfortable about the
outcomethat is eventually agreed.
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5. People need time to make this adjustment in attitude and react badly to any attempt to
rush them into an agreement.
61. ARCTIC ENVIRONMENT

1. With the Arctic the fastest warming region on the planet, climate change is already
altering key components of the Arctic environment.
2. Some of the clearest signs of change are the thinning and retreat of sea ice and the
migration ofspecies into the Arctic that normally live at lower latitudes.
3. The response of the Arctic to climate change will have an unprecedented impact on how
the Arcticecosystem operates.
4. This is likely to affect the UK's climate and economy, with anticipated impacts on
industries liketourism and fisheries.
62. GREAT WESTERN RAILWAY

1. Railway, in the 1840s, intrigue has swirled around the Box Tunnel, a long, steep bypass
near Bath,England.
2. The question was this: did the railway’s creator, Isambard Kingdom Brunel, really have the
tunnel carved in such a way that when the sun rose on his birthday-April 9th-it would be
flooded with light?
3. This past Sunday, April 9th, the railway’s current engineers decided to test the rumor once
and for all. They weren’t disappointed.
4. When you look from the east portal, the cutting provides a lovely V-shape,
communication’s manager Paul Gentleman told the Guardian.
5. While the west side’s view wasn‘t quite so impressive, the engineers generously chalked
that up to centuries of dirt and grime.
63. HEART ATTACK

1. Heart attack is the caused by the sudden blockage of a coronary artery by a blood clot.
2. When the clot is formed, it will stay in the blood vessels.
3. The clot in blood vessels will block blood flow.
4. Without the normal blood flow, it will cause muscle contraction.
64. UNFINISHED HIGHWAY

1. Between the ocean and the mountain, there's the unfinished highway.
2. It is an odd-looking landmark in a beautiful city: sections of elevated road left
suspended inmid-air when construction stopped in the 1970s.
3. Four decades later, the hulking slabs of concrete still end in precipitous drops.
4. A glossy brochure of Cape Town film locations proclaims the cut-off highway ―truly
special,with ― great city views.
5. It makes an edgy backdrop for TV commercials and fashion shoots, and looms over an
episodeof the science-fiction series ―Black Mirror‖.
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65. SNAKES:
1. Big Country Snake Removal responded to a home in Albany, Texas, after a man who was
trying to restore his cable, climbed under the house and saw some snakes.
2. "He saw a 'few' snakes and quickly crawled out," said a post on Big Country Snake
Removal's Facebook page.
3. "We arrived around lunchtime and as soon as I crawled under I could immediately see
that there was far more than a 'few,'" the post said.
4. The company ended up removing 45 rattlesnakes from beneath the house.
66. CARBON DETOX

1. In his fascinating book Carbon Detox, George Marshall argues that people are not
persuaded by information.
2. Our views are formed by the views of the people with whom we mix.
3. Of the narratives that might penetrate these circles, we are more likely to listen to those
which offer us some reward.
4. He proposes that instead of arguing for sacrifice, environmentalists should show where
the rewards might lie: that understanding what the science is saying and planning
accordingly is the smart thing to do, which will protect your interests more effectively
than flinging abuse atscientists.
5. We should emphasize the old-fashioned virtues of uniting in the face of a crisis, of
resourcefulness and community action.
67. JUST IN TIME

1. The Japanese are very efficient and such concepts as "just in time" are a witness to their
efficiency.
2. But they reach efficiency in a different way than American businesses
3. They reach efficiency through the route of effectiveness.
4. The main difference is that efficiency is a ration and effectiveness is not.
68. NOMADIC HUNTER-GATHERERS

1. A separate consequence of a settled existence is that it permits one to store food
surpluses, since storage would be pointless if one didn't remain nearby to guard the
stored food.
2. So, while some nomadic hunter-gatherers may occasionally bag more food than they
can consume in a few days, such a bonanza is of little use to them because they cannot
protect it.
3. But stored food is essential for feeding non-food-producing specialists, and certainly
forsupporting whole towns of them.
4. Hence nomadic hunter- gatherer societies have few or no such full-time specialists, who
instead first appear in sedentary societies.
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69. GRENADA
1. In 1979, Grenada witnessed the establishment of a socialist government by Maurice
Bishop,which survived four years of US-engineered incursions.
2. This government was overthrown in an internal power struggle among left-wing groups
and, within three weeks of the Bishop’s ouster and assassination, Reagan launched
Operation Urgent Fury against Grenada, claiming that the invasion was "forced on us
by events that haveno precedent in the eastern Caribbean."
3. Around 2,000 US Marines "fought" for a week, destroying a mental hospital, killing 84
Cubansbuilding an airstrip, and 400 Grenadians.
4. This was duly appreciated, with some 7, 000 US servicemen being designated as heroes
and given decorations.
5. In the end Grenada, just like Cuba and Nicaragua, was no more than the Chomskian
"threat of a good example" to other Third World countries in the region.
70. HORSES
1. A Mongolian horse that has long been hailed as the last truly wild horse species in
existence isn'treally all that wild.
2. It turns out that those horses are actually feral descendants of the first horses that
humans areknown to have domesticated, around 5,500 years ago.
3. What's more, the modern horses that people ride today cannot be traced to those early
steeds.
4. That means humans must have tamed wild horses once again later on, somewhere else, but
no oneknows where or when.
5. These are startling conclusions of a new genetic study, published in the journal Science,
whichchallenges long-held assumptions about the entwined history of horses and humanity.
71. WORLD POPULATION

1. After millennia of growth so slow that each generation hardly notice it, the cities are
suddenly racing off in every direction.
2. The world population goes up by two percent a year, city population goes up by four
percent ayear, but in big cities the rate may be as much as five and six percent a year.
3. To give only one example of almost visible acceleration, Athens today grows by three
dwellingsand 100 square meters of road every hour.
4. There is no reason to believe that this pace will slacken.
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72. JAPANESE GIRL
1. The data to be reported here come from a longitudinal study of the untutored acquisition
of English as a second language by a five-year-old Japanese girl whom we shall call
Uguisu,nightingale in Japanese.
2. Her family came to the United States for a period of two years while her father was a
visiting scholar at Harvard, and they took residence in North Cambridge, a working-class
neighbourhood.
3. The children in that neighborhood were her primary source of language input.
4. Uguisu also attended public kindergarten of two hours every day, and later elementary
school, but with no tutoring in English syntax. Most of her neighborhood friends were in
her same class at school.
73. AIR BALLOONS

1. Hot-air balloons date back to the year 1783, and within a few months of the first flight
a French scientist, Charles, went up two miles in a free balloon.
2. Yet there is little resemblance between these crude vehicles and a modern scientific
balloon, whichhas by now become an important tool.
3. The main development has been carried out by M. Schwarls child and his team at
PrincetonUniversity in the United States, in collaboration with the United States Navy.
4. The Stratoscope' flights of 1959, concerned mainly with studies of the Sun, were
remarkably successful.
74. TRUE AND FALSE

1. No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes.
2. He sees it edited by a definite set of customs and institutions and ways of thinking.
3. Even in his philosophical probing he cannot go behind these stereotypes;
4. His very concepts of the true and the false will still have reference to his particular
traditionalcustoms.
75. TURKEY
1. If you want to visit Mars, visit Turkey.
2. That’s where you’ll find lakes so salty that the only bugs able to live there are
species thatcould probably survive on Mars as well.
3. For that reason, microbiologists in Turkey have surveyed the array of species that
inhabit the Acigol, Salda and Yarisli lakes.
4. They’re hopeful that studying some of them will yield useful insights into the kinds of
biologythat could help microbes exist on Mars or other potentially habitable planets and
moons.
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76. VEGETARIAN
1. Vegetarians do not eat meat or fish in their diet.
2. This diet is not only unattractive, but also may cause nutritional imbalance if not
managed well.
3. Restaurants and school cafeteria adjust and amend their menus to adapt to this special
diet.
4. Menus in all of these places have become more balance in nutrients, and also attract
those whoare not vegetarians.
5. These developments/improvements won’t succeed without the effort of vegetarians.
77. PIDGINS
1. In some areas, the standard chosen may be a variety that originally had no native speakers
in the country.
2. For example, in Papua New Guinea, a lot of official business is conducted in Tok Pisin.
3. This language is now used by over a million people, but it began many years earlier as a
kind of contact language called a pidgin.
4. A pidgin is a variety of a language (e.g. English) that developed for some practical
purpose, suchas trading, among groups of people who had a lot of contact, but who did not
know each other’s languages.
78. ACCOUNTING SYSTEM

1. Are there any systems that can measure the accounting system?
2. Well, there is accounting software describes a type of application software that records
and processes accounting transactions within functional modules such as accounts
payable, accounts receivable, payroll, and trial balance.
3. It is a system in which functions as a accounting information system.
4. This enables the access anywhere at any time with any device which is Internet
enabled, ormay be desktop based. It varies greatly in its complexity and cost.
5. These tools combine together to provide quality customer service and create a climate
of confidence, a customer service strategy that helps meet the specific needs.
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READING
READING FILL IN THE BLANKS
Expert Advice
1. WEB SECURITY:
In the past, security teams have deployed a collection of on-premises solutions to
manage email and web security. But increasingly organizations are turning to
comprehensive email and web security solutions via integrated technologies that
simplify the task and reduce the cost of reducing risk. And because attackers often
leverage email and web channels together, a seamless and scalable strategy for
protecting both is essential.
2. POISONOUS ANIMALS:
Poisonous animals include most amphibians (that is, frogs, toads, salamanders, etc.),
which carry around some amount of toxins on their skin and within their other tissues,
such as the highly toxic poison secreted by various poison dart frogs. These chemicals
are strong enough that they can be deadly to humans, so you would be wise to keep
these creatures off your menu.
3. SOCIAL NORMS:
Social norms are the unwritten rules of beliefs, attitudes, and behaviors that are
considered acceptable in a particular social group or culture. Norms provide us with an
expected idea of how to behave, and function to provide order and predictability in
society. For example, we expect students to arrive to a lesson on time and complete
their work.
4. MARRIAGE:
Marriage does more than change people’s living situation and daily routines; becoming
a spouse appears to change one’s personality as well, especially in the early years of
marriage. Men, for example, tend to become more conscientious and introverted than
they were when single, and women more emotionally stable.
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5. DNA AND CRIME:
The presence or absence of DNA evidence at a crime scene could mean the difference
between a guilty verdict and an acquittal. DNA is so important that the United States
government has spent enormous amounts of money to unravel the sequence of DNA in
the human genome in hopes of understanding and finding cures for many genetic
diseases.
6. ADVERTISEMENT:
Almost all public spaces nowadays have advertisements in sight, and all forms of media,
from newspapers to the cinema to the Internet, are filled with adverts. This all-pervasive
presence reflects the value of advertising to us. Without it, businesses of all types and
sizes would struggle to inform potential customers about the products or services they
provide, and consumers would be unable to make informed assessments when looking
for products to buy and services to use. Without advertising, the promotion of products
and practices that contribute to our physical and psychological well-being-medicines to
treat minor ailments, insurance schemes to protect us, clothes and cosmetics to make us
look and feel better- would be infinitely more problematic than it is. And without
advertisements and the aspirations represented in them, the world would be a far duller
place.
7. REALITY:
Surely, the reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To
one extent or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I
certainly find myself thinking this way in day-today life; it's easy to be seduced by the
face nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since the first encountering
Camus' Text, I've learned that modern science tells a very different story.
8. IKEBANA:
More than simply putting flowers in a container, ikebana is a disciplined art form in
which nature and humanity are brought together. Contrary to the idea of a parti-colored
or multicolored arrangement of blossoms, ikebana often emphasizes other areas of the
plant, such as its stems and leaves, and puts emphasis on shape, line, and form.
9. ORCHESTRA:
Away from the rumble of Shanghai's highways and the cacophony of the shopping
districts, stroll down side streets filled with rows of tall brick houses. In the early
evening or on a weekend morning, you'll hear the sound of classical music drifting from
a piano, played by a 10-year-old or a grandmother in her seventies. Wander down
another alley toward concrete skyscrapers and you'll hear Beethoven or Mozart flowing
from a violin, or perhaps a cello, accordion or flute. In China, classical music is booming
as mightily as the 1812 Overture.
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10. GENDER BIAS IN AFRICA:
In African society, the gender peculiarities and patriarchal construct remain the bane
across virtually all spheres of life in the society. There is a greater level of gender
sensitivity to the extent that boys are brought up to see themselves as superior sex to
girls, while the females are trained to see themselves as weaker sex or even as
appendages to the men folk.
11. DATA ANALYSIS:

To be accepted as trustworthy, qualitative researchers must demonstrate that data
analysis has been conducted in a precise manner through systematizing the methods of
analysis with enough detail to enable the reader to determine whether the process is
credible. Although there are numerous examples of how to conduct qualitative research,
few sophisticated tools are available to researchers for conducting a rigorous and
relevant thematic analysis.
12. CHILDREN AND BOOKS:

Books introduce children to social life and provide them with the opportunity to expand
their imaginary worlds. Preschool children are influenced by books more than adults.
Children can identify themselves with the heroes in the books and choose to act like
them. Therefore, the features of the heroes in the intended message of the story have
significant importance in terms of children’s development.
13. SUBCULTURE:
Subculture has long been seen as separate from or rebelling against mainstream culture
in a multitude of aspects, including values, beliefs, symbols and styles. It is often able
to achieve a certain level of spaces for meanings. Best positioned to analyze this culture
is post-subcultural theory, which is seen as the critique and correction of the classic
subcultural theory.
14. POLITENESS IN COMMUNICATION:

In human communication, the communicators involved in the interaction have an
obligation to show politeness to each other for a successful conversation. Non-
observance of politeness in a communicative act has the potential to infringe upon the
public self-image of the addressees. When people become aware of the importance of
the needs of their interlocutors, they tend to avoid embarrassments and incendiary
language.
15. ART AND LIFE:

The connection between art and life is a complex one. It creates new and complex
actions depending on the aesthetic form of the work of art, which has the pedagogical
potential to influence and educate people in the long run. Art releases emotions that
may not be expressed in everyday life, and is an important tool in communication
among different cultures.
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16. PRESS FREEDOM:
Journalists and their media outlets exist to publish stories. The constitution offers press
freedom, but the government has been battling court cases to try to curtail such freedom,
especially on matters that touch on national security. Freedom to publish is not the same
as ‘the people's right to know’, which usually complicates the aspect of journalists’ right
to publish stories on matters concerning national security.
17. ASTRONOMY:
Astronomy is a science discipline that studies virtually everything beyond the earth. It
emphasizes the when and where a celestial object can be observed. Astronomy requires
the skill of careful observation in order to understand and discover depth of the universe.
It was through observations that preliminary understanding of timing of days, nights,
and monthly patterns was achieved.
18. ANTINUCLEAR DEMONSTRATION:

Police fired tear gas and arrested more than 5,000 passively resisting protesters Friday
in an attempt to break up the largest antinuclear demonstration ever staged in the United
States. More than 135,000 demonstrators confronted police on the construction site of
a 1,000-megawatt nuclear power plant scheduled to provide power to most of southern
New Hampshire. Organizers of the huge demonstration said, the protest was continuing
despite the police actions. More demonstrators were arriving to keep up the pressure on
state authorities to cancel the project.
19. FINANCIAL PROGRAM:

President Arling has put his long-awaited economic restructuring program before the
Congress. It provides a coordinated program of investment credits, research grants,
education reforms, and changes designed to make American industry more competitive.
This is necessary to reverse economic slide into unemployment, lack of growth, and
trade deficits that have plagued the economy for the past six years.
20. HUMAN IRRATIONALITY:

The test is designed to winkle out a pervasive and intractable source of human
irrationality, the ‘my side’ bias. It expresses the tribal thinking that evolution has gifted
us: a tendency to seek and accept evidence that supports what we already believe. You
direct your reasoning to end up with a conclusion that is already a sacred belief or a
shibboleth in your side, your team, your coalition, your party, your posse.
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21. ACID MINE DRAINAGE:
Mineral resources are the lifeblood of human society and national economic
development. At present, more than 200 kinds of mineral resources have been
discovered in the world, mainly in Russia, China and other countries, among which
coal, oil and natural gas are equivalent to 120 trillion tons of standard coal. Acid mine
drainage is produced in the process of mining and seriously endangers the health of
plants, animals and human.
22. ENERGY MARKET:

With the aim of liberalizing and de-monopolizing the energy market, and the natural
gas market along with it, special companies dealing with energy were introduced. These
companies perform the job of traders and suppliers of individual market categories with
the usage of the aforementioned technological infrastructure. In such conditions, it is
necessary to define special rules of behavior for all the participants in the energy sector.
23. EGYPTIAN MUSIC:

Music was as important to the ancient Egyptians as it is in our modern society. Although
it is thought that music played a role throughout the history of Egypt, those that study
the Egyptian writings have discovered that music seemed to become more important in
what is called the ‘pharaonic' period of their history. This was the time when the
Egyptian dynasties of the pharaohs were established and music was found in many parts
of every day Egyptian life
24. SEMINARS:
Seminars are not designed to be mini-lectures. Their educational role is to provide an
opportunity for you to discuss interesting and difficult aspects of the course. This is
founded on the assumption that it is only by actively trying to use the knowledge that
you have acquired from lectures and texts that you can achieve an adequate
understanding of the subject. If you do not understand a point it is highly unlikely that
you will be the only person in the group in that position, you will invariably be
undertaking a service for the entire group if you come to the seminar equipped with
questions on matters which you feel you did not fully understand. The seminar is to
introduce and provoke discussion.
25. TRADITIONAL JOBS:

According to traditional stereotypes, men make things and women (Answer: take} care
of people. These days both men and women should have the opportunity. It is still true
that very few women are engineers, currently more women are studying medicine at
university. In addition, because of high unemployment rates that exist in many
countries, more men are choosing jobs that are traditionally female's ones.
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They are working in kindergartens or primary schools, and more are training to be
nurses. Of course, women traditionally stay at home but these days men are doing it
too, either because they want to or because their wives have more secure jobs.
26. BARRED OWLS:

Barred owls can be found in dense forests right across North America. They feed on
small mammals, fish, birds and small reptiles pretty much anything that comes their
way. The barred owl grows up to half a meter tall and has emerged as a very adaptable
nocturnal predator. And, whereas they have been long-thought to live in old-growth
forests, they are now building up quite an urban population. In Charlotte, North
Carolina, barred owls tend to nest in the cavities of the numerous willow oak trees that
line the city's streets. Far from being endangered, the owls have expanded their range;
and now, in some places, conservationists are worried about the effects they might have
on other native species.
27. CONTAGIOUS EMOTIONS:

As research has shown, emotions are contagious. And empaths are especially sensitive
to others’ emotional energies because they're so attuned to others. They can get easily
exhausted in crowds, be drawn into codependent relationships, exhaust themselves
trying to solve others’ problems, or burn out from too much caregiving. Yet empathy is
also a gift that brings greater insight and understanding. Some of the finest therapists,
doctors, nurses, professors, writers, designers, musicians, artists and leaders in many
have been empaths.
28. BEES:
It sounds like something out of a science fiction movie - or nightmare millions of
honeybees suddenly dying off, their bodies never found. Scientists have named the
phenomenon ‘Colony Collapse Disorder’, but they aren't united on the reason. Theories
abound as to the cause of the mass die-off, ranging from the unlikely (cell phones
affecting bees navigational abilities) to the more plausible though still debated
(widespread pesticide use).
29. MARTENS’ DIET:

Studies of pine martens in Scotland have shown that the diet varies seasonally with
small mammals berries (in late summer/autumn) and small birds being the main foods.
Recent work on a plantation has shown that martens establish their home ranges in areas
dominated by forests and dense shrubs. Within home ranges, martens utilize areas of
grassy vegetation within the forest which are typically associated with Microtus voles,
for which a strong selective preference over other small mammals is shown.
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30. GREEN SPACES:
Green spaces contribute significantly to a reduction of soil and aerial temperatures
during spells of hot weather, so contributing to human wellbeing. In the garden context,
there is, however, little information as to what extent various types of plants differ in
their cooling potential and how certain planting combinations may maximize cooling
under a scenario of low rainfall and minimal water inputs.
31. NEW IDEAS:

First, new ideas are the wheels of progress. Without them, stagnation reigns. Whether
you're a designer dreaming of another world, an engineer working on a new kind of
structure, an executive charged with developing a fresh business concept, an advertiser
seeking a breakthrough way to sell your product, a fifth-grade teacher trying to plan a
memorable school assembly program, or a volunteer looking for a new way to sell the
same old raffle tickets, your ability to generate good ideas is critical to your success.
32. JOHN MILTON:

John Milton wrote in a wide range of genres, in several languages, and on an
extraordinary range of subjects. His was a more general education than is offered at
Cambridge these days, and it continued after his seven years here, equipping him with
the tools to write some of the most groundbreaking literature ever seen, and to engage
as a polemicist on many different social, political, and theological questions.
33. POWER STATION:

The ruins of the South Fremantle Power Station have stood empty since 1985, home
only to urban explorers and street artists. Opened in 1951, the power station was once
a pillar of progress for the expanding energy demands of Perth. Here it stood proud and
strong for 34 years, supplying energy to its surrounding metropolis until 1985 when it
was deemed to no longer be worth the money. The doors were shuttered, and the plant's
four tall chimney stacks were demolished, leaving the rest of the plant to rot by the sea.
34. NATIVE SPECIES:

Of the more than 1,000 bat species worldwide, 22 are native to North America. And
while there are no pollinator bats in our area, gardeners should champion those that do
live here, because they're insectivorous. These bats consume moths, beetles and
mosquitoes, and can eat up to 500 mosquito-sized insects per hour. They also protect
gardens and crops from such pests as cucumber beetles, cutworms and leafhoppers.
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35. AMAZON BASIN
Colorful poison frogs in the Amazon owe their great diversity to ancestors that leapt
into the region from the Andes Mountains several times during the last 10 million years,
a new study from The University of Texas at Austin suggests. This is the first study to
show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity for the Amazon basin, one
of the largest reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth. The finding runs counter to
the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only within the tropical
forest itself. Basically, the Amazon basin is a melting pot for South American frogs,
says graduate student Juan Santos, lead author of the study. Poison frogs there have
come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many millions
of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by
looking only in the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major role.
36. PLASMONIC MATERIAL

One of the best studied applications of plasmonic materials is sensors for detecting
chemical and biological agents. In one approach, researchers coat a plasmonic
nanomaterial with a substance that binds to a molecule of interest--say, a bacterial
toxin. In the absence of the toxin, light shining on the material is reemitted at a
specific angle. But if the toxin is present, it will alter the frequency of the surface
plasmon and, thus consequently, the angle of the reflected light. This effect can be
measured with great accuracy, enabling to even trace amounts of the toxin.
37. MEDICAL JARGON

British doctors have been urged to use simple language when communicating with their
patients, says the BBC. The Academy of Medical Royal Colleges says very often
correspondence contains complex medical jargon rather than plain and simple English.
Using of phrase "twice daily" to explain the dosing of a medicine is better than Latin
abbreviation "bd". The Please Write to Me initiative is aimed basically at doctors
working in outpatient clinics, although it is the best practice for all clinicians who need
to write clinical letters and they are being asked to write directly to patients, rather than
sending them a copy of a letter penned to their GP. The Academy suggests any medical
words should be translated in plain English.
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38. UNIVERSITY SCIENCE
University science is now in real crisis - particularly the non-telegenic, non-ology
bits of itsuch as chemistry. Since 1996, 28 universities have stopped offering chemistry
degrees, according to the Royal Society of Chemistry. The society predicts that as few
as six departments (those at Durham, Cambridge, Imperial, UCL, Bristol and Oxford)
could remain open by 2014. Most recently Exeter University closed down its chemistry
department, blaming it on "market forces", and Bristol took in some of the refugees.
The closures have been blamed on a fall in student applications, but money is a factor:
chemistry degrees are expensive to provide - compared with English, for example - and
some scientists say that the way the government concentrates research funding on a
small number of top departments, such as Bristol, increases the problem.
39. GPS
Mapping software works with your phone's GPS for the location and then the in-built
compassfinds north, adjusting to the direction you're facing and pointing the way. But
that's not easy because there are two 'north’s. There's true north - which is the direction
of the North Pole andwhich reliably stays put - and there's magnetic north which, thanks
to the flowing layer of molten iron in the Earth's outer core, has a habit of moving
around.
40. CIVIL SOCIETY

For too long we have held preconceived notions of the ‘market and the’ state that were
seemingly independent of local societies and cultures. The debate about civil society
ultimately is about how culture, market and state relate to each other. Concern about
civil society, however, is not only relevant to central and eastern Europe and the
developing world. It is very much of interest to the European Union as well. The Civil
Dialogue Initiated by the Commission in the 1990s was a first attempt by the EU to give
the institutions of society - and not only governments and businesses-a voice at the
policy-making tables in Brussels. The EU, like other international institutions, has a
long way to go in trying to accommodate the frequently divergent interests of non-
governmental organizations and citizen groups. There is increasing recognition that
international and national governments have to open up to civil society institutions.
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41. MARSHALL MCLUHAN
McLuhan's preeminent theory was his idea that human history could be divided into
four eras: the acoustic age, the literary age, the print age and the electronic age. He
outlined the concept in a 1962 book called The Gutenberg Galaxy, which was released
just as the television was starting to become popular. He predicted the world was
entering the fourth, electronic age, which would be characterized by a community of
people brought together by technology. He called it the "global village", and said it
would be an age when everyone had access to the same information through
technology. The "global village" could be understood to be the internet.
42. PLAINNESS
Now that doesn't mean that plainness is the only good style or that you should become
a slave to spare, unadorned writing. Formality and innateness have their place, and in
competent hands complexity can carry us on a dizzying, breathtaking journey. But most
students, most of the time, should strive to be sensibly simple, to develop a baseline
style of short words, active verbs, and relatively simple sentences conveying clear
actions or identities. It's faster, it makes arguments easier to follow, it increases the
chances a busy reader will bother to pay attention, and it lets you focus more attention
on your moments of rhetorical flourish, which I do not advise abandoning altogether.
43. PLAGIARISM
How is plagiarism detected? It is usually easy for lecturers to identify plagiarism within
students work. The University also actively investigates plagiarism in students’
assessed work through electronic detection software called Turnitin. This software
compares students work against text on the Internet, in journal articles and within
previously submitted work (from LSBU and other institutions) and highlights any
matches it finds.
44. CONSUMPTION PATTERN

Number and form are the essence of our world: from the patterns of the stars to the
pulses of the market, from the beats of our hearts to catching a ball or tying our
shoelaces. Drawing on science, literature, history and philosophy, and introducing
geniuses from Alcibiades to Gauss, this inspiring book makes the mysteries of math
accessible and its rich patterns brilliantly clear.
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45. JUST IN TIME
Just-in-time is a management philosophy and not a technique. It originally referred to
the production of goods to meet customer demand exactly, in time, quality and
quantity, whether the customer is the final purchaser of the product or another process
further along the production line. It has now come to mean producing with minimum
waste. Waste is taken in its most general sense and includes time and resources as well
as materials.
46. CHILD CENTRIC MOTHER

The conducted study serves three objectives. The first objective is to reveal the values
loaded to the child by the child-centric mother’s attitude and the effect of 5-6-year-old
nursery school children on the purchasing decision of families who belong to a high
socio-economic class. The second objective is to develop a child centricity scale and
the third object is to examine the attitude and behavior differences between low child-
centric and high child-centric mothers. Analyzing the data gathered from 257 mother
respondents, the researchers have found that the lowest influence of the child upon the
purchasing decisions of the family are those which carry high purchasing risk and are
used by the whole family, whereas the highest influence of the child upon the
purchasing decision of the family are the products with low risk used by the whole
family. Findings also reveal that there are statistically significant differences between
the high child-centric and low child-centric mothers regarding purchasing products that
are highly risky and used by the whole family.
47. HOUSING
Housing agencies pay the utility bills, generally because units in developments do not
have individual meters. Some buildings have individual meters, and each family pay its
own to the utility company, so agencies will deduct this from the family's rent.
48. FINGERPRINTS
Fingerprints, referred to as - finger marks‖ in forensics are formed when residue from
the ridged skin of the fingers or palms is transferred onto a surface, leaving behind
an impression. Finger marks are often made of sweat and colorless contaminating
materials such as soap, moisturizer and grease. These finger marks are described as ―
latent as they are generally invisible to the naked eye, which means that locating them
at a crime scene can be challenging.
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49. PEOPLE
When people worry about a glut of liquidity, they are thinking of the first of these
concepts. If money is too abundant or too cheap, inflationary pressure may build
up or bubbles may appear in financial markets - until central banks tighten policy or
market opinion suddenly changes. A slackening of economic activity or a drop in asset
prices can leave households, businesses and financial institutions in trouble if their
balance sheets are not liquid enough (thesecond concept) or if they cannot find a buyer
for assets.
50. SPORTSWOMEN
Sportswomen's records are important and need to be preserved. And if the paper records
don't exist, we need to get out and start interviewing people, not to put too fine a point
on it, while we still have a chance. After all, if the records aren't kept in some form or
another, then the stories are lost too.
51. MILKY WAY SYSTEM

Stars and the material between them are almost always found in gigantic stellar systems
called galaxies. Our own galaxy, the Milky Way System, happens to be one of the two
largest systems in the Local Group of two dozen or so galaxies. The other is the
Andromeda galaxy; it stretches more than one hundred thousand light-years from one
end to the other, and it is located about two million light-years distant from us.
52. WALT DISNEY WORLD

Walt Disney World has become a pilgrimage site partly because of the luminosity of its
cross- cultural and marketing and partly because it’s utopian aspects appeal powerfully
to real needs in the capitalist society. Disney’s marketing is unique because it captured
the symbolic essence of childhood but the company has gained access to all public
shows, comic books, dolls, apparels, and educational film strips all point to the parks
and each other.
53. FORCE
The overall result of two or more forces acting on an object is called the resultant force
the resultant of two forces is a single force, which has the same effect as the two forces
combined. If two forces pull an object in opposite directions, the size of the resultant
can be found by subtracting one force from the other. If the forces are equal, they
balance each other.
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54. CANADA GALLERY
An exhibit that brings together for the first time landscapes painted by French
impressionist Pierre-Auguste Renoir comes to the National gallery of Canada this June.
The gallery in Ottawa worked with the National Gallery of London and the Philadelphia
Museum of Art to pull together the collection of 60 Renoir paintings from 45 public
and private collections.
55. UW COURSE
The UW course descriptions are updated regularly during the academic year. All
announcements in the General Catalog and Course Catalog are subject to change
without notice and do not constitute an agreement between the University of
Washington and the student. Students should assume the responsibility of consulting
the appropriate academic unit or adviser for more current or specific information.
56. THE LIBRARY

The Dag Hammarskjold Library at United Nations Headquarters in New York is a
library designated to facilitate the work of the United Nations and focuses mainly on
the needs of the UN Secretariat and diplomatic missions. Anyone with a valid United
Nations Headquarters grounds pass, including specialized agencies, accredited media
and NGO staff, is able to visit the library. Due to security constraints in place at the
United Nations Headquarters complex, the library is not open to the general public.
57. ANTIBIOTICS
Although for centuries preparations derived from living matter were applied to wounds
to destroy infection, the fact that a microorganism is capable of destroying one of
another species was not established until the latter half of the 19th century. When
Pasteur noted the antagonistic effect of other bacteria on the anthrax organism and
pointed out that this action might be put to therapeutic use.
58. GROWTH OF INTERNET

The exponential growth of the internet was heralded, in the 1990s, as revolutionizing
the production and dissemination of information. Some people saw the internet as a
means of democratizing access to knowledge. For people concerned about African
development, it seemed to offer the possibility of leapfrogging over the technology gap
separating Africa from advanced industrialized countries.
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59. INFLUENTIAL MUSIC
Those were his halcyon days, when his music was heard constantly in Venice and his
influence blanketed Europe. He spent much of his time on the road, performing and
overseeingproductions of his music. In Germany, Bach studied Vivaldi's scores, copied
them for performance and arranged some for other instruments.
60. AN EXPERT TEACHER

The casual observer does not necessarily recognise the skill in how a teacher, for
instance, responds to a thoughtful question from a normally quiet student and how that
may be very different from the 'standard response' to a commonly inquisitive or
talkative student. Expert teachers are aware of what they are doing; they monitor and
adjust their teaching behaviors to bring out the best in their students.
61. RADIOACTIVITY
So, what is the concern? It's partly because radioactivity is invisible. If you receive a
large dose, or if you ingest radioactive heavy metals, it is certainly toxic, and we tend
to associate it with cancer, a great fear in modern society. Nuclear waste is also highly
concentrated. While this is seen as a "problem" it can be an advantage - it is very
localized and its radioactive nature means we can detect easily, the movement of tiny
amounts of material.
62. REALITY
Surely, reality is what we think it is; reality is revealed to us by our experiences. To
one extent or another, this view of reality is one many of us hold, if only implicitly. I
certainly find myself thinking this way in day-to-day life; it's easy to be seduced by
the face nature reveals directly to our senses. Yet, in the decades since first
encountering Camus' test, I've learned that modern science tells a very different story.
63. MATHEMATICS AND STATISTICS

Mathematics and statistics play a part in almost all daily activities. They are at the
heart of advances in science and technology, as well as providing indispensable
problem-solving and decision-making tools in many areas of life.
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64. CHAUCER’S TALES
Chaucer’s Tales quickly spread throughout England in the early fifteenth century.
Scholarsfeel The Canterbury Tales reached their instant and continued success because
of their accurate and oftentimes vivid portrayal of human nature, unchanged through
600 years since Chaucer’s time. George Macy, founder of The Limited.
65. DOG EMOTION

Can dogs tell when we are happy, sad or angry? As a dog owner, I feel confident not
only thatI can tell what kind of emotional state my pets are in, but also that they respond
to my emotions. Yet as a hard-headed scientist, I try to take a more rational and
pragmatic view. These personal observations seem more likely to result from my desire
for a good relationshipwith my dogs.
66. LINGUISTIC IDEOLOGIES

An important corollary of this focus on language as the window to legal epistemology
is the central role of discourse to law and other socio-cultural processes. In particular,
the ideas that people hold about how language works (linguistic ideologies) combine
with linguistic structuring to create powerful, often unconscious effects. In recent years,
linguistic anthropologists have made much progress in developing more precisely
analytic tools for tracking those effects.
67. MOST RESPECTED COMPANIES

Look at the recent Most Respected Companies survey by the Financial Times. Who are
the most respected companies and business leaders at the current time? Rather
predictably they are Jack Weich and General Electric, and Bill Gates, and Microsoft.
Neither has achieved their world class status through playing nice. Weich is still
remembered for the brutal downsizing he led his business through and for the
environmental pollution incidents and prosecutions Microsoft has had one of the
highest profile cases of bullying market dominance of recent times- and Gates has been
able to achieve the financial status where he can choose to give lots of money away by
being ruthless in business.
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68. THE TEEN BRAIN
Your teenage daughter gets top marks in school, captains the debate team, and
volunteers at a shelter for homeless people. But while driving the family car, her text
messages her best friend and rear-ends another vehicle. How can teens be so clever,
accomplished, and responsible-and reckless at the same time? Easily, according to two
physicians at Children's Hospital Boston and Harvard Medical School (HMS) who
have been exploring the unique structure and chemistry of the adolescent brain.
"The teenage brain is not just an adult brain with fewer miles on it," says Frances E.
Jensen, a professor of neurology. "It's a paradoxical time of development. These are
people with very sharp brains, but they're not quite sure what to do with them."
69. CARBON PRICE

Carbon prices in the European Union also reached their highest level in a decade this
summer following a series of reforms meant to limit the oversupply of credits and
expand many industries subjected to the cap. The biggest development of all may be in
China, the world's largest greenhouse gas emitter, which has taken steps toward its own
emissions trading program. China's move has the potential to narrow the gap between
global carbon prices and climate costs to 63 percent in the early 2020s, OECD found.
70. AGRARIAN PARTIES

Agrarian parties are political parties chiefly representing the interests of peasants or,
more broadly, the rural sector of society. The extent to which they are important, or
whether they even exist, depends mainly on two factors. One, obviously, is the size of
an identifiable peasantry, or the size of the rural relative to the urban population.
The other is a matter of social integration: for agrarian parties to be important, the
representation of countryside or peasantry must not be integrated with the other major
sections of society. Thus, a country might possess a sizeable rural population, but have
an economic system in which the interests of the voters were predominantly related to
their incomes, rather than their occupations or location; and in such a country the
political system would be unlikely to include an important agrarian party.
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71. SEATBELT
I am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a helmet on
my bike to reduce the risk of injury. I am convinced that these are prudent safety
measures. I have persuaded many friends to wear helmets on the grounds that transplant
surgeons call those without helmets, "donors on wheels‖. But a book on Risk by my
colleague John Adams has made me re-examine my convictions. Adams has
completely undermined my confidence in these apparently sensible precautions. What
he has persuasively argued, particularly in relation to seat belts, is that the evidence
that they do what they are supposed to do is very suspect. This is in spite of numerous
claims that seat belts save many thousands of lives every year. There is remarkable data
on the years 1970 and 1978 countries in which the wearing of seat bells is compulsory
have had on average about 5 per cent more road accident deaths following the
introduction of the law. In the UK, road deaths have decreased steadily from about
7,000 a year in 1972 to just over 4,000 in 1989. There is no evidence in the trend for
any effect of the seat belt law that was introduced in 1983. Moreover, there is evidence
that the number of cyclists and pedestrians killed actually increased by about 10 per
cent.
72. PSYCHOLOGY
Psychology as a subject of study has largely developed in the West since the late
nineteenth century. During this period there has been an emphasis on scientific thinking.
Because of this emphasis, there have been many scientific studies in psychology which
explore different aspects of human nature. These include studies into how biology
(physical factors) influence human experience, how people use their senses (touch,
taste, smell, sight and hearing) to get to know the world, how people develop, why
people behave in certain ways, how memory works, how people develop language, how
people understand and think about the world, whatmotivates people why people have
emotions and how personality develops. These scientific investigations all contribute
to an understanding of human nature.
73. WRINKLE CURE

Barrie Finning's, a professor at Monash University’s college of pharmacy in Melbourne,
and PhD student Anita Schneider, recently tested a new wrinkle cure. Twice daily, 20
male and female volunteers applied a liquid containing Myoxinol, a patented extract
of okra (Hibiscus esculentus) seed, to one side of their faces. On the other side they
applied a similar liquid without Myoxinol.
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Every week for a month their wrinkles were tested by self-assessment, photography and
the size of depressions made in silicon moulds. The results were impressive. After a
month the depth and number of wrinkles on the Myoxinol-treated side were reduced
by approximately 27 per cent. But Finnin’s research, commissioned by a cosmetics
company, is unlikely to be published in a scientific publication. It’s hard to even find
studies that show the active ingredients in cosmetics penetrate the skin, let alone more
comprehensive research on their effects. Even when rigorous studies are
commissioned, companies usually control whether the work is published in the
traditional scientific literature.
74. ROMANS
The Roman people had at first been inclined to regard the French Revolution with either
indifference or derision. But as the months went by and the émigrés who remained in
the city were less and less hopeful of an early return home, the mood of the Romans
became increasingly antagonistic towards the 'assassins of Paris'. The nationalization of
Church property in France, the confiscation of papal territories, the dwindling of
contributions and the paucity of tourists and pilgrims all contributed to an exacerbation
of this antagonism. When the French Convention, determined to gain international
recognition for the Republic, dispatched envoys to Rome, the people turned upon them
in fury.
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READING AND WRITING FILL IN THE BLANKS
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1. STARVATION:
Over weeks and months, malnutrition can result in specific diseases, like anemia when
people don't get enough iron or beriberi if they don't get adequate thiamine. A severe lack
of food for a prolonged period - not enough calories of any sort to keep up with the body's
energy needs - is starvation. The body's reserve resources are depleted. The result is
substantial weight loss, wasting away of the body's tissues and eventually death. When
faced with starvation, the body fights back. The first day without food is a lot like the
overnight fast between dinner one night and breakfast the next morning. Energy levels are
low but pick up with a morning meal. Within days, faced with nothing to eat, the body
begins feeding on itself. Metabolism slows; the body cannot regulate its temperature;
kidney function is impaired and the immune system weakens. When the body uses its
reserves to provide basic energy needs, it can no longer supply necessary nutrients to vital
organs and tissues. The heart, lungs, ovaries and testes shrink. Muscles shrink and people
feel weak. Body temperature drops and people can feel chilled. People can become irritable,
and they become difficult to concentrate.
2. DEATH SENTENCE:
You are more likely to be sentenced to death if you are a member of a minority group within
a state that executes. The death penalty disproportionately affects members of racial, ethnic
and religious minorities, as well as those living in poverty. In the US, there's extensive
evidence of racial bias on death row. The race of the victim remains the single most reliable
factor in determining whether a defendant will be given a death sentence. African American
defendants are three times more likely to receive the death penalty than white defendants,
where the victims are white. Serious mental health issues are also common in defendants
sent to death row. At least one in ten prisoners executed in the US between 1977 and 2007
had experienced severe mental health problems that meant they were literally unable to
comprehend the crime they were alleged to have committed, and unable to understand the
terms of their sentence and imminent execution.
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3. DENTISTRY:
Dentistry is a profession concerned with the prevention and treatment of oral disease.
Dentistry also encompasses the treatment and correction of malformation of the jaws,
misalignment of the teeth, and birth anomalies of the oral cavity such as cleft palate.
Dentistry, in some form, has been practiced since ancient times. For example, Egyptian
skulls dating from 2900 to 2750 BCE contain evidence of small holes in the jaw in the
vicinity of a tooth’s roots. Such holes are believed to have been drilled to drain abscesses.
In addition, accounts of dental treatment appear in Egyptian scrolls dating from 1500 BCE.
It is thought that the Egyptians practiced oral surgery perhaps as early as 2500 BCE,
although evidence for this is minimal. An early attempt at tooth replacement dates to
Phoenicia (modern Lebanon) around 600 BCE, where missing teeth were replaced with
animal teeth and were bound into place with cord.
4. BIOSPHERE:
Many people rely on the biosphere for basic necessities including food, medicine,
construction materials, and fuel. Except for salt, all food comes from the biosphere, but
established societies prefer to farm rather than forage. The biosphere is a relatively thin
layer of the Earth’s surface that supports life, reaching from a few kilometers into the
atmosphere to deep-sea vents. The biosphere is a global ecosystem made up of living
organisms (biota) and the nonliving (abiotic) factors that provide them with energy and
nutrients. The biosphere is a narrow zone on the surface of the earth where soil, water, and
air combine to sustain life. Life can only occur in this zone. From fungi and bacteria to
large animals, there are several different types of life. The biosphere is characterized as an
area that contains all living organisms and the products of their activities. As a result, it
plays a critical role in the maintenance of ecosystems, i.e., the existence of species and their
reciprocal interactions.
5. INFORMATION REVOLUTION:
Some have begun to call it the Information Revolution. Technological changes brought
dramatic new options to Americans living in the 1990s. From the beginning of the decade
until the end, new forms of entertainment, commerce, research, work, and communication
became commonplace in the United States. The driving force behind much of this change
was an innovation popularly known as the Internet. Personal computers had become
widespread by the end of the 1980s. Through a device called a modem, individual users
could link their computer to a wealth of information using conventional phone lines. What
lay beyond the individual computer was a vast domain of information known as cyberspace.
Upon its release in 1983 the Apple "Lisa" computer was supposed to revolutionize personal
computing. But interest in “Lisa” was minimal due to its nearly $10,000 price tag and the
introduction of the much more affordable “Macintosh” a year later.
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6. PSYCHOLOGY:
Psychology changed dramatically during the early 20th-century as another school of
thought known as behaviorism rose to dominance. Behaviorism was a major change from
previous theoretical perspectives, rejecting the emphasis on both the conscious and
unconscious mind. Instead, behaviorism strove to make psychology a more scientific
discipline by focusing purely on observable behavior. Behaviorism had its earliest start
with the work of a Russian physiologist named Ivan Pavlov. Pavlov demonstrated that this
learning process could be used to make an association between an environmental stimulus
and a naturally occurring stimulus. An American psychologist named John B. Watson soon
became one of the strongest advocates of behaviorism. Initially outlining the basic
principles of this new school of thought in his 1913 paper Psychology as the Behaviorist
Views It, Watson later went on to offer a definition in his classic book “Behaviorism”
(1924), writing: “Behaviorism that holds the subject matter of human psychology is the
behavior of the human being”.
7. COLLISION OF PLANETS:
A dramatic glimpse of the aftermath of a collision between two exoplanets is giving
scientists a view at what can happen when planets crash into each other. A similar event in
our own solar system may have formed our Moon. Yet this mature system has shown signs
of swirling dusty debris that is not cold, as would be expected around stars of this age.
Rather, the debris is warm, reinforcing that it was made relatively recently by the impact
of two planet-sized bodies. A decade ago, observations of this system by ground
observatories and NASA's Spitzer Space Telescope gave the first hints of this collision
when the warm debris was first found. Now the Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared
Astronomy, SOFIA, revealed the infrared brightness from the debris has increased by more
than 10%, which is a sign that there is now even more warm dust.
8. SPACE DEBRIS:
Space debris or space junk is basically discarded material from launch vehicles like rockets
or parts of spacecraft that are left to roam around in space. Since this junk material floats
around space, it can often come in contact with satellites or space stations risking collision.
Space debris can also come from explosions in space or through missile tests to destroy
satellites. Since space debris floats in low Earth orbit and at speeds of around 15,700 miles
per hour, this makes it highly possible for satellites or a spacecraft to collide with the
materials. According to the US Department of Defense’s global Space Surveillance
Network, more than 15,000 pieces of space debris larger than 4 inches have been tracked.
It is also estimated that there are around 200,000 pieces sized between 0.4 and 4 inches,
and millions of pieces smaller than 1cm.
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9. WHY STUDENTS FORGET:
Teachers have long known that rote memorization can lead to a superficial grasp of material
that is quickly forgotten. But new research in the field of neuroscience is starting to shed
light on the ways that brains are wired to forget - highlighting the importance of strategies
to retain knowledge and make learning stick. In a recent article published in the journal
Neuron, neurobiologists Blake Richards and Paul Frankland challenge the predominant
view of memory, which holds that forgetting is a process of loss - the gradual washing
away of critical information despite our best efforts to retain it. According to Richards and
Frankland, the goal of memory is not just to store information accurately but to ‘optimize
decision-making’ in chaotic, quickly changing environments. In this model of cognition,
forgetting is an evolutionary strategy, a purposeful process that runs in the background of
memory, evaluating and discarding information that doesn’t promote the survival of the
species.
10. INTERNET USE:

People are spending twice as much time online compared to 10 years ago, fueled by
increasing use of tablets and smartphones. The biggest increase has been among young
adults, with time spent online almost tripling from 10 hours and 24 minutes each week in
2005 to 27 hours and 36 minutes in 2014. In total, the average adult spends more than 20
hours online a week, which includes time spent on the internet at work. Meanwhile the
average person spends 2.5 hours every week ‘online while on the move’ - away from their
home, work or place of study. This is a five-fold increase from 2005, when the figure was
just 30 minutes. Overall, the proportion of adults using the internet has risen by half - from
six in ten in 2005 to almost nine in ten today, according to of com's Media Use and Attitudes
2015 report, which questioned 1,890 adults aged 16 and over about their internet
consumption habits.
11. GOOD LOOKS IN VOTES:

It is tempting to try to prove that good looks win votes, and many academics have tried.
The difficulty is that beauty is in the eye of the beholder, and you cannot behold a
politician's face without a veil of extraneous prejudice getting in the way. Does George
Bush possess a disarming grin, or a facetious smirk? It’s hard to find anyone who can look
at the president without assessing him politically as well as physically.
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12. FOOD MINDING:
At supper Johnson talked of good eating with uncommon satisfaction. "Some people,” said
he, “have a foolish way of not minding, or pretending not to mind, what they eat. For my
part, I mind my belly very studiously, and very carefully; for I look upon it, that he who
does not mind his belly will hardly mind anything else,” He was, for the moment, not only
serious but vehement. "Yet I have heard him, upon other occasions, talk with great
contempt of people who were anxious to gratify their palates; and the 206th number of his
Rambler is a masterly essay against gulosity. His practice, indeed, I must acknowledge,
may be considered as casting the balance of his different opinions upon this subject; for I
never knew any man who relished good eating more than he did.
13. SPEECH OF ALCHEMY

To learn the speech of alchemy, an early form of chemistry in which people attempted to
turn metals into gold, it helps to think back to a time when there was no science: no atomic
number or weight, no periodic chart no list of elements. To the alchemists the universe
was not made of leptons, bosons, gluons, and quarks. Instead it was made of substances,
and one substance-say, walnut oil-could be just as pure as another-say, silver even though
modern scientists would say one is heterogeneous and the other homogeneous. Without
knowledge of atomic structures, how would it be possible to tell elements from
compounds?
14. GOOD SCHOOL

A big rise in state schools rated among the best institutions in the country is revealed in
the latest edition of the Good Schools Guide. Middle-class parents facing financial
pressures in the downturn are increasingly looking beyond the private sector to educate
their children. The 23-year-old Good Schools Guide - a popular reference book for fee
paying families set on the best private school - has increased the number of state schools
in this year‘s edition to 251, pushing the figure to more than a quarter of its 1,000 entries
for the first time. Explaining why the guide has more than doubled the number of schools
it features outside the private sector in only five years, Sue Fieldman, regional editor, told
the Financial Times: The parents we speak to want more information on the state sector and
the best it has to offer.
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15. QUESTIONS
You have about 30 minutes to answer each question. You must take account of how many
marks are available for each part when you answer it. Even if you think you can write
more, don't spend 15 minutes answering a part worth only 5 marks. Leave space at the end
of your answer and come back to it if you have time to spare later. And if you can't think
of an answer to some part, leave a space and move on tothe next part. Don't write about
something else if you don't know the correct answer - this is just a wasteof your valuable
time (and the examiner's).
16. CLOTH-MAKING
About 10,000 years ago, people learned how to make cloth. Wool, cotton, flax, or hemp
was first spun into a thin thread using a spindle. The thread was then woven into a fabric.
The earliest weaving machines probably consisted of little more than a per of sticks that
held a set of parallel threads, called the wrap, while the cross-thread, called the weft, was
inserted. Later machines called looms had roads that separatedthe threads to allow the west
to be inserted more easily. A piece of wood, called the shuttle, holding a spool of thread,
was passed between the separated threads. The basic principles of spinning and weaving
have stayed the same until the present day, though during the industrial revolution of the
18th century many ways were found of automating the processes. With new machines
such as the spinning mule, many threads could be spun at the same time, and, with the help
of devices like the flying shuttle, broad pieces of cloth could be woven at great speed.
17. PROGRESSIVE ENHANCEMENT

Progressive enhancement is a design practice based on the idea that instead of designing
for the least capable browser, or mangling our code to make a site look the same in every
browser, we should providea core set of functionality and information to all users, and then
progressively enhance the appearance and behavior of the site for users of more capable
browsers. It's very productive development practice. Instead of spending hours working
out how to add drop shadows to the borders of an element in every browser, we simply use
the standards-based approach for browsers that support it and don't even attempt to
implement it in browsers that don't. After all, the users of older and less capable browsers
won’t know what they are missing. The biggest challenge to progressive enhancement is
the belief among developers and clients that websites should look the same in every
browser. As a developer, you can simplify your life and dedicate your time to more
interesting challenges if you let go of this outdated notion and embrace progressive
enhancement.
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18. PINKER
In a sequence of bestsellers, including The Language Instinct and How the Mind Works,
Pinker has argued the swathes of our mental, social and emotional lives may have
originated as evolutionary adaptations, well suited to the lives our ancestors eked out on
the Pleistocene savannah. Sometimes it seems as if nothing is immune from being
explained this way. Road rage, adultery, marriage, altruism,our tendency to reward senior
executives with corner offices on the top floor, and the smaller number of women who
become mechanical engineers - all may have their roots in natural selection, Pinker claims.
The controversial implications are obvious: that men and women might differ in their
inborn abilities at performing certain tasks, for example, or that parenting may have little
influence on personality.
19. BUSINESS
One distinguishing feature of business is its economic character. In the world of business,
we interact witheach other not as family members, friends, or neighbors, but as buyers and
sellers, employers and employees, and the like. Trading, for example, is often
accompanied by hard bargaining, in which both sides conceal their full hand and perhaps
engage in some bluffing. And a skilled salesperson is well- versed in the art of arousing
a customer’s attention (sometimes by a bit of puffery) to clinch the sale. Still, there is
an "ethics of trading" that prohibits the use of false or deceptive claims and tricks such
as bait-and-switch advertising.
20. KIMBELL
The first section of the book covers new modes of assessment. In Chapter 1, Kimbell
(Goldsmith College, London) responds to criticisms of design programs as formalistic and
conventional, stating that a focus on risk-taking rather than hard work in design innovation
is equally problematic. His research contains three parts that include preliminary
exploration of design innovation qualities, investigation of resulting classroom practices,
and development of evidence-based assessment. The assessment he describes is presented
in the form of a structured worksheet, which includes a collaborative element and digital
photographs, in story format. Such a device encourages stimulating ideas, but does not
recognize students as design innovators. The assessment sheet includes holistic
impressions as well as details about ―having, growing, and proving‖ ideas. Colloquial
judgments are evident in terms such as ―wow and ―yawn and reward the quality and
quantity of ideas with the term, sparkiness, which fittingly is a pun as the model project
was to design light bulb packaging. In addition, the assessment focuses on the process of
optimizing or complexity control as well as proving ideas with thoughtful criticism and not
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just generation of novel ideas. The definitions for qualities such as technical and aesthetic
pertaining to users is too narrow and ill-defined. The author provides examples of the
project, its features and structures, students’ notes and judgments, and their sketches and
photographs of finished light bulb packages, in the Appendix.
21. AUSTRALIAN OVERSEAS DEPARTURES

Over the past ten years, Australian overseas departures have grown from 1.7 million to 3.2
million. This represents strong average, annual growth of 6.5 per cent. This paper analyses
outbound travel demand to each destination country using the travel demand models of
short-term resident departures. The modelsare specified in terms of a double logarithmic
linear functional form, with overseas departures as the dependent variable and real
household disposable income prices of travel and accommodation in Australia, and
overseas and the exchange rate as independent variables. The models were estimated using
historical time series data from 1973 to 1998. The data were obtained from several sources
such as the World Tourism Organization, Australian Bureau of Statistics, World Bank and
International Monetary Fund. The results suggest that the estimated elasticity parameters
are consistent with standard economic theory. The number of short-term resident
departures is positively influenced by per capita real householddisposable income; and the
price of domestic travel and accommodation, and negatively influenced by the price of
travel and accommodation overseas. The estimated demand models were used to develop
the Tourism Forecasting Council’s long run forecasts. The forecasts suggest that the
number of short-term resident departures will increase strongly over the next ten years,
largely due to the strength of the Australian economy, competitive trove prices, and
Australians’ interest in experiencing different cultures and lifestyles.
22. IMPRESSIONISM
Impressionism was a nineteenth century art movement that began as a loose association of
Paris-based artists who started publicly exhibiting their art in the 1860s. Characteristics of
Impressionist painting include visible brush strokes, light colours, open composition,
emphasis on light in its changing qualities (often accentuating the effects of the passage
of time), ordinary subject matter, and unusual visual angles. The name of the movement is
derived from Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise (Impression, soleil levant). Critic Louis
Leroy inadvertently coined the term in a satiric review published in Le Charivari. Radicals
in their time, early Impressionists broke the rules of academic painting. They began by
giving colours, freely brushed, primacy over line, drawing inspiration from the work of
painters such as Eugene Delacroix. They also took the act of painting out of the studio and
into the world.
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Previously, not only still-lives and portraits, but also landscapes had been painted indoors,
but the Impressionists found that they could capture the momentary and transient effects
of sunlight by painting air (in plain air).
23. DOG
By the Bronze Age drinking vessels were being made of sheer metal, primarily bronze or
gold. However, the peak of feasting - and in particular, of the political type of feast came
in the late Hallstatt period (about 600 - 450 BC), soon after the foundation of the Greek
colony of Massalia (Marseille) at the mouth of the Rhine. From that date on, the blood of
the grape began to make its way north and east along major river systems together with
imported metal and ceramic drinking vessels from the Greek world. Wine was thus added
to the list of mood-altering beverages - such as and ale available to establish social
networks inIron Age Europe. Attic pottery fragments found at hill forts such as Heuneburg
in Germany and luxury goods such as the monumental 5th century Greek bronze krater (or
wine mixing vessel) found at Vix in Burgundy supply archaeological evidence of this
interaction. Organic containers such as leather or wooden wine barrels may also have
travelled north into Europe but have not survived. It is unknown what goods were traded
in return, but they may have included salted meat, hides, timber, amber and slaves.
24. ATMOSPHERE ON THE MOVE

The world’s atmosphere is forever on the move. Wind is air in motion. Sometimes air
moves slowly, giving a gentle breeze. At other times it moves rapidly, creating gales and
hurricanes, gentle or fierce, wind always starts in the same way. As the sun moves through
the sky, it heats up some parts of the sea and lands more than others. The air above these
hot spots is warmed, becomes lighter than the surrounding air, and begins to rise.
Elsewhere, cool air sinks, because it is heavier. Winds blow because air squeezed out by
sinking, cold air is sucked in under rising, warm air. Winds will blow wherever thereis a
difference in air temperature and pressure, always flowing from high to low pressure.
Some winds blow in one place, and have a local name - North America’s Chinook and
Frances mistral. Others are part of a huge circulation pattern that sends winds over the
entire globe.
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25. HIGH-PROTEIN DIET
In our studies, those people on a high-protein diet lost the same amount of weight as those
on a higher- carbohydrate diet, since the two diets offered an equal amount of kilojoules
and the same amount of fat. However, body composition (that is, the ratio of fat to muscle)
showed greater improvement among those people on the higher protein diet. When the
participants in other studies were allowed to eat until they were no longer hungry, those
on the higher-carbohydrate diet, even after more than a year. The reduction in hunger and
the beneficial effect on muscle provided by the higher-protein diet is mostly related to its
protein content, while the reduced triglyceride levels and enhanced fat-loss seem to be
related to its lower amounts of carbohydrate. The diet is healthy because its protein comes
from lean red meat, fish, chicken and low-fat dairy products, all of which provide good
nutrition. A high protein diet in which the protein comes from protein powders and
supplements is unlikely to be healthy, unless the supplements and are fortified with
vitamins and minerals.
26. AUSTRALIAN OVERSEAS DEPARTURES

Over the past ten years, Australian overseas departures have grown from 1.7 million to 3.2
million. This represents strong average, annual growth of 6.5 per cent. This paper analyses
outbound travel demand to each destination country using the travel demand models of
short-term resident departures. The modelsare specified in terms of a double logarithmic
linear functional form, with overseas departures as the dependent variable and real
household disposable income prices of travel and accommodation in Australia, and
overseas and the exchange rate as independent variables. The models were estimated using
historical time series data from 1973 to 1998. The data were obtained from several sources
such as the World Tourism Organization, Australian Bureau of Statistics, World Bank and
International Monetary Fund. The results suggest that the estimated elasticity parameters
are consistent with standard economic theory. The number of short-term resident
departures is positively influenced by per capita real householddisposable income; and the
price of domestic travel and accommodation, and negatively influenced by the price of
travel and accommodation overseas. The estimated demand models were used to develop
the Tourism Forecasting Council’s long run forecasts. The forecasts suggest that the
number of short-term resident departures will increase strongly over the next ten years,
largely due to the strength of the Australian economy, competitive trove prices, and
Australians interest in experiencing different cultures and lifestyles.’
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27. POVERTY
Measuring poverty on a global scale requires establishing a uniform poverty level across
extremely divergent economies, which can result in only rough comparisons. The World
Bank has defined the international poverty line as U.S. $1 and $2 per day in 1993
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP), which adjusts for differences in the prices of goods and
services between countries. The $1 per day level is generally used for the least developed
countries, primarily African; the $2-per-day level is used for middle-income economies
such as those of East Asia and Latin America.
28. THREE DEGREES

Three degrees does not sound like much but it represents a rise in temperature compatible
with the globalheating that occurred between the last ice age, some 15,000 years ago, and
the warmth of the eighteenth century. When Earth was cold giant glaciers sometimes
extended from the polar-regions as far south as St Louis in the US and the Alps in Europe.
Later this century when it is three-degree hotter glaciers everywhere will be melting in a
climate of often unbearable heat and drought punctuated with storms and floods. The
consequences for humanity could be truly horrific, if we fail to act swiftly, the full impact
of global heating could cull us along with vast populations of the plant and animals with
whom we share Earth. In a worst case scenario, there might- in the 22nd century -be only
a remnant of humanity eking out a diminished existence in the polar-regions and the few
remaining oases left on a hot and arid Earth.
29. BEHAVIOR OF LIQUIDS

If you see a movie, or a TV advertisement, that involves a fluid behaving in an unusual
way, it was probably made using technology based on the work of a Monash researcher.
Professor Joseph Monaghan who pioneered an influential method for interpreting the
behavior of liquids that underlies most special effects involving water has been honored
with election to the Australian Academy of Sciences. Professor Monaghan, one of only 17
members elected in 2011, was recognized for developing the method of Smoothed Particle
Hydrodynamics (SPH) which has applications in the fields of astrophysics, engineering and
physiology, as well as movie special effects. His research started in 1977 when he tried to
use computer simulation to describe the formation of stars and stellar systems. The
algorithms available at thetime were incapable of describing the complicated systems that
evolve out of chaotic clouds of gas in the galaxy.
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Professor Monaghan, and his colleague Bob Gingold, took the novel and effective
approach of replacing the fluid or gas in the simulation with large numbers of particles with
properties that mimicked those of the fluid. SPH has become a central tool in astrophysics,
where it is currently used to simulate the evolution of the universe after the Big Bang, the
formation of stars, and the processes of planet building.
30. AMAZON BASIN

This is the first study to show that the Andes have been a major source of diversity
for the Amazon basin, one of the largest reservoirs of biological diversity on Earth. The
finding runs counter to the idea that Amazonian diversity is the result of evolution only
within the tropical forest itself. "Basically, the Amazon basin is 'melting pot' for South
American frogs," says graduate student Juan Santos, lead authorof the study. "Poison frogs
there have come from multiple places of origin, notably the Andes Mountains, over many
millions of years. We have shown that you cannot understand Amazonian biodiversity by
looking only in the basin. Adjacent regions have played a major role."
31. CLIMATE
Climate is the word we use for weather over a long period of time. The desert has a dry
climate because there is very little rain. The UK has a temperate climate which means
winters are, overall, mild and, summers generally, don’t get too hot.
32. SEATBELT
I am a cyclist and a motorist. I fasten my seatbelt when I drive and wear a helmet on my
bike to reduce the risk of injury. I am convinced that these are prudent safety measures. I
have persuaded many friends to wear helmets on the grounds that transplant surgeons call
those without helmets, "donors on wheels". But a book on ‘Risk' by my colleague John
Adams has made me re-examine my deeply held convictions. Adams has completely
undermined my confidence in these apparently sensible precautions. What he has
persuasively argued, particularly in relation to seat belts, is that the evidence that they do
what they are supposed to do is very suspect. This is in spite of numerous claims that seat
belts save many thousands of lives every year. There is remarkable data on the years 1970
and 1978 countries in which the wearing of seat belts is compulsory have had on average
about 5 per cent more road accident deaths following the introduction ofthe law. In the UK,
road deaths have decreased steadily from about 7,000 a year in 1972 to just over 4,000 in
1989. There is no evidence in the trend for any effect of the seat belt law that was introduced
in 1983. Moreover, there is evidence that the number of cyclists and pedestrians killed
actually increased by about 10 per cent.
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33. VIDEO CONFERENCE
Never has the carbon footprint of multi-national corporations been under such intense
scrutiny. Inter-city train journeys and long-haul flights to conduct face-to-face business
meetings contribute significantly to greenhouse gases and the resulting strain on the
environment. The Anglo-US company Teliris has introduced a new video-conferencing
technology and partnered with the Carbon Neutral Company, enabling corporate outfits to
become more environmentally responsible. The innovation allows simulated face-to-face
meetings to be held across continents without the time pressure or environmental burden
of international travel. Previous designs have enabled video-conferencing on a point-to-
point, dual-location basis. The firm's VirtuaLive technology, however, can bring people
together from up to five separate locations anywhere in the world - with unrivalled
transmission quality.
34. GIANT TURTLE

A giant turtle made from discarded plastic trash will greet visitors to the British Science
Festival thisweek. The plastic containers, bottles and cups were collected locally in Hull,
where the event is taking place at the city’s university. Standing 3.5m tall (11.5 ft), the art
installation was commissioned by the University of Hull with the aim of raising awareness
of plastic waste. Professor Dan Parsons, director of the university’s Energy and
Environment Institute, said: ―Marine pollution is a mounting global challenge, which is
already having devastating consequences. We have a duty to protect these fragile
environments and the marine life and ecosystems which we call home. The university has
commissioned this installation as a physical reminder of what is ending up in the oceans,
but also to ask visitors to campus to stop and think what they could do to try to reduce their
own waste.
35. INVESTMENT CHOICE

Men and women are making different choices about their retirement savings, which could
lead to very different investment outcomes, according to Dr Claire Matthews, Director of
Financial Planning at Massey University's Centre for Banking Studies. Speaking at the
2012 New Zealand Finance Colloquium, held at Massey University's Albany campus last
week, Dr Matthews said demographic characteristics had a substantial impact on the
choices people made about KiwiSaver funds and retirement savings more generally. When
it came to fund selection, she found there were significant differences based on gender.
Men are more likely to invest in aggressive and growth funds, while women are more likely
to choose conservative funds. "Males are risk takers, whether it's in their choice of car or
their investment fund," she says.
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"But when it comes to long-term savings, risk taking can actually be an advantage." Dr
Matthews also found that men are more likely than women to have prior savings when
joining KiwiSaver. Just over half of male respondents said they had savings already, while
only 38% of women did. "These figures reflect and confirm, quite disappointingly, the
difference between males and females and the level of interest they take in financial
planning," Dr Matthews says. "It's important for all New Zealanders to be better educated
about their personal finances, but this is particularly so for women." Other demographic
factors, including age, ethnicity, education and income, can also influence the choices
being made about retirement savings. Dr. Matthews found that those with bachelor and
higher degrees, and those in households with a pre-tax income of $100,000 or more,
were more likely to choose aggressive and growth funds. On the other hand, both the
youngest and oldest age groups were more likely to be invested in conservative funds.
While this might be appropriate for the life-cycle stage of older investors, it might not be
so appropriate for younger, longer-term investors.
36. BURGER KING

Drive down any highway and you’ll see a proliferation of chain restaurants-most likely, if
you travel long and far enough you‘ll see McDonald's golden arches as well as signs for
Burger King, Hardee’s and Wendy‘s the ―big four‖ of burgers. Despite its name, though
Burger King has fallen short of claiming theburger crown, unable to surpass market leader
McDonald's No. 1 sales status. Always the bridesmaid and never the bride, Burger King
remains No. 2. Worse yet, Burger King has experienced a six-year 22percent decline
in customer traffic, with its overall quality rating dropping while ratings for the other three
contenders have increased. The decline has been attributed to inconsistent product
quality and poor customer service. Although the chain tends to throw advertising dollars at
the problem, an understanding of Integrated Marketing Communication theory would
suggest that internal management problems (nineteen CEOs in fifty years) need to be
rectified before a unified, long-term strategy can be put in place. The importance of
consistency in brand image and messages, at all levels of communication, has become a
basic tenet of IMC theory and practice. The person who takes the customer’s order must
communicate the same message as Burger King's famous tagline, "Have it your way, or
the customer will just buzz up the highway to a chain restaurant that seems more consistent
and, therefore, more reliable.
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37. BIZARRE UNIVERSE
It seems we live in a bizarre universe. One of the greatest mysteries in the whole of science
is the prospectthat 75% of the Universe is made up from a mysterious substance known as
' Dark Energy', which causes an acceleration of the cosmic expansion. Since a further
21% of the Universe is made up from invisible Cold Dark Matter' that can only be
detected through its gravitational effects, the ordinary atomic matter making up the rest is
apparently only 4% of the total cosmic budget. These discoveries require a shift in our
perception as great as that made after Copernicus' revelation that the Earth moves around
the Sun. This lecture will start by reviewing the chequered history of Dark Energy, not only
since Einstein's proposal for a similar entity in 1917, but by tracing the concept back to
Newton's ideas. This lecture will summarize the current evidence for Dark Energy and
future surveys in which UCL is heavily involved: the ' Dark Energy Survey', the Hubble
Space Telescope and the proposed Euclid space mission.
38. ESTEE LAUDER

Leonard Lauder, chief executive of the company his mother founded, says she always
thought she "was growing a nice little business" and that it is, a little business that controls
45% of the cosmetics market in U.S. department stores. A little business that sells in 118
countries and last year grew to be $3.6 billionbig in sales. The Lauder family's shares are
worth more than $6 billion. But early on, there wasn't a burgeoning business; there weren't
houses in New York, Palm Beach, Fla., or the south of France. It issaid that at one point
there was one person to answer the telephones who changed her voice to become the
shipping or billing department as needed. You more or less know the Estée Lauder story
because it's a chapter from the book of American business folklore. In short, Josephine
Esther Mentzer, daughter of immigrants, lived above her father's hardware store in Corona,
a section of Queens in New York City. She started her enterprise by selling skin creams
concocted by her uncle, a chemist, in beauty shops, beach clubs and resorts. No doubt the
portions were good - Estée Lauder was a quality fanatic - but the salesladywas better. Much
better and she simply outworked everyone else in the cosmetics industry. She stalked the
bosses of New York City department stores until she got some counter space at Saks Fifth
Avenue in 1948. And once in that space, she utilized a personal selling approach that
proved as potent as the promise of her skin regimens and perfumes.
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39. DEFINITION OF COUNTRY
What is a country and how is a country defined? When people ask how many countries
there are in the world, they expect a simple answer. After all, we've explored the whole
planet; we have international travel, satellite navigation and plenty of global organizations
like the United Nations, so we should really know how many countries there are! However,
the answer to the question varies according to whom you ask. Most people say there are
192 countries, but others point out that there could be more like 260 of them. So why isn't
there a straightforward answer? The problem arises because there isn't a universally agreed
definition of 'country' and because, for political reasons, some countries find it convenient
to recognize or not recognize other countries.
40. PUSH AND PULL

People move to a new region for many different reasons. The motivation for moving can
come from a combination of what researchers sometimes call 'push and pull factors - those
that encourage people to leave a region, and those that attract people to a region. Some of
the factors that motivate people to move include seeking a better climate, finding more
affordable housing, looking for work or retiring from work, leaving the congestion of city
living, wanting a more pleasant environment, and wanting to be near to family and friends.
In reality many complex factors and personal reasons may interact to motivate a person or
family to move.
41. POLITICS DISCIPLINES

This course provides students with an in-depth understanding of the exciting disciplines of
politics and international relations and commerce. Students will learn about the workings
of political institutions in countries around the world and explore the complex field of
relations between nations. Topics in governance, public policy, public administration,
national security, border control and commerce ensure that students receive a broad and
current education in the range of issues which are covered under the label of politics and
international relations and commerce. In addition to acquiring specialist knowledge and
competencies in Politics and International Relations and Commerce, students will graduate
with a range of generic skills such as critical thinking, enhanced communication abilities,
problem solving and strong capacities to work with others. They will also develop ethically
based and socially responsible attitudes and behaviors.
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42. FILM
Film is where art meets commerce. As Orson Welles say - A painter just needs a brush and
the writer just needs a pen, but the producer needs an army. And an army needs money a
producer is just like an entrepreneur, we raise money to make films. First we need to find
an original idea or a book or a play andpurchase the rights, then we need money to develop
that idea often a reasonably small sum besides, to commission a writer for the screenplay
isn't something you would want to gamble your own money on, so you find a partner. We
are lucky here in the UK, as we have Film4, BBC Films and the UK Film Council, all of
these are good places to develop an idea. Producing in Britain is very different to producing
in America or even Europe because the economic dynamic is different.
43. PAPAL REFORM

Since the last papal reform, several proposals have been offered to make the Western
calendar more useful or regular Very few reforms, such as the rather different decimal
French Republican and Soviet calendars, had gained official acceptance, but each was put
out of use shortly after its introduction.
44. SLEEP PATTERNS

Children have sound sleep patterns. They can successfully sleep for 8-9 hours and get up
at a fixed time. But teenagers don’t. Their need of early start to schools or other schedules
can influence.
45. INTERDISCIPLINARY CENTER

A new interdisciplinary centre for the study of the frontiers of the universe, from the tiniest
subatomic particle to the largest chain of galaxies, has been formed at The University of
Texas at Austin. The Texas Cosmology Centre will be a way for the university's
departments of Astronomy and Physics to collaborate on research that concerns them both
―This centre will bring the two departments together in an area where they overlap -in
the physics of the very early universe, I said Dr. Neal Evans, Astronomy Department chair.
Astronomical observations have revealed the presence of dark matter and dark energy,
discoveries that challenge our knowledge of fundamental physics. And today's leading
theories in physics involve energies so high that no Earth-bound particle accelerator can
test them. They need the universe as their laboratory Steven Weinberg, Nobel laureate
and professor of physics at the university, called the Centre's advent a very exciting
development for that department.
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46. DARK ENERGY
Arguably the greatest mystery facing humanity today is the prospect that 75% of the
universe is made up of a substance known as - dark energy‖, about which we have almost
no knowledge at all. Since a further21% of the universe is made from invisible - dark matter
that can only be detected through its gravitational effects, the ordinary matter and energy
making up the Earth, planets and stars is apparently only a tiny part of what exists. These
discoveries require a shift in our perception as great as that made after Copernicus’s
revelation that the Earth moves around the Sun.
47. HAIRSTYLES
With their punk hairstyles and bright colors, marmosets and tamarins are among the most
attractive primates on earth. These fast-moving, lightweight animals live in the rainforests
of South America. Their small size makes it easy for them to dart about the trees, catching
insects and small animals such as lizards, frogs, and snails. Marmosets have another
unusual food source - they use their chisel-like incisor teeth to dig into tree bark and lap
up the gummy sap that seeps out, leaving telltale, oval-shaped holes in the branches when
they have finished. But as vast tracts of rainforest are cleared for plantations and cattle
ranches marmosets and tamarins are in serious danger of extinction.
48. DELEGATION
The process of delegation comprises the decision to delegate, the briefing, and the follow-
up. At each of these points, anticipate the potential problems. When you delegate, you are
not delegating the right to perform an action, you are delegating the right to make
decisions. It is important to be flexible, as the person to whom you delegate may have a
better and faster way of completing a job than you. Overall responsibility for a delegated
task remains with you. It is helpful to others if you can provide constructive feedback on
their performance.
49. UNITED NATION

Founded after World War II by 51 "peace-loving states" combined to oppose future
aggression, the United Nations now counts 192 member nations, including its newest
members, Nauru, Kiribati, and Tonga in 1999, Tuvalu and Yugoslavia in 2000, Switzerland
and East Timor in 2002, and Montenegro in 2006. United Nations Day has been observed
on October 24 since 1948 and celebrates the objectives and accomplishments of the
organization, which was established on October 24, 1945. The UN engages in
peacekeeping and humanitarian missions across the globe.
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Though some say its influence has declined in recent decades, the United Nations still
plays a tremendous role in world politics. In 2001 the United Nations and Kofi Annan,
then Secretary- General of the UN,won the Nobel Peace Prize "for their work for a better
organized and more peaceful world." Since 1948 there have been 63 UN peacekeeping
operations, 16 are currently underway. Thus far, close to 130nations have contributed
personnel at various times; 119 are currently providing peacekeepers. As of August 31,
2008, there were 16 peacekeeping operations underway with a total of 88,230 personnel.
The small island nation of Fiji has taken part in virtually every UN peacekeeping operation,
as hasCanada.
50. ALLERGIES
Allergies are abnormal immune system reactions to things that are typically harmless to
most people. When you‘re allergic to something, your immune system mistakenly believes
that this substance is harmful to your body. Substances that cause allergic reactions - such
as certain foods, dust, plant pollen, or medicines - are known as allergens. In an attempt
to protect the body, the immune system producesIgE antibodies to that allergen. Those
antibodies then cause certain cells in the body to release chemicals into the bloodstream,
one of which is histamine. The histamine then acts on a person's eyes, nose, throat, lungs,
skin, or gastrointestinal tract and causes the symptoms of the allergic reaction. Future
exposure to that same allergen will trigger this antibody response again. This means that
every time you come into contact with that allergen, you'll have an allergic reaction.
51. LIFE EXPECTANCY AT BIRTH

Life expectancy at birth is one of the most widely used and internationally recognised
indicators of population health. It focuses on the length of life rather than its quality, and
provides a useful summary of the general health of the population. While an indicator
describing how long Australians live that simultaneously takes into account quality of life
would be a desirable summary measure of progress in thearea, currently no such measure
exists, and this is why life expectancy at birth is used as the MainProgress Indicator
here. During the decade 1999 to 2009, life expectancy at birth improved for both sexes. A
girl born in 2009 could expect to reach 83.9 years of age, while a boy could expect to live
to 79. 3 years. Over the decade, boys 'life expectancy increased slightly more than girls'(3.
1 compared with 2. 1 years). This saw the gap between the sexes' life expectancy
decrease by one year to 4.6 years. In the longer term, increases in life expectancy also
occurred over most of the 20th century. Unfortunately, life expectancy isn't shared across
the whole population though, being lower in Tasmania and the northern Territory, and for
Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples.
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52. AUSTRALIAN WOMEN NOVELISTS
In the literary world, it was an accepted assumption that the 1970s was a time of
unprecedented growth in homegrown Australian fiction. And everybody was reading and
talking about books by young Australian women. But it was not until recently that a
researcher was able to measure just how many novels were published in that decade, and
she found that there had been a decline in novels by Australian writers overall, but
confirmed an increase in women' s novels. It is this sort of research - testing ideas about
literary history - that is becoming possible with the spread of 'Digital Humanities.' The
intersection of Humanities and digital technologies is opening up opportunities in the
fields of literature, linguistics, history and language that were not possible without
computational methods and digitized resources to bring information together in an
accessible way. Transcription software is being developed for turning scans of books and
documents into text, as the field of digital humanities really takes off.
53. MOVEMENT IN PAINTING

Movement in painting that originated in France in the 1860s and had enormous influence
in European and North American painting in the late 19th century. The Impressionists
wanted to depict real life, to paint straight from nature, and to capture the changing effects
of light. The term was first used abusivelyto describe Claude Monet's painting Impression:
Sunrise (1872). The other leading Impressionists included Paul Camile, Edgar Degas,
Edouard Manet, Camille Pissarro, Pierre-Auguste Renoir, and Alfred Sisley, but only
Monet remained devoted to Impressionist ideas throughout his career. The core of the
Impressionist group was formed in the early 1860s by Monet, Renoir, and Sisley, who met
as students and enjoyed painting in the open air - one of the hallmarks of Impressionism.
They met other members of the Impressionist circle through Paris café society. They never
made up a formal group, but they organized eight group exhibitions between 1874 and
1886, at the first of which the name Impressionism was applied. Their styles were diverse,
but all experimented with effects of light and movement created with distinct brush strokes
and fragments of color dabbed side-by-side on the canvas rather than mixed on the palette.
By the 1880s the movement's central impulse had dispersed, and a number of new styles
were emerging, later described as post-impressionism. British Impressionism had a major
influence on the more experimental and progressive British painters in the late 19th and
early 20th centuries. Many of the painters were affected in the circle of Walter Sickert, who
spent much of his career in France and was an influential figure who inspired many
younger artists. His friend and exact contemporary Philip Wilson Steer are generally
regarded as the most outstanding British Impressionist.
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54. LUMIERE BROTHERS
Our sense of cinema as a site of commercial entertainment can be traced back to the
Lumiere brothers. In December 1895 they attracted a fee-paying public in Paris to sit and
watch flickering images on an illuminated screen. The commercial Pandora's Box they
opened was to blossom in a few years into a world cinema industry and, at its peak, the
fantastical Hollywood. Yet in the 30 years in which this miraculous construction was
accomplished, audiences rarely had to listen to films, only watch them. Hence, the early
decades of cinema were characterized by the title 'silent'. In fact, there was a lot of noise,
machinery, audiences, musicians and commentators. Even so, the absence of the human
voice anddialogue make the films seem rather strange when viewed by a modem audience.
55. PETER GARRETT

No one in Parliament would know better than Peter Garrett what largesse copyright can
confer so it may seem right that he should announce a royalty for artists, amounting to 5
percent of all sales after the original one, which can go on giving to their families for as
much as 150 years. But that ignores the truth that copyright law is a scandal, recently
exacerbated by the Free Trade Agreement with the US which required extension of
copyright to 70 years after death. Is it scandalous that really valuable copyrights end up in
the ownership of corporations (although Agatha Christie's no-doubt worthy great-
grandchildren are still reaping the benefits of West End success for her who dunnits and
members of the Garrick Club enjoythe continuing fruits of A.A. Milne's Christopher Robin
books)?
56. CHARLES DARWIN

Charles Darwin knew intuitively that tropical forests were places of tremendous intricacy
and energy. He and his cohort of scientific naturalists were awed by the beauty of the
Neotropics, where they collected tens of thousands of species new to science. But they
couldn't have guessed at the complete contents of the rainforest, and they had no idea of
its value to humankind.
57. POPULATION CHANGE

Populations can change through three processes: fertility, mortality and migration. Fertility
involves the number of children that women have and differs from fecundity (a woman's
childbearing potential). Mortality involves the causes, consequences and measurement of
processes affecting death in a population. Demographers most commonly study mortality
using the Life Table, a statistical device which provides information about the mortality
conditions (most notably the life expectancy) in the population.
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Migration refers to the movement of persons from an origin place to a destination place
across some pre- defined political boundary. Migration researchers do not designate
movements as migrations' unless they are somewhat permanent. Thus demographers do
not consider tourists and travelers to be migrating. While demographers who study
migration typically do so through census data on place of residence, indirect sources of
data including tax forms and labor force surveys.
58. ORIGINS OF MUSIC

Music is an important part of our lives. We connect and interact with it daily and use it as
a way of protecting our self-identities to the people around us. The music we enjoy -
whether it’s country or classical, rock n ‘roll or rap - reflects who we are. But where did
music, at its core, first come from? It’s a puzzling question that may not have a definitive
answer. One leading researcher, however, has proposed that the key to understanding the
origin of music is nestled snugly in the loving bond between mother and child. In a lecture
at the University of Melbourne, Richard Parncutt, an Australian-born professor of
systematic musicology, endorsed the idea that music originally spawned from mother’s -
the playful voices mothers adopt when speaking to infants and toddlers.
59. LEGAL DEPOSIT

Legal deposit for printed books and papers has existed in English law since 1662. It helps
to ensure thatthe nation’s published output (and thereby its intellectual record and future
published heritage) is collected systematically, to preserve the material for the use of future
generations and to make it available for readers within the designated legal deposit
libraries. The legal deposit system also has benefits for authors and publishers: Deposited
publications are made available to users of the deposit libraries on their premises, are
preserved for the benefit of future generations, and become part of the nation’s heritage.
Publications are recorded in the online catalogues, and become an essential research
resource forgenerations to come.
60. CARSKI AWARD

In 2001 he received the SIUC Outstanding Scholar Award. In 2003 he received the Carski
Award for Distinguished Undergraduate Teaching from the American Society for
Microbiology. Mike’s research is focused on bacteria that inhabit extreme environments,
and for the past 12 years he has studied the microbiology of permanently ice-covered lakes
in the McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. In addition to his research papers, he has edited
a major treatise on phototrophic bacteria and served for over a decade as chief editor of
the journal Archives of Microbiology.
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He currently serves on the editorial board of Environmental Microbiology. Mike’s non-
scientific interests include forestry, reading, and caring for his dogs and horses. He lives
beside a peaceful and quiet lake with his wife, Nancy, five shelter dogs (Gaino, Snuffy,
Pepto, Peanut, and Merry), and four horses (Springer, Feivel, Gwen, and Festus).
61. WATER SECURITY

Equally critical is the challenge of water security. The UN Environment Program (UNEP)
has pointed out that about one- third of the world's population lives in countries with
moderate to high water stress, with a disproportionate impact on the poor. With current
projected global population growth, the task ofproviding water for human sustenance
will become increasingly difficult. And increasing competition over this scarce but vital
resource may fuel instability and conflict within states as well as between states. The UN
is doing a great deal in both areas to proactively foster collaboration among Member
States. UNEP has long been actively addressing the water issue together with partner UN
agencies and other organizations. Looking ahead, the UN can do more to build synergies
of technology, policy and capacityin this field. In this regard, events like the annual World
Water Week in Stockholm come to the forefront of the public mind when talking about
championing water issues.
62. ORIGIN OF SPECIES

In The Origin of Species, Darwin provided abundant evidence that life on Earth has
evolved over time, and he proposed natural selection as the primary mechanism for that
change. He observed that individuals differ in their inherited traits and that selection acts
on such differences, leading to evolutionary change. Although Darwin realized that
variation in heritable traits is a prerequisite for evolution, he did not know precisely how
organisms pass heritable traits to their offspring. Just a few years after Darwin published
The Origin of Species, Gregory Mendel wrote a ground breaking paper on inheritance in
pea plants in that paper, Mendel proposed a model of inheritance in which organisms
transmit discrete heritable units (now called genes) to their offspring. Although Darwin
did not know about genes, Mendel’s paper set the stage for understanding the genetic
differences on which evolution is based.
63. BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM

Since biological systems with signs of complex engineering are unlikely to have arisen
from accidents or coincidences, their organization must come from natural selection, and
hence should have functions useful for survival and reproduction in the environments in
which humans evolved.
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64. SALES ACTIVITIES
Organizations need to integrate their sales activities more both internally and with
customers' needs according to a new book co-authored by an academic at the University
of East Anglia. The book addresses how sales can help organizations to become more
customer oriented and considers how theyare responding to challenges such as increasing
competition, more demanding customers and a more complex selling environment. Many
organizations are facing escalating costs and a growth in customer power, which makes it
necessary to allocate resources more strategically. The sales function can provide critical
customer and market knowledge to help inform both innovation and marketing. However,
the authors say that within the industry there is still uncertainty about the shape a future
sales team should take how it should be managed, and how it fits into their organizations
business model.
65. CONSERVANCY
To qualify as a conservancy, a committee must define the conservancy’s boundary elect a
representative conservancy committee negotiate a legal constitution, prove the
committee’s ability to manage funds, and produce an acceptable plan for equitable
distribution of wildlife-related benefits. Once approved, registered conservancies acquire
the rights to a sustainable wildlife quota, set by the ministry.
66. FATHER’S BOOKS

None of the books in my father’s dusty old bookcase were forbidden. Yet while I was
growing up, I never saw anyone take one down. Most were massive tomes - a
comprehensive history of civilization, matching volumes of the great works of western
literature, numerous others I can no longer recall - that seemed almost refused to shelves
that bowed slightly from decades of steadfast support?
67. FARMS
Both farms were by far the largest, most prosperous, most technologically advanced
farms in their respective districts. In particular, each was centered around a magnificent
state-of-the-art barn for sheltering and milking cows. Those structures, both neatly
divided into opposite facing rows of cow stalls, dwarfed all other barns in the district. Both
farms let their cows graze outdoors in lush pastures during the summer, produced their
own hay to harvest in the late summer for feeding the cows through the winter, and
increased their production of summer fodder and winter hay by irrigating their fields.
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68. COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES
Complementary therapies - such as those practiced by naturopaths, chiropractors and
acupuncturists - have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades.
Interest initially coincided with enthusiasm for alternative lifestyles, while immigration
and increased contact and trade with China have also had an influence. The status of
complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of areas: legal regulation; the
stances of doctors' associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific
research into their efficacy.
69. CORN PEOPLE

Descendants of the Maya living in Mexico still sometimes refer to themselves as ―the corn
people. The phrase is not intended as metaphor. Rather, it's meant to acknowledge their
abiding dependence on this miraculous grass, the staple of their diet for almost 9,000 years.
The supermarket itself-the wallboard and joint compound, the linoleum and fiberglass and
adhesives out of which the building itself has been built- is in no small measure a
manifestation of corn.
70. CHEMISTRY
Chemistry is an extremely important topic in physiology. Most physiological processes
occur as the resultof chemical changes that occur within the body. These changes include
the influx/efflux of ions across a neuron's membrane, causing a signal to pass from one end
to the other. Other examples include the storage of oxygen in the blood by a protein as it
passes through the lungs for usage throughout the body.
71. ENGLISH IN CHANGE

English has been changing throughout its lifetime and it's still changing today. For most of
us, these changes are fine as long as they’re well and truly in the past. Paradoxically, we
can be curious about word origins and the stories behind the structures we find in our
language, but we experience a queasy distaste for any change that might be happening
right under our noses. There are even language critics who are convinced that English is
dying, or if not dying at least being progressively damaged through long years of
mistreatment.
72. DICTATORSHIP
Dictatorship is not a modern concept. Two thousand years ago, during the period of the
Roman Republic, exceptional powers were sometimes given by the Senate to individual
dictators such as Sulla and Julius Caesar.
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The intention was that the dictatorship would be temporary and that it would make it
possible to take swift and effective action to deal with an emergency. There is some
disagreement as to how the term should be applied today. Should it be used in its original
form to describe the temporary exercise of emergency powers? Or can it now be applied in
a much broader sense-as common usage suggests?
73. COMPLEMENTARY THERAPIES

Complementary therapies - such as those practiced by naturopaths, chiropractors and
acupuncturists - have become increasingly popular in Australia over the last few decades.
Interest initially coincided with enthusiasm for alternative lifestyles, while immigration
and increased contact and trade with China have also had an influence. The status of
complementary therapies is being re-visited in a number of areas: legal regulation; the
stances of doctors' associations; their inclusion in medical education; and scientific
research into their efficacy.
74. WHOLENESS OF THOUGHT

The writer-or, for that matter, the speaker conceives his thought whole, as a unity, but must
express it in a line of words; the reader- or listener-must take this line of symbols and from
it reconstruct the original wholeness of thought. There is little difficulty in conversation,
because the listener receives innumerable cues from the physical expressions of the
speaker; there is a dialogue, and the listener can cut in at any time. The advantage of group
discussion is that people can overcome linear sequence of words by converging on ideas
from different directions; which makes for wholeness of thought. But the reader is
confronted by line upon line of printed symbols, without benefits of physical tone and
emphasis or the possibility of dialogue or discussion.
75. EGG-EATING SNAKES

Egg-eating snakes are a small group of snakes whose diet consists only of eggs. Some eat
only small eggs, which they have to swallow whole, as the snake has no teeth. Instead,
some other snakes eat bigger eggs, but it requires special treatment. These snakes have
spines that stick out from the backbone. The spines crack the egg open as it passes through
the throat.
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76. NANOTECHNOLOGY
What is nanotechnology? Well, a report that was put together by a combination of the
Royal Society and the Royal Academy of Engineering that came out last summer,
identified two topics. Nano-science is the study of phenomena and the manipulation of
materials at atomic, molecular and macromolecular scales, where properties differ
significantly from those as a larger scale. Nanotechnologies are the design characterization,
production and application of structures, devices and systems by controlling shape and size
at the nanometer scale. So I'll talk a little bit more in a moment about what a nanometer is,
but loosely speaking people think of nanotechnologies as being a sort of a hundred
nanometers or less.
77. BEAUTIFUL BUILDINGS

Along the way we have built unashamedly beautiful buildings, two of which have won and
another was runner- up in the prestigious United Nations World Habitat Award: the first
time an Australian building has received that international honour. We rely on older
concepts of Australian architecture that are heavily influenced by the bush. All residents
have private verandhas which allow them to socialize outdoors and also create some
"defensible space" between their bedrooms and public areas. We use a lot of natural and
soft materials to build beautiful landscape gardens.
78. SOUTH AUSTRALIA

Now that the story's been scratched, it is only part of contingency planning. But it was a
symptom of the dramatic turn of events in South Australia, and it flushed out other remarks
from water academics and people like Tim Flannery, indicating that things were really
much worse than had been foreshadowed, even earlier this year. So is Adelaide, let alone
some whole regions of South Australia, in serious bother? Considering that the vast amount
of its drinking water comes from the beleaguered Murray, something many of us outside
the state may not have quite realized. Is their predicament something we have to face up to
as a nation?
79. CLONES OF EASTERN COTTONWOOD

Clones of an Eastern cottonwood (Populus deltoides) in the Bronx and other city spots grew
to double the biomass of clones planted outside small towns upstate or on Long Island, says
Jillian Gregg, now of the Environmental Protection Agency's western-ecology division in
Corvallis, Ore. The growth gap comes from ozone damage, she and her New York
colleagues report.
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Ozone chemists have known that concentrations may spike skyscraper high in city air, but
during a full 24 hours, rural trees actually get a higher cumulative ozone exposure from
urban pollution that blows in and lingers. A series of new experiments now shows that this
hang-around ozone is the overwhelming factor in tree growth, the researchers say in the
July 10 Nature. "This study has profound importance in showing us most vividly that
rural areas pay the price for urban pollution," says Stephen P. Long of the University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. "This work should be a wake-up call," he adds.
80. CLONES OF EASTERN COTTONWOOD

Understanding the number of species we have in our marine environment is a basic need if
we are to protect and conserve our biodiversity. This is vital in today's rapidly changing
world, not just here in Hong Kong, but especially in Southeast Asia which holds the
world's most diverse marine habitats. SWIMS is playing a major role in trying to measure
and conserve these important resources, both within Hong Kong but also, together with its
regional collaborators, in Southeast Asia." said Professor Gray A. Williams, the leader of
this study and the Director of HKU SWIMS. The enormous array of marine life in Hong
Kong, however, has yet to receive its desirable level of conservation as currently only less
than 2% of Hong Kong's marine area is protected as marine parks or reserve as compared
with approximately 40 % of our terrestrial area. The Government has committed to
designate more new marine parks in the coming years. The Brothers Marine Park in the
northern Lantau waters will be launched soon, which will bring Hong Kong's total
protected marine area to more than 2%. The research team welcomed the initiative of the
new marine park while also urging the Hong Kong government to move towards the global
target of at least 10% marine protected area by the year 2020 under United Nation's
Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD).
81. WELFARE MORALITY

The morality of the welfare state depends on contribution and responsibility. Since some
people don't contribute and many are irresponsible, the choices of those who do contribute
and are responsible are either to tolerate the free riders, refuse to pay for the effects of their
irresponsibility or trust the state to educate them. Hence the government campaigns against
smoking, alcoholism, obesity and gas guzzling ‐ the first two solidly in place, the other two
ramping up. But the British state now goes further: it acts in favor of sexual and racial
minorities. In the case of gay men and women this means progressively removing the legal
disadvantages under which they have lived, and ensuring that society as a whole observes
the new order.
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82. ASSOCIATION FOR PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE
The APS supports the development of an Australian curriculum for psychological science.
The APS Division of Psychological Research, Education and Training, in consultation
with teacher and curriculum representatives from every State and Territory in Australia,
have developed a proposed framework for senior secondary school studies in
psychological science. This framework is modeled on the current senior science curricula
that were developed and published by the Australian Curriculum, Assessment and
Reporting Authority. The APS hopes that this framework will facilitate a dialogue between
educators and their local curriculum authority, with the aim of working towards a more
consistent approach to the teaching of psychological science at secondary school level and
optimising the preparation for students going on to undergraduate psychology studies at
university, as well as the effective use of psychological principles in everyday life.
83. LEADERSHIP
Leadership is all about being granted permission by others to lead their thinking. It is a
bestowed moral authority that gives the right to organize and direct the efforts of others.
But moral authority does not come from simply managing people effectively or
communicating better or being able to motivate. It comes from many sources, including
being authentic and genuine, having integrity, and showing a real and deep understanding
of the business in question. All these factors build confidence. Leaders lose moral
authority for three reasons: they behave unethically; they become plagued by self-doubt
and lose their conviction; or they are blinded by power lose self-awareness and thus lose
connection with those they lead as the context around them changes. Having said all this,
it has to be assumed that if someone becomes a leader, at some point they understood the
difference between right and wrong it is up to themto abide by a moral code and up to us
to ensure that the moment we suspect they do not, we fire them or vote them out.
84. WHEN TO REVISE?

Timing is important for revision. Have you noticed that during the school day you get times
when you just don't care any longer? I don't mean the lessons you don t like, but the ones
you find usually find OK, but on some occasions, you just can't be bothered with it. You
may have other things on your mind, be tired, restless or looking forward to what comes
next. Whatever the reason, that particular lesson doesn't get 100 percent effort from you.
The same is true of revision. Your mental and physical attitudes are important.If you try
to revise when you are tired or totally occupied with something else, your revision will be
inefficient and just about worthless. If you approach it feeling fresh, alert and happy, it will
be so much easier, and you will learn more, faster.
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However, if you make no plans and just slip in a little bit ofrevision when you feel like
it, you probably won’t do much revision! You need a revision timetable, so you don't keep
putting it off.
85. OXFORD COURSE

When I enrolled in my master's course at Oxford last year, I had come straight from medical
school with the decision to leave clinical science for good. Thinking back, I realize that I
didn't put very much weight on this decision at the time. But today, I more clearly
understand the consequences of leaving my original profession. When I meet old friends
who are now physicians and surgeons, I sense how our views on medical problems have
diverged. They scrutinize the effects of disease and try to eliminate or alleviate them; I try
to understand how they come about in the first place. I feel happier working on this side of
the problem, although I do occasionally miss clinical work and seeing patients. However,
when I think about the rate at which my medical skills and knowledge have dissipated, the
years spent reading weighty medical textbooks, the hours spent at the bedside, I sometimes
wonder if these years were partly a waste of time now that I am pursuing a research career.
Nonetheless, I know the value of my medical education. It is easy to forget the
importance of the biosciences when working with model organisms in basicresearch
that seem to have nothing to do with a sick child or a suffering elderly person. Yet, I still
have vivid memories of the cruel kaleidoscope of severe diseases and of how they can
strike a human being. I hope to retain these memories as a guide in my current occupation.
86. ANDERSEN
Fans of biographical criticism have a luxurious source in the works of Hans Christian
Andersen. Like Lewis Carroll (and, to a lesser extent, Kenneth Grahame), Andersen was
near-pathologically uncomfortable in the company of adults. Of course, all three had to
work and interact with adults, but all three really related well to children and their simpler
worlds. Andersen, for a time, ran a puppet theater and was incredibly popular with children,
and, of course, he wrote an impressive body of fairy tales which have been produced in
thousands of editions since the 19th century. Most everyone has read or at least knows the
titles of many of Andersen’s works: The Ugly Duckling, - The Emperor’s New Clothes,
The Nightingale, The Little Mermaid, The Match Girl, and many others. Though, as with
most folk and fairy tales, they strike adult repeaters much differently than they do young
first-time readers. Charming tales of ducks who feel awkward because they don’t fit in,
only to exult in the discovery that they are majestic swans, gives child readers clearly-
identifiable messages: don’t tease people because they‘re different; don’t fret about your
being different because some day you‘ll discover what special gifts you have.
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A closer, deeper look at many of Andersen’s tales (including - The Ugly Duckling, which
is not on our reading list), reveals a darker, harder, more painful thread. People are often
cruel and unfeeling; love is torturous–in general, the things of the material world cause
suffering. There is often a happy ending, but it’s not conventionally happy. Characters are
rewarded, but only after they manage (often through death) to transcend the rigors of the
mortal world.
87. SPANISH LANGUAGE

If after years of Spanish classes, some people still find it impossible to understand some
native speakers, they should not worry. This does not necessarily mean the lessons were
wasted. Millions of Spanish speakers use neither standard Latin American Spanish nor
Castilian, which predominate in US schools. The confusion is partly political - the
Spanish-speaking world is very diverse. Spanish is the language of 19 separate countries
and Puerto Rico. This means that there is no one standard dialect. The most common
Spanish dialect taught in the US is standard Latin American. It is sometimes called
"Highland" Spanish since it is generally spoken in the mountainous areas of Latin
America. While each country retains its own accents and has some unique vocabulary,
residents of countries such as Mexico, Colombia, Peru, and Bolivia generally speak Latin
American Spanish, especially in urban centers. This dialect is noted for its pronunciation
of each letter and its strong "r" sounds. This Spanish was spoken in Spain in the sixteenth
and seventeenth centuries and was brought to the Americas by the early colonists.
However, the Spanish of Madrid and of northern Spain, called Castilian, developed
characteristics that never reached the New World. These include the pronunciation of "ci"
and "ce" as "th." In Madrid, "gracias" (thank you) becomes"gratheas" (as opposed to "gras-
see-as" in Latin America). Another difference is the use of the word "vosotros" (you all or
you guys) as the informal form of "ustedes" in Spain. Castilian sounds to Latin Americans
much like British English sounds to US residents.
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88. LINDA FINCH
Over sixty years after Amelia Earhart vanished mysteriously in the Pacific during her
attempt to become the first person to circumnavigate the world along the equator, Linda
Finch, a San Antonio businesswoman, accomplished pilot, and aviation historian,
recreated and completed her idol's last flightas a tribute to the aviation pioneer's spirit and
vision. On March 17, 1997, Ms. Finch and a navigator tookoff from Oakland International
Airport, California, in a restored Lockheed Electra 10E, the same makeand model aircraft
that Earhart used on her last journey. The mission to fulfill Amelia Earhart's dream was
called World Flight 1997. Although Ms. Finch was not the first to attempt Earhart's
around-the-world journey, she was the first to do it in a historic airplane. Linda Finch
closely followed the same route that Earhart flew, stopping in 18 countries before finishing
the trip two and a half months later when she landed back at the Oakland Airport on May
28. Over a million school children and others were able to follow the flight daily through
an interactive web site part of a free multimedia educational program called - You Can
Soar, provided by the project's sponsor.
89. FOREIGN POLICY

The foreign policy of a state, it is often argued, begins and ends with the border. No doubt
an exaggeration, this aphorism nevertheless has an element of truth. A state's relation with
its neighbours, at least in the formative years, is greatly influenced by its frontier policy,
especially when there are no settled borders. Empire builders in the past sought to extend
imperial frontiers for a variety of reasons; subjugation of kings and princes to gain their
allegiance (as well as handsome tributes or the coffers of the state), and, security of the
'core' of the empire from external attacks by establishing a string of buffer states in areas
adjoining the frontiers. The history of British Empire in India was no different. It is
important to note in this connection that the concept of international boundaries (between
two sovereign states), demarcated and delineated, was yet to emerge in India under
Mughal rule.
90. ONLINE CAMPUS

Remember when universities were bursting at the seams with students sitting in the
aisles, balancing books on their knees? No more, it seems. E-learning is as likely to stand
for empty lecture theatres as for the internet revolution, which has greatly increased the
volume and range of course materials available online in the past five years. "The
temptation now is to simply think, 'Everything will be online so I don't need to go to
class'," said Dr Kerri-Lee Krause, of the Centre for the Study of Higher Education at the
University of Melbourne.
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The nation's universities are in the process of opening the doors for the new academic year
and, while classes are generally well attended for the early weeks, it often does not last.
"There is concern at the university level about student attendance dropping and why
students are not coming to lectures," Dr Krause said. But lecturers' pride - and fierce
competition among universities for students - mean few are willing to acknowledge
publicly how poorly attended many classes are.
91. TRIGGER POINTS

All approaches aim to increase blood flow to areas of tension and to release painful knots
of muscle known as "trigger points". "Trigger points are tense areas of muscle that are
almost constantly contracting," says Kippen. "The contraction causes pain, which in turn
causes contraction, so you have a vicious circle. This is what deep tissue massages aims to
break. "The way to do this, as I found out under Ogedengbe's elbow, is to apply pressure
to the point, stopping the blood flow, and then to release, which causes the brain to flood
the affected area with blood, encouraging the muscle to relax. At the same time, says
Kippen, you can fool the tensed muscle into relaxing by applying pressure to a
complementary one nearby. "If you cause any muscle to contract, its opposite will expand.
So you try to trick the body into relaxing the muscle that is in spasm."
92. WILLIAM SHAKESPEARE:

For all his fame and Arab celebration, William Shakespeare remains a mysterious figure
with regards to personal history. There are just two primary sources for information on the
Bard: his works, and various legal and church documents that have survived from
Elizabethan times. Naturally, there are many gaps in this body of information, which tells
us little about Shakespeare the man.
93. NEXT TASK:

Having tracked down research that is relevant to your area of interest, the next task is to
actually make sense of that research. This section is intended to show you how to be
critical of the research you are reviewing and how to check that the evidence is credible
and represented appropriately. Unfortunately this means discussing the ways in which
research findings may be misrepresented.
94. SUN:
The Sun provides the primary source of energy driving Earth’s climate system, but its
variations have played very little role in the climate changes observed in recent decades.
Direct satellite measurements since the late 1970s show no net increase in the Sun’s output,
while at the same time global surface temperatures have increased.
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95. SPOTTED OWLS
Our analysis of the genetic structure of northern spotted owls across most of the range of
the subspecies allowed us to test for genetic discontinuities and identify landscape features
that influence the subspecies’ genetic structure. Although no distinct genetic breaks were
found in northern spotted owls, severallandscape features were important in structuring
genetic variation. Dry, low elevation valleys and the high elevation Cascade and Olympic
Mountains restricted gene flow, while the lower Oregon CoastRange facilitated gene
flow, acting as a genetic corridor. The Columbia River did not act as a barrier, suggesting
owls readily fly over this large river. Thus, even in taxi such as northern spotted owls with
potential for long distance dispersal, landscape features can have an important impact on
gene flow and genetic structure.
96. NATIONAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT STRATEGIES

The principal recommendation of the world conferences was that countries must take full
responsibility for their own development. National responsibility for national development
is the necessary consequence of sovereignty. The Monterrey Consensus states that ‗Each
country has primary responsibility for its own economic and social development, and the
role of national policies and development strategies cannot be over-emphasized. The
Johannesburg Plan of Implementation called for all governments to begin implementing
national sustainable development strategies (NSDS) by 2005 and the 2005 Summit agreed
on a target of 2006 for all developing countries to adopt and start implementation of these
strategies to achieve the internationally agreed goals. The automatic corollary of that
principle is that each country must be free to determine its own development strategy. It is
essential that all donors and lenders accept the principle of country ownership of national
development strategies. This implies the acceptance of the principle that development
strategies should not only be attuned to country circumstances, but also be prepared and
implemented under the leadership of the governments of the countries themselves. The
2005 World Summit also acknowledged, in this regard, that all countries must recognize
the need for developing countries to strike a balance between their national policy
priorities and their international commitments.
97. JURY
Serving on a jury is normally compulsory for individuals who are qualified for jury service.
A jury is intended to be an impartial panel capable of reaching a verdict. There are often
procedures and requirements, including a fluent understanding of the language and the
opportunity to test juror’s neutrality or otherwise exclude jurors who are perceived as
likely to be less than neutral or partial to one side.
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98. AUSTRALIA HIGHER EDUCATION FUNDING
Australian Government provided regular funding for universities from the late 1950s, in
1974; it assumed full responsibility for funding higher education - abolishing tuition fees
with the intention of making university accessible to all Australians who had the ability
and who wished to participate in higher education. Since the late 1980s, there has been a
move towards greater private contributions, particularly student’s fees. In 1989, the
Australian Government introduced the Higher Education Contribution Scheme (HECS)
which included a loans scheme to help students finance their contributions. This enabled
universities to remain accessible to students by delaying their payments until they could
afford to pay off their loans. In 2002, the Australian Government introduced a scheme
similar to HECS for postgraduate students - the Postgraduate Education Loan Scheme
(PELS). Funding for higher education comes from various sources. This article examines
the three main sources Australian Government funding, student’s fees and charges, and
HECS. While the proportion of total revenue raised through HECS is relatively small,
HECS payments are a significant component of students' university costs, with many
students carrying a HECS debt for several years after leaving university.
99. JEAN PIAGET

Jean Piaget, the pioneering Swiss philosopher and psychologist, spent much of his
professional life listening to children, watching children and poring over reports of
researchers around the world who were doing the same. He found, to put it most succinctly,
that children don't think like grownups. After thousands of interactions with young people
often barely old enough to talk, Piaget began to suspect that behind their cute and
seemingly illogical utterances were thought processes that had their own kind of order and
their own special logic. Einstein called it a discovery so simple that only a genius could
have thought of it. Piaget's insight opened a new window into the inner workings of the
mind. By the end of a wide-ranging and remarkably prolific research career that spanned
nearly 75 years, from his first scientific publication at age 10 to work still in progress when
he died at 84, Piaget had developed several new fields of science: developmental
psychology, cognitive theory and what came to be called genetic epistemology. Although
not an educational reformer, he fashioned a way of thinking about children that provided
the foundation for today’s education-reform movements. It was a shift comparable to the
displacement of stories of "noble savages and "cannibals by modern anthropology. One
might say that Piaget was the first to take children's thinking seriously.
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100. ENGLISH LANGUAGE
English is the world's language. Such dominance has its downside, of course. There are
now about 6,800 languages left in the world, compared with perhaps twice that number
back at the dawn of agriculture. Thanks in part to the rise of uber-languages, most
importantly English, the remaining languages are now dying at the rate of about one a
fortnight.
101. VISUAL ART

It is the assertion of this article that students who use visual art as a prewriting stimulus are
composing their ideas both in images and in words. The result of the art creation process
allows students the distance to elaborate, add details, and create more coherent text. The
process of writing is more than putting wordson a piece of paper. Effective authors are able
to create imagery and to communicate ideas using well- chosen words, phrases, and text
structures. Emergent writers struggle with the mechanics of the writing process, i.e. fine
motor control for printing legibly, recall of spelling patterns, and the use of syntax and
grammar rules. As a result, texts written by young writers are simplistic and formulaic. The
artwork facilitates the writing process, resulting in a text that is richer in sensory detail and
more intricate than the more traditional writing-first crayon drawing-second approach.
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SUMMARIZE SPOKEN TEXT
Expert Advice
1. CITIZENSHIP DEVELOPMENT
Last month I published alongside my annual report a subject report on the development of
citizenship in schools. The report celebrates the success of some schools in implementing the
citizenship curriculum. It praises those schools where there have been substantial developments
in the subject, and which now go a long way towards fulfilling national curriculum requirements.
In the report we are critical of schoolswhich have not taken citizenship seriously, either through
reluctance or lack of capacity to make appropriate provision in the curriculum. Citizenship is
marginalised in the curriculum in one fifth of schools. It is less well established in the curriculum
than other subjects, and less well taught and some critics have seized on this as a reason for
wanting to step back from supporting it. Yet, the progress made to date by the more committed
schools suggests that the reasons for introducing citizenship are both worthwhile and can be
fulfilled, given the time and resources. Indeed, those reasons are given added weight by national
and global events of the past few months. While not claiming too much, citizenshipcan address
core skills, attitudes and values that young people need to consider as they come to terms with a
changing world.
Keywords: subject report, development of citizenship, schools, Substantial developments,

fulfilling, national, curriculum requirements, well - established subject, other subjects, well -
taught subject, Committed, Worthwhile reasons, Global, events, subject expertise
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2. BIG BANG THEORY
One of the most amazing things that’s happened even in my lifetime is the prediction of
cosmology.When I started out forty odd years ago, we thought we knew that the universe began a
big bang, some people doubted even then. We thought the universe was about ten or twenty billion
years old. But now for really very sound scientific reasons we can say that the universe did started
in a Big bang and it’s 13.8 billion years old. So it’s not 14, its not 13 because a decimal point in
there and that’s a stunning achievement to know that. And we also know that the laws of physical
that apply to tiny particles inside atoms also explains what happened in the big bang, you can’t
have one without the other. A very neat example of this is that when you apply nuclear physics,
that kind of physics to understand how stars work, you find out that the oldest star in the universe
is about 13 billion years old. So their universe is just a little bit older than the stars. Fantastic, if
we done it and counted in the other way around and said that the stars were older than the universe,
we would say science were in deep trouble. But it’s not, everything fits together and we know how
the universe began, we got to know how the way it is. The future that it suspects we don’t know
quite well what’s going, but we got some ideas, which are as good as those ideas we had 40 years
ago about how big bang happened.
Keywords: Amazing, things, lifetime, prediction of cosmology, forty, odd, years ago, universe, big
bang, people, doubted, twenty billion years, sound, scientific reasons, decimal point, stunning,
achievement, physical, atoms, nuclear physics, oldest star, stars, science, universe, 13.8 billion
years old, nuclear physics, Universe, atoms, stunning achievement, tiny particles.
3. VITAMIN D VERSION 2
So today we're going to finish talking about the fat soluble vitamins. I'm going to start with
Vitamin D. And I think probably most of you know that Vitamin D is called the sunshine vitamin.
And it's called that because there's absolutely no dietary need for vitamin D if you get adequate
sunshine. And the real important word there is ―it is because it turns out that in climates which
aren't near the equator there's a big question as to whether or not using these you get adequate
sunshine. And that's important because foods are not naturally abundant in vitamin D. And that's
why milk is fortified but the fortification may not be enough. So again just exposure to sunlight
is adequate, no need for vitamin D. So Vitamin D really isn'tthe Vitamin, it's a prohormone when
human beings evolve, we evolved in tropical climates and ran around naked. There was plenty of
skin exposure to sunlight. And so there was no dietary need for Vitamin D. As humans migrated
away from that tropical region, they actually created a need for Vitamin D in food because sunlight
was inadequate, particularly during the winter.
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Keywords: Finish, talking, fat, soluble, vitamins, Vitamin D, sunshine, dietary, adequate sunshine,
climates, equator, big question, foods, naturally abundant, fortification, exposure to sunlight,
prohormone, human beings, tropical climates, plenty, skin exposure, sunlight, humans migrated,
tropical regions, sunlight, winter
4. LAUGHTER
Laughter is one of the greatest therapies in combating adversity and whole communities and
nations have frequently relied on humor to get them through the bleakest time. On August 13th,
1961, the barbed wire was rolled out of Berlin to create the Berlin Wall. For nearly 30 years until
it was dismantled, wall jokes proliferated especially among those living in the east. Laughing was
all that was left. Jokes about those who rule and sometimes those who tyrannize you are a form of
folklore that is existed in societies as seemingly different as communist Eastern Europe, Czarist
Russia, modern Egypt, 12th century Persia and modern day (Iran). Humor can also be wonderfully
subversive. They can protect self-respect and identity. In more totalitarian societies laughter
relieves, at least temporarily, the pressures and anxiety of political oppression. Political jokes may
not in themselves topple dictators, but they can provide solace. In a democracy like our own,
perhaps the trouble with political jokes is that they sometimes get elected.
Keywords: The benefits of laughter, A great therapy, Combating adversity, Different communities
(or nations), The Berlin Wall, Wall jokes (or the proliferation of wall jokes), A form of folklore,
Subversive humor, Protecting self-respect and identity, Relieving political oppression, Political
jokes, Providing (or giving) solace, Getting through the bleakest time (or difficult times), Jokes
about rulers and tyrants, Communist Eastern Europe, Czarist Russia, modern Egypt, 12th century
Persia and modern day (Iran), Totalitarian societies, Toppling (or overthrowing) dictators,
Getting elected
5. ENVIRONMENTAL LAW
Before we consider international environmental law and climate change we need to consider
domestic legislation, as it is within the sovereign states that international law is put into practice.
This reflects the environmentalists' maxim, 'think globally, and act locally.' United Kingdom
legislative control over the impacts of mans' activity on the environment is not new. As long ago
as the reign of Charles II the main concern was the production of smoke from the burning of 'sea
coal. Almost all areas of trade and industry were subject to very detailed legislative controls at
that time, although some were governed by 'self- regulation' in the form of guilds, which regulated
both supply and methods of production.
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However, the measures implemented were mostly ineffective because then, as now, the specifying
of legal duties and standards without providing any appropriate enforcement merely indicated
good intentions but were of little practical effect. The next stage was prompted by the Industrial
Revolution with the urbanization of society and its profound effects on the environment. Local
industrialists used the Adam Smith model to maximize their economic benefit, but this was to the
detriment of the local environment with the operation of 'Gresham's Law' that is, the bad drives
out the good. Those industrialists who were concerned for either the health of their employees or
the local environment faced higher costs than their competitors. The result was the need for
increasingly comprehensive statutory controls on the discharge of pollutants into various
receiving media.
Keywords: International environmental law on climate change, Domestic legislation, Thinking

globally and acting locally, The UK government, The Human impacts on the environment,
Inappropriate law enforcement, The Industrial Revolution, Local industrialists,
The Adam Smith model, Maximizing economic benefits, Employees' health, Facing higher costs
(orbecoming less competitive), An environmental maxim, Sea coal smoke, Legislative controls
Self-regulation, Ineffective measures, Legal duties and standards, Little practical effects,
Urbanization, Gresham's law, The local environment.
6. HOUSING PRICE IN AUSTRALIA

Well, it’s like, why is Australian housing is so expensive? Essentially, it‘s showing of how well
the Australian economy has been doing over the last 15 years. We have had 15 years more or less
of an uninterrupted economic growth during which average earning has been raised by close to 90
percent. While over the course of that period, the standard variable mortgage rate has roughly
halved. That meant that the amount which a typical home buying household can afford to borrow
under rules which aren’t strictly applied as they used to be had more than doubled. Over the same
period, rising immigration in falling average household size has meant that the number of
households looking for accommodation has risen by about one and a half million. That’s around
200 thousand more than the number of dwellings has increased by. So you have had a substantial
increase in the purchasing power of households. No net increase in the supply of housing enhances
all that addition purchasing power has gone into pushing up the price of housing.
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Keywords: Australian housing, expensive, Australian economy, uninterrupted economic growth,
average earning, standard, variable mortgage rate, mortgage rate, buying household, afford to
borrow, rising immigration, falling average household, number of households, accommodation,
200 thousand, number ofdwellings, purchasing power, supply of housing, purchasing power, price
of housing.
7. MUSEUM CURATOR
I am going to talk today really mostly about what I do as a curator here at the National Museum
of Australia, but I want to draw some kind of generalities from that in terms of how this series of
curatorial practices if you like, tools, techniques and methods that I think could be of interest to
your students and of interest to you in developing extension history courses. I want to talk about
what I do as a curator and then from that also talk a little bit about the kinds of history that I think
museums are particularly good at creating and communicating. I think this is something I would
really like to discuss because it is not necessarily very well understood that museums as Dave
insisted by putting up my quote in his slide,create a very particular kind of history.
Keywords: talk, curator, National Museum, Australia, kind of generalities, curatorial, practices,
tools, techniques, students, developing extension, museums, creating, communicating, Dave,
compositions, kind of history, collections, uncontested view, material culture, living, construct,
world, historians, interrogate the past, elements, communicate, academic historians, concentrate
on words, university history, draw on things, archival accounts, manuscripts, promulgated,
filmmakers, photographers, creating images, meaningful sequences, exhibitions
8. GOVERNMENT POWER
Well, that’s one aspect of what’s called, reducing government - modifying government, to be
more precise. Another aspect of it is what’s called ―devolution - reducing - moving governmental
power from the Federal to the State level. And that has a kind of a rationale which you hear all
over the time - place. For example, there was an op-ed a couple of weeks ago in the New York
Times by John Cogan - Hoover Institute at Stanford, who has pointed out what he called a
philosophical issue that divides the Democrats from the Republicans. The philosophical issue is
that the Democrats believe in big government and entitlements, and the Republicans believe in
getting power down closer to the people, to the States, because they’re kind of populist types.
Well, it takes about maybe three seconds’ thought to realize that moving power down to the States,
in funding and so on, is just moving it away from the people, for a perfectly elementary reason:
there’s a hidden part of the system - of the power system that you‘re not supposed to know about,
or think about, and that‘s private power.
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Because of our mounting credit card debt and monthly payments that far exceed our family’s
incomes and my kids will also join the class of citizens who can’t rely on their parents for college
support. Do I wish I’d chosen another educational route? You bet. Perhaps trade school – I’ve
thought that being a plumber might not be such a bad gig. But if your job aspirations require a
four-year degree, take my advice and choose a college you can afford, both during and after
graduation. Take a realistic look at your anticipated income, and factor in priorities that don’t carry
a price - like the spouse and children you might want to have some day. I was overconfident that
my student loan debt would pale in comparison to the lucrative writing career I’d enjoy after
graduation. Now I’m paying for that decision - in more ways than I’d ever imagined.
Keywords: reducing government, modifying government, precise, devolution, reducing, moving,

governmental power, federal, state, time, place, weeks ago, New York Times, Zhang Cong
Stanford, philosophical issue, democrats, republicans, big government, big entitlement,
republicans, powered down, people, popular states, three seconds, zones, elementary reason,
hidden part, system, power system,United States, private power
9. TALENT VERSION
In late 1990s, when management consultants wrote books with titles such as the war for talent,
etc. There was a great deal of talk about the talent wars. And I think that was the bursting of the
bubble with the bursting of the dot-dom bubble and a sense of the people who had been the masters
of the universe just a few weeks before we're out on the streets looking for jobs. I think this created
a reaction, it gave me ideas that there was a war for talent. In fact, all of things we saw in the late
1990s are reasserting themselves now. All those shortages are reasserting themselves and the
real reason the auditing was really thebursting of the bubble, not the shortages of talent. There
are very profound structural forces which are creating these talent shortages, one is the fact that
the nature of the economy is changing, it's putting more and more premium upon intellectual skills
analytical skills, creative skills which are in short supply. So there is a demand increase, but there
is also a decrease in supply. Because we are seeing now the aging of the baby boom, the shirking
of populations in Europe and Japan and not very long in China as well andthe sort of stabilization
of the population of the United States so we see a time when there is a greater demand for
intellectual skills and slowing down in the supply of people who possess those skills and also a
mismatch between the sort of things that people are learning at school and university and the sort
of things the economy is placing a premium on particularly with the shortage of trained
people in thesciences and engineering. So for all sort of reasons, there's a premium on talent.
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Keywords: late 1990s, management, consultants, wrote books, war for talent, talent wars, bursting
of the bubble, bursting, dot - com bubble, sense of the people, masters of the universe, streets,
looking, jobs, reasserting themselves, real reason, auditing, profound, structural forces, nature of
the economy, intellectual skills, analytical skills, creative skills, decrease in supply, baby boom,
shirking of populations,Europe, Japan, China, United States, supply of people, school, university,
premium, trained people, sciences, engineering
10. EINSTEIN
For thousands of years, philosophers and astronomers and thinkers of all sorts have imagined that
the universe, the space around us was rather like this floor in front of us. It was fixed and
unchangeable and things happen on it, just as people walk around. So the stars, the comets, and
the planets, and the other heavenly bodies moved around and traced down their parts on this
completely unchanging stage of space. In the 20th century, as the result of Einstein‘s work, that
view of the universe was completely transformed. We began to understand that there was no
absolutely fixed stage of space at all on which all celestial notions were played out. But in some
sense on the larger scale in the universe, the space itself was in this state of a continuous dynamic
change. That was a prediction made by Einstein. But wasn‘t Einstein Harold the owner of making
the discovery that our universe was really like that.
Keywords: thousands, thousands of years, philosophers, astronomers, imagined, universe, space,

unchangeable, walk around, stars, comets, planets, heavenly bodies, stage of space, 20th century,
Einstein’s work, transformed, fixed stage, celestial notions, larger scale, dynamic change,
prediction, Einstein, theory, astronomer, Hubble, 1920s
11. BIOLOGY, DNA AND RNA

Now, the study of biology is responsible for some of the most profounding insights that humans
have, about the world around them. So, take a look at these four panoramas. In the upper left, you
see some bacteria this happen to be equal line; you obviously see a butterfly, a flower, a dolphin.
If you see that at the outer space, just looks these different forms and structures. You have no idea
that they were all related to one to another. So, one of the most profound things that biology told
us is that all life on earth is exceptionally related similar to one to another. So, for example, all of
these life forms rely on DNA and RNA for storing and transmitting in using their genetic and
inherited information. They are all based on cell. Cell is the fundamental building blocks of all
life. All of these organisms consist of cells, and the cells essentially have the same chemicals
inside of them - carbon, hydrogen, oxygen and nitrogen, and the whole bunch of other stuff and
much smaller amount.
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All these organisms conducted metabolism, in other words, chemical reactions that using convert
energy from one form to another. And the basic chemistry is all very similar to one and another.
The type of molecule is used very similar to one and another.
Keywords: Study of biology, profounding insights, humans, four panoramas, upper left, equal line,
butterfly, flower, dolphin, outer space, forms, structures, biology, DNA, RNA, storing,
transmitting, genetic, inherited information, cell, fundamental, building blocks, organisms,
chemicals, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, bunch, organisms, conducted metabolism,
chemical reactions, convert energy, basic chemistry, types of molecule
12. PAYING OFF STUDENT LOAN

I'm 43 years old and I owe tens of thousands of dollars in student loans. Oh sure, I knew the loans
were piling up as I went through school. But with one loan coming from here, another from there,
I had no idea of the rockslide that was building. Fifteen years later, I still experience moments of
sheer horror regarding my family's financial situation. My monthly student loan payment is more
than triple my car payment. OK, so without my college degree, I would not have been able to get
my current job. For that I'm grateful;but at what cost? My loans have been accruing at a rate of 10
percent, and now they have burgeoned to - well, I'm an English major, you do the math. I don't
think they'll ever get paid off. We're in debt way past our eyeballs, and there's no hope in sight.
I'm being kept in class - a financial class of graduates whose only hope for attending college meant
borrowing money from the government. Because of our mounting credit card debt and monthly
payments that far exceed our family's income, my kids will also join theclass of citizens who
can't rely on their parents for college support. Do I wish I'd chosen another educational
route? You bet. Perhaps trade school - I've thought that being a plumber might not be such a bad
gig. But if your job aspirations require a four-year degree, take my advice and choose a college
you can afford, both during and after graduation. Take a realistic look at your anticipated income,
and factor in priorities that don't carry a price - like the spouse and children you might want to
have some day. I was overconfident that my student-loan debt would pale in comparison to the
lucrative writing career I'd enjoy after graduation. Now I'm paying for that decision - in more ways
than I'd ever imagined.
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Keywords: thousands of dollars, family, financial situation, college degree, financial class,
graduates, borrowing money, mounting, credit card, debt, college support, Job aspirations,
anticipated income, student - loan debt, lucrative, writing, career, Paying off student loans,
Monthly loan payment, Finding a job at a high cost, Being in massive debts, Using governmental
support, Joining the class of citizens, Relying on parents’ income, Choosing a different
educational route, An affordable college, Family’s financial situation, A financial class of
graduates, Mounting credit card debt, College support, Job aspirations, The anticipated income
13. NEW ZEALAND

This is my next contribution to New Zealand's super diverse future the status quo is not sustainable
super diversity stock take which I will talk to you about now is designed to help us to adapt to a
super diverse New Zealand to make sure that we fit for the future because New Zealand is super
diverse right now predominately in Auckland but actually throughout New Zealand here we're
already 50% mere Pacifica an Asian 44% are not born in New Zealand and we have over 200
ethnicities now the definition academically of super diversity is 25% not born in New Zealand a
hundred ethnicities so we are almost double that number already and Auckland will continue to
become younger and browner as the Anglo-Saxon population ages and shrinks so the mega trend
here is not age and the myth the mega trend here is not urbanization the mega trend is demography
it's ethnicity and we need to get our head around that because most of the benefits from super
diversity that we as a country are enjoying at the moment such as greater innovation productivity
and a vestment increase New Zealand's financial capital whereas most of the challenges from
super diversity adversely affect New Zealand's social capital however if you don't mitigate the
challenges to your social capital you are not going to maximize sustainably the diversity dividend
benefits for your financial capital.
Keywords: Next, contribution, New Zealand, super diverse future, stocktake, designed, adapt,
super diverse New Zealand, Auckland, 50 percent, Maori, Pacifican, Asian, born, two hundred
ethnicities, younger, browner, Anglo Saxon, population, ages, shrinks, megatrend, urbanization,
demography, benefits, country, great renovation, productivity, investment, financial capital,
social capital, mitigate the challenges, social capital, financial capital
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14. VITAMIN D
Okay, to understand what Vitamin D does, we need to understand the central concept. The function
of Vitamin D is to maintain blood calcium. You probably think the function of Vitamin D is to
maintain strong bones and teeth. But it does that by accident. Its real function is to maintain your
blood calcium level in a very narrow range. And the reason for that is if your blood calcium level
falls below about 9 milligrams per 100 milliliters, then you're longing to be in a big trouble, and
die rather quickly. And that's because blood calcium is important for muscle contraction and nerve
transmission. And if you don't have enough of it, you can't contract muscles normally. There can't
be normal nerve impulses. And this result in a disease called tetany, where you got these
uncontrolled convulsions followed by rapid death. Calcium is also important for enzymic activities
and blood clotting
Keywords: understand, vitamin D, central, concept, function of vitamin D, blood calcium, strong
bones, teeth, accident, real function, calcium level, narrow, level, falls, below, 9 mg, 100 mls, big
trouble, muscle contraction, nerve transmission, contract muscles, nerve impulses, disease,
Tetany, uncontrolled convulsions, rapid death, calcium, enzyme activities, blood clotting
15. AMORY LOVINS

Amory Lovins, who knows who Amory Lovins is? Nobody. Amory Lovins is an unusual
character. He’s something of polymath. Just to say, he sorts of soaks up knowledge across the
wide range of fields. He’s not an academic. He has a consulting company which he runs off until
him recently out of his home in Colorado. He’s outside snow mass in a house built into the side
of a mountain that has no furnace. For about thirty years, he has been kind of iconoclastic or bold
genius, thinking of ways save energy, thinking of ways to solve problems, using technology that
already exist. And he has demonstrated several of them. He also offers he’s something that he’s
such a rebel that people tends to think he’s kind of crazy. Anyway, Elizabeth Kolbert went and
spent some time with Amory Lovins and so he‘s written this piece called Mr. Green.
Keywords: Amory Lovins, unusual character, polymath, sorts of soaks, knowledge, wide range of
fields, academic, consulting company, home, Colorado, snow mass, house built, mountain,
furnace, iconoclastic, bold genius, save energy, solve problems, technology, rebel, people,
Elizabeth Kolbert, piece, Mr. Green
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16. UNIVERSITY COMPETITION
Today a university like the LSE certainly has to acknowledge that it is in competition for the best
students, all of whom have choices they can exercise, and many of them choices which run across
nationaland continental borders. We are in competition, too, for staff. The academic job market is
one of the most global 25 there is. And in the 21st century English is the new Latin, so universities
in English speaking countries are exposed to more intensive competition than that elsewhere. We
are in competition for government funding, through the assessment of research quality. We are in
competition for research contracts, from public and private sector sources, and indeed we are in
competition for the philanthropic pound. Many of our own donors were at more than one
university, and indeed think of the LSEs requests alongside those of other charities to which they
are committed. That is a competitive environment which is particularly visible to a Vice-
Chancellor.
Keywords: LSE, University, national, continental borders, academic, job market, assessment,
research quality, Donors, Being committed, charities, Being visible, vice – chancellor, The LSE
University, Being in Competition for best students, Being in competition for staff, English speaking
countries’ universities, Being exposed to more intensive competition, Government funding,
Research contracts, Public and private sector sources, The philanthropic pound, A competitive
environment, Exercising (or making) choices, National and continental borders, The academic
job market, The assessment of research quality, Donors, Being committed to charities, Being
visible to a vice chancellor
17. STANFORD MANAGEMENT

The Education Leadership Initiative was started by Dean Bob Joss, of Stanford Graduate School
of Business. He talked a lot about the importance of education leadership. Education leaders need
to be dynamic and entrepreneurial change agents. Managing is not enough --increasingly leaders
must rise to the challenge of changing their organizations through innovative, problem-solving
strategies. So we are combining forces from our School of Education and School of Business to
support the development of management skills and leadership capacity for current
superintendents and other central office leaders.The purpose of School of Education is learning
while the purpose of School of Business is management. Now many institutes are providing
education leadership learning opportunities, for profit or non-profit. We want to make sure that
here at Stanford, we are not only delivering the services but with good quality. The program
incorporates case-studies and research-based presentations, discussions, and exercises.
Participants also collaborate and build relationships through group work.
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However, they must realize that it is their own responsibility to achieve and accomplish - what
others can do does not indicate what you are capable of.
Keywords: Education, Leadership, Initiative, Dean Bob Joss, Stanford, Stanford Graduate School
of Business, Business, education leadership, Education leaders, dynamic, entrepreneurial,
leaders, organizations, innovative, problem - solving strategies, School of Education, School of
Business, development, management skills, leadership, superintendents, central office leaders,
institutes, learning opportunities, profit, non - profit, Stanford, good quality, case - studies,
research, research - based presentations, discussions, exercises, collaborate, build, group work,
achieve, accomplish
18. INDIAN DEBT VERSION

The debt today is so high; it‘s two hundred thousand rupees, three hundred thousand rupees of
peasant who have no capital. They, who know within a year or two, when they accumulate that
kind of debt, they will never be able to pay back. Where is the debt coming from? It‘s coming
from a seed that is costing a hundred thousand to two hundred thousand rupees per kilogram,
depending on what you got. Seed that used to be free used to be theirs. Pesticides each time, the
more they use, the more they have to use, 12 sprays, 15 sprays, 20 sprays. Pesticides used in just
the last five years in the land areas of India have shot up by 2000 percent. That‘s what the free
market and globalization have brought. And since we are talking about peasants, who have no
money, who have no capital, they can only buy expensive seeds and expensive pesticides by
borrowing. And who lend them that money? The same companies that sell the pesticides, which
are the same companies that sell the seeds, as you know, are now also the major creditors.
Keywords: 150,000 farmers, India, committed suicide, seed, destroyed, Monsanto, high cost, debt,
suicide, community seed, banks, save seeds, disappearance, farmers needs, 40 community seed,
breadth of India, places, created farmers, distress, biggest cost, seeds and chemicals, crisis of
globalization, climate change, Globalization, suicide zones, farmers , dependency, grow, food
crops, community, extreme flooding, Cyclones, Hurricanes, salinization, word concede, worst
tragedies, crises, Huge (high) debts, Having no capital, Indian peasants, The free market,
Globalization, Expensive seeds and pesticides, Borrowing money from the seed companies, The
major creditors, Accumulating debts, Having no money
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19. LANGUAGE DEATH
However, we have to be realistic. Language death is not mainstream theatre. It is not mainstream
anything. Can you imagine Hollywood taking it on? It is so far outside the mindsets of most people
that they have difficulty appreciating what the crisis is all about, because they are not used to
thinking more about language as an issue in itself. Somehow we need to change these mindsets.
We need to get people thinking about language more explicitly, more intimately, more
enthusiastically. Interest in language is certainly there, in the general population - most people are
fascinated by such topics as where words come from, or what the origin of their town‘s name is,
or whether their baby‘s name means anything; they are certainly prepared to play Scrabble and a
host of other language games ad infinitum; and language games are often found on radio and
television, too - but a willingness to focus that interest on general issues, a preparedness to take
on board the emotion and drama inherent in the situation of language endangerment, is not
something that happens much.
Keywords: Language, death, mainstream, theatre, imagine Hollywood, mindsets, most people,
difficulty, appreciating, thinking more, language, mindsets, people, explicitly, intimately,
enthusiastically, language, general population, fascinated, words, origin, town’s name, baby’s
name, Scrabble, host, language games, ad infinitum, radio, television, willingness, focus, general
issues, preparedness, emotion, drama, situation, language endangerment, endangerment
20. INSTINCT
Instinct is a term used to describe a set of behaviors that are both unlearned and set in motion as
the result of some environmental trigger. Instincts are also often discussed in relation to motivation
since they can also occur in response to an organism's need to satisfy some innate internal drive
tied to survival. Instinctsare present across species and are consistent within individual species. In
other words, many different species rely on instincts, and if one member of a species possesses an
instinct, then they all do. Before we move into a discussion of specific types of instincts, it is
important to distinguish the difference between an instinct and a reflex. Both are types of
unlearned behavior that tend to serve a survival purpose. The difference is that a reflex is a
typically a simple reaction or a response to an environmental trigger whereas an instinct is a much
more complex set of behaviors.
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Keywords: Instinct, term used, behaviors, unlearned, set in motion, environmental trigger,
Instincts, relation, motivation, response, organisms, innate, internal drive, survival, species,
individual species, species possesses, specific types of instincts, reflex, unlearned behavior,
survival purpose, simple reaction, environmental trigger, complex, baby turns, head, pressed,
cheek, effort, nurse, reactionary process, mother, bird regurgitates, food, young, signals of
hunger, reactions, environmental cues, engage,complex behaviors
21. DRUG ADVERTISEMENT

The amount of money drug companies spend on TV ads has doubled in recent years. And it's no
wonder: studies show the commercials' work: consumers go to their doctors with a suggestion for
a prescription drug they saw advertised on TV. Now a study in the Annals of Family Medicine
raises questions about the message these ads promote, NPRs Patty Neighmond reports. You're
most likely to see drug ads during prime time, especially around the news. Researchers analyzed
38 ads aimed at people with conditions like hypertension, herpes, high cholesterol, depression,
arthritis, and allergies. The drug industry says the ads arm consumers with information. But
researchers found that though the information was technically accurate, the tone was misleading.
UCLA psychologist Dominick Frosch headed the study. "What we would see in these ads is that
before taking the prescription drug, the character's life was out of controland the loss of control
really extended beyond just the impact of the health condition, " For example, herpes patients were
portrayed as being incapacitated for days, insomniacs utterly out of synch on the job and depressed
patients friendless and boring at parties. "When the character is then shown taking the drug, he
then magically regains complete control of his life." None of the ads, of course, mentioned lifestyle
changes that could also help treat the condition. After that, it's mass marketing. But in this case,
Frosch says, prescription medications are not soap.
Keywords: drug companies, TV ads, commercials’ work, prescription drug, advertised, TV,
Annals, Family Medicine, NPRs, Patty Neighmond, Researchers, analyzed, hypertension, herpes,
high cholesterol, depression, arthritis, allergies, arm consumers, information, UCLA,
psychologist, Dominick Frosch, prescription drug, loss of control, insomniacs, TV ads, Drug
companies, Advertising prescription drug, Promoted messages by ads, See ads during prime time,
Arming consumers with technically accurate information, The misleading tone, Taking
prescription drugs, The health condition, Regaining complete control of life, Lifestyle changes,
Mass marketing, Not being like a soap
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22. SECRET BEE LIFE
I have been writing non-fiction for years, and secretly wanting to be a novelist. When I first started
writing at the age of 30, it was with the intention of writing fiction, but I took a little detour for 10
or 12 years, and write non-fiction which I absolutely have no regret about at all. I think it's
exactly the right thing for me to do, but there's this dream tucked away inside of me to do this.
Now I remember reading something that Eudora Welty wrote, who is a great novelist from
Mississippi who had a big influence on me actually. She said, "no art ever came out of not risking
your neck." And I think she's absolutely right.It felt that way to me at the time, it actually feels
that way every time I sit down to write something. Finally, in the early 90s, I took my deep breath,
and started writing fiction. It felt risky to me at the time to do that. And one of the very first things
I wrote was, what I thought was going to be the first chapter of a novel, called "The Secret Life of
Bees". I wrote it in 1992, and it is actually essentially the first chapter of the novel as it is now.
Keywords: writing non - fiction, novelist, writing fiction, little detour, dream, tucked, Eudora,
Welty, novelist, Mississippi, risky, Sitting, write, Secret Life of Bees, chapter, novel Writing non-
fiction, Wanting to be a novelist, Starting writing at the age of thirty, The intention of writing
fiction, Taking a little detour, The tucked away dream, The influential quote, The first chapter
of a novel, The Secret Life of Bees, Having no regret, The early 90s, Eudora Welty, the great
novelist from Mississippi, No art ever came out of not risking your neck, feeling risky, Sitting to
write something
23. SEA CREATURES AND WAVE POWER

Sea creatures are inspiring the latest devices that harness wave power. This one called the oyster,
sits on the sea floor, and opens and closes as waves pass over it. Cables attach it to generators on
the shore. Since the November 2009, it’s been powering 9000 homes in the Orkney Islands.
Another device looks like a snake. The anaconda is made from a rubber tube filled with water that
floats just below the surface. When the swell hits the front of it, the tube squeezed above ripples
done its links and powers a turbine in its tail. Prototypes are currently being tested, but the full-
scale version will be 200 meters long. This system also looks like a snake. But this one is made of
steel. It floats near the surface, where waves make its joints move, this drive hydraulic system
that power electrical generators, like the anaconda. It’s still beingtested; results will prove that
these devices are up to the job of supplying viable sources of green energy.
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Keywords: Sea creature, Inspiring, latest devices, Powering, 9000 homes, Orkney, Islands, rubber
tube, filled, bulge ripples, Testing prototypes, full - scale version, Floating, water surface, driving,
hydraulic systems, power, electrical generators, green energy, Sea creatures, Harnessing wave
power, The Oyster, Sitting on the ocean floor (or being installed on the ocean floor), Opening and
closing cycles, Onshore generators, The Anaconda (a snake), A rubber tube Powering a turbine
(electrical generators), A 200- meter-long device, Being made of steel, Green energy, Inspiring
the latest devices, Powering 9000 homes,Testing prototypes. The full-scale version, Floating near
the water surface, Driving hydraulic systems
24. DEFINITION OF RISK

What's the literal definition of "risk"? Business schools use risk analysis. So, what do you mean
by "risk", and we need a dictionary. When you look at dictionary, this is literal, literal definition
of risk. What it says is, the definition for example, the possibility of injury, a dangerous element
or factor, chance of, degree or possibility of such loss, and so on. So, risk has two parts, as you
look at the literal definition of risk. One part is the consequence of some kind of particular danger,
hazard loss. And the other is about the probability, of it: chance and consequence, OK? And
then at least just as English language concerns,when you look up the word of safe and safety,
which you'll earn as, it's a little bit of a loop, a little circular argument that free from harm or risks,
secure from danger, harm or loss, the condition of being safe andso on for all. And why we take
out of it? At least when we talk about safe at least in English language, we are talking absolute
something is safe, or it sounds safe.
Keywords: Literal, definition, risk, Business schools, risk analysis, dictionary, literal, definition,
example, possibility of injury, dangerous element, factor, chance, degree, loss, two parts, danger,
hazard loss, probability, English language, word of safe, safety, little bit, loop, circular argument,
danger, harm, being safe, absolute something, sounds safe
25. EARTHQUAKE AND FAULTS

So faults are breaks in the earth crust, we can identify them because of the discontinuity in the
structure within the earth crust across fault and earthquake occur on these faults, so vary processes
by which these faults moves to a large extent is due to earthquakes. So we have a fault plane and
the earthquake is so focus on this fault plane and the earthquake starts at the particular point on
the fault plane and we call that the focus of the earthquake. The rock prorogate out from that point
on the rupture plain to cover the entire fault plane. The rupture is in that particular earthquake. We
talked about the epicenter of the earthquake a lot. The epicenter is just the surface projection of
the focus of the earthquake.
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So if you wanted to looking at map view where the earthquake was located we would be able to
look that into the earth. We would see the focus down some depth in the earth or the epicenter just
a point vertically above that focus at the surface of the earth. So this is the focus between the faults
and the earthquakes.
Keywords: faults, breaks, earth crust, discontinuity, structure, fault, earthquake, processes, faults
moves, earthquakes, fault plane, rock prorogate, rupture plain, entire fault, rupture, epicenter of
the earthquake, epicenter, projection, looking at map, located, earth, depth, earth, vertically,
surface
26. LANGUAGE DEATH

Language death is not mainstream theatre. It is not mainstream anything. Can you imagine
Hollywood taking it on? It is so far outside the mindsets of most people that they have difficulty
appreciating what thecrisis is all about, because they are not used to thinking more about language
as an issue in itself. Somehow we need to change these mindsets. We need to get people thinking
about language more explicitly, more intimately, more enthusiastically. Interest in language is
certainly there, in the general population - most people are fascinated by such topics as where
words come from, or what the origin of their town‘s name is, or whether their baby‘s name means
anything; they are certainly prepared to play Scrabble and a host of other language games ad
infinitum; and language games are often found on radio and television, too - but a willingness to
focus that interest on general issues, a preparedness to take on board the emotion and drama
inherent in the situation of language endangerment, is not something that happens much.
Keywords: Language, death, mainstream, theatre, imagine Hollywood, mindsets, most people,
difficulty, appreciating, thinking more, language, mindsets, people, explicitly, intimately,
enthusiastically, language, general population, fascinated, words, origin, town’s name, baby’s
name, Scrabble, host, language games, ad infinitum, radio, television, willingness, focus, general
issues, preparedness, emotion, drama, situation, language endangerment, endangerment
27. UGLY BUILDING

It seems to me that architecture is very much something that causes us both pleasure and trouble.
I live in the part of western London where I think many of the streets are, where I live are really-
really ugly, and this distresses me every time I walk to a supermarket or walk to a tube. I think
why did they built that and with terribly without architecture. It last so long, and if you write a bad
book or do a bad play, you know, I will be shocked when it be showed and then no one would
suffer.
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A bad building has a serious impact for, could be hundreds of years on the people around it. And
suppose the book arose a little bit from the frustration, almost anger than there is so much bad
architecture around. And then I realize if you talk about architecture, you will say why building is
not more beautiful. Then you will say I can use such word as "beauty", that's a really arrogant
word. And no one knows what beautiful is. It's all in the eye of beholder. I couldn't help but think
that actually. Well, you know that we all attempt to agree that Rome is nice than Milky kings, and
San Francisco has the edge of Frankfurt, so we can make that sort of generalization, surely they
are something we can say about why a building work or why it doesn't.
Keywords: architecture, pleasure, trouble, western London, streets, really ugly, distresses,
supermarket,walk, terribly, architecture, bad play, shocked, suffer, bad building, serious impact,
hundreds of years, frustration, anger, beautiful, beauty, arrogant, beholder, attempt to agree,
Rome, Milky kings, San Francisco, Frankfurt, generalization, books
28. ECONOMIC GLOBALIZATION

Globalization, what is globalization? I think that it takes on a few different definitions in one sense
of the word. Globalization means proliferation of transactions across country. So, one way of
thinking about globalization is a way to describe, increase international communications, more
trade happening between countries and be less self-sufficient in providing goods and services to
their people and more companies that have offices in multiple countries, which we call
multinationals. So, the source of growth in travel and communication and corporate trade across
borders. And this way of thinking about globalization is the continuation of thinking that has been
around for a long time, such as when the Europeans went to the Orient, to find spices, which was
also an example of global trade and communication. Another way to think of globalization though,
is an economic system. It is a system in which countries become integratedin a way that never had
been before. In this system, we see a global split in the process between consuming and producing
goods. Some countries produce goods, some countries consumed goods, and then these countries
in different areas of the globe depend on each other in a kind of organic solidarity rather than
having an economic system being just inside your country.
Keywords: Globalization, different definitions, sense, word, proliferation of transactions, country,

international communications, trade, self - sufficient, goods and services, people, companies,
countries, multinationals, source of growth, travel, communication, corporate trade, borders,
thinking, Europeans, Orient, global trade, communication, economic system, integrated, global
split, consuming and producing goods, produce goods, consume goods, areas, globe, organic
solidarity, economic system, country functions, economy, economic progression, industrialist
economy, global issue
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29. AGRICULTURE AND URBANIZATION
I am trying here to capture the dynamics that is conventionally being associated with urbanization
developments. And get back once again, to this question of agriculture. Once you have cities and
you also the reverse of the cities, you have countryside. You have rural areas and have this
relationship with urban areas, and it needs to developed agricultural goods. And you trade with
increasing industrial goods. Increasing agriculture productivity reduces labor needs and
opportunities in the rural areas, pushing people towards to the cities. There is this notion that in
order to have progress and development in cities, you need people. If everybody is busing growing
to crops, growing food that exists, you can't have people all going into the city. You need to
increased productivity in the countryside. You need to have one farmerproducing enough food for
more than one family. And then you will have growth and productivity in the countryside, which
will free of people move to the cities. In fact, in many ways, it will compel it. They will go to the
cities and search for jobs and provide labor force for the production of all kinds of things.
Keywords: trying, capture, dynamics, conventionally, urbanization, developments, agriculture,

cities, countryside, rural areas, relationship, urban areas, developed agricultural goods,
industrial goods, agriculture productivity, labour, pushing people, progress, development, busing
growing, crops, growing food, productivity, farmer, food, growth, productivity, people, labor
force,
30. MISUSE OF DRUGS

But what are the dangers of keeping these drugs at home? There are a number of dangers. Parents
should know that leftover drugs are dangerous because they may be accidentally ingested by
children. Either adults don‘t keep the bottles properly closed and stored or because even many
kids can sometimes open childproof lids. Patients may use the drugs after their expiration date.
The leftover drugs may be taken for the wrong reasons. For example, someone may have a viral
infection and self-prescribed to leftover into microbial that was prescribed for a bacterial infection.
But that drug will have no effect as the viral infections. Drugs that are left over might be given to
or taken by someone else who may have a serious allergy to the medicine and who for that reason
would not be prescribed to medicine under the supervision of a physician. Finally, inappropriate
use of drugs promotes drug resistance if the drug is taken for the wrong indication, the wrong
duration, or in the wrong dosage. Todd, what can people do about this how can the situation be
improved? I think physicians, patients and parents of patients can take steps to improve the
situation.
First of all, physicians should prescribe the drug only when appropriate, only in the correct
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amount and only for the correct duration. Also, the physician must stress to the patient that the full
course of the drug must be taken. This is recommended even if symptoms resolved before the end
of the prescription and parents of children on antibiotics need to ensure they complete their course
as well.
Keywords: Dangers, drugs at home, number of dangers, leftover drugs, dangerous, accidentally
ingested, children, adults, bottles, kids, childproof lids, expiration date, viral infection, self -
prescribed, microbial, bacterial infection, serious allergy, medicine, supervision, physician,
inappropriate use, drug resistance, wrong indication, wrong duration, wrong dosage, physicians,
patients, parents, correct amount, stress, symptoms, antibiotics
31. TALENT WAR

I think there is an intense competition at the moment to hire the most talented and most
intellectually able people. There is a time when I think companies have many of the adventures in
the world. That involves the companies' world. It was the bosses' world. Now I think it reverses
the case. We have a shortage in talent base within countries and between countries, have an intense
battle between companies to hire the most talented workers and also between countries, which are
looking to recruit talented young people, talented young immigrants. We have this sense of
immigrants being things that countries are battled to keep out, and immigrants want to get in,
climb of the walls. I think the opposite isn't that the case. And thetopic is that countries are trying
to lure bright young people to get them to go to universities and get them to become immigrants.
So, on many levels, talent is a premium. There is a shortage of talent, and so countries, companies,
all sorts of organizations, of course, volunteer organizations as well as, are competing to hire the
best and the brightest. You know we have a baby-boom population which is aging. We have an
economy which is becoming more sophisticated. And so, for all those sorts of reasons, talent is a
premium.
Keywords: intense competition, moment, talented, intellectually able people, companies,

adventures, world, bosses world, Reversing the case, shortage of talent, countries, Battling,
immigrants, Becoming immigrants, between companies, talented, workforce, recruit talented,
young people, battled, climb of the walls, opposite, bright, universities, sorts of organizations,
volunteer organizations, baby - boom population, economy, sophisticated, talent, premium
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LISTENING FILL IN THE BLANKS
Expert Advice
1. INTEGRATED TICKETING:
Well in 2004 we integrated ticketing in South East Queensland, so we introduced a paper

ticket that allowed you to travel across all the three modes in South East Queensland, so
bus, train and ferry and the second stage of integrated ticketing is the introduction of a
Smart Card, and the Smart Card will enable people to store value so to put value on the
card, and then to use the card for traveling around the system.
2. OCEAN CURRENTS:
For many years, the favorite horror story about abrupt climate change was that a shift in
ocean currents could radically cool Europe's climate. These currents, called the overturning
circulation, bring warm water and warm temperatures north from the equator to Europe.
Susan Lozier, an oceanographer at Duke University, says scientists have long worried that
this ocean circulation could be disrupted.
3. EARTH WARNING:
The Earth is warning. Almost all the Arctic summer ice may have melted by the end of the
century, claims the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change the IPCC. The upside.
Access to an estimated quarter of the world's oil and gas resources and the opening of the
fabled Northwest Passage. The downside. The Arctic wilderness is lost as neighboring
countries, Denmark and Greenland, Russia, Canada, Norway, and the United States all
race to share in the bounty.
4. ARTS AND HUMANITIES:
My current research at the moment is really quite broad. I work at the interface between
the Arts and Humanities, particularly archeology, but trying to find questions which are
difficult to answer unless you start integrating computing and visualization So really I
work in this boundary between trying to understand cultural questions about the past, but
those sorts of questions that you can't address unless you start reconstructing, start
modeling and visualizing past landscapes objects and movement of people.
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5. SHARE PRICES:
Well, the simple explanation might be that yesterday's sudden drop in share prices pretty
much across the board has created what market analysts like to call a buying opportunity.
It tends to bring out investors to pick through the ruins, looking for bargains. Decision by
investors that sellers got a little carried away with things so the buyers have lifted all the
major indexes today. The Dow, the NASDAQ, the S&P 500 were all up around half a
percent in early trading today, and that wasn't a big surprise. The sell-off continued
somewhat overseas European markets remain fairly weak, along with many of the Asian
markets. But you'll remember that all this started with a big plunge of around 9 percent on
the stock market in Shanghai. Well, Chinese rebounded by around 4 percent.
6. ALMONDS:
And one particular crop, almond in the US and now in Australia, is transforming the world
of beekeeping and of bees. What has happened is that something serendipitous came along
that people found out, that doctors found out that almonds are good for you, a confection
but it's good for you? The Almond Board got a very aggressive promotion going on for
almonds. They actually, I just heard recently, send out sales reps to cardiologists at
hospitals to promote the heart benefits of almonds. In a very good promotion of almonds,
and it's legitimate promotion because they are a healthy food.
7. PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY:
It is about a hundred years since that great Canadian-born physician Sir William Osler,
Regius Professor of Medicine in Oxford, complained about the increasing influence of the
pharmaceutical industry on the medical profession. He would be turning in his grave at the
way the industry now dominates doctors' prescribing habits. It does this not only by direct
and indirect pressure on the doctors themselves, but also by encouraging the public to ask
for scripts.
8. ECONOMICS SIGNS:
Signs that secure borrowing remains robust and firm data on manufacturing and retail
sales, released on Thursday, painted the picture of an economy that has yet to be cooled
by the recent states spate of interest rate rises
9. MARS TOUCHDOWN:
Touchdown confirmed. We are safe on Mars. The control room at NASA’s Jet Propulsion
laboratory late in the evening of August 5th, Pacific time, when word arrived that the
Curiosity rover had landed safely on Mars. The one-ton rover, which dwarfs all Mars
landers that came before it, will now spend a planned two years exploring the Martian
surface. The mission is expected to cost $2.5 billion. Curiosity’s task is to investigate the
inside of Gale Crater, where a giant mound of sedimentary deposits may provide evidence
of a wetter, possibly habitable Mars billions of years ago.
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But first it had to survive an elaborate landing sequence which appears to have gone
smoothly. Curiosity landed on time and on target and soon beamed back grainy photos of
its wheels and its shadow. Given the carlike size of the rover and the challenges of landing
on Mars, Curiosity’s landing goes down as one of the greatest parking jobs in history.
10. CULTURAL HERITAGE:
All around the world, significant parts of our cultural heritage are threatened by pollution,
neglect, carelessness and greed. In learning the importance of our history, we come to
understand the need to protect significant remains from the past so that future generations
can come to understand their heritage.
11. DOGS:
Dogs are not just man’s best friend. Previous studies have shown that kids with dogs are
less likely to develop asthma. Now a new study may show how - if results from mice apply
to us. The work was presented at a meeting of the American Society for Microbiology .
The study tests what's called the hygiene hypothesis. The idea is that extreme cleanliness
may actually promote disease later on. Researchers collected dust from homes that had a
dog. They fed that house dust to mice. They then infected the mice with a common
childhood infection called respiratory syncytial virus - or RSV.
12. JACK NICHOLSON:
Jack Nicholson, playing the crazed caretaker in The Shining, makes me reach for a blanket.
Now a study finds that people we find, well, creepy can actually make us feel colder. The
research will be published in the journal Psychological Science. Researchers interviewed
40 college undergraduates. During each interaction, the experimenter was either chummy
with the student or very stiff and professional. The investigator also alternated between
mimicking students’ posture — a signal of rapport - and not doing anything at all.
Participants then completed a questionnaire designed to find out how hot or cold they felt.
The results showed that the subjects actually felt colder when the investigator acted
inappropriately or sent mixed signals. The researchers conjecture that because the brain
tries to interpret social cues and purely physical ones simultaneously people unconsciously
associate icy stares and chilly interactions with actual physical coldness. So the next time
you have to visit your doctor with the creepy receptionist bring a sweater.
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13. HORMONE:
The word hormone is derived from a Greek verb that means to excite. Hormones are found
in all multicellular organisms and function to coordinate the parts of the organism. A
hormone is a chemical signal. It is produced by one part of the body and is then transported
to other parts of the body where it triggers responses in cells and tissues. The concept of
chemical messengers and plants first emerged from a series of classic experiments on how
plant stands respond to light. Think about this, a houseplant on the windowsill grows
toward light. If you rotate the plant, it will soon reorient its growth until its leaves again
face the window, the growth of a plant toward light is called photo tropism in a forest or
other natural ecosystem where plants may be crowded.
14. INTERVIEWS:
Obviously, this is all relevant to your final assignment. So we're going to talk about it. So
until today, we've gone through face to face interviews as the main sort of part of
interviewing the window. Today we're going to have a look at going to use an email and
why they work, why they don't necessarily work, and what are the challenges and some of
the things that we need to understand, you know when we are completing such interpreters.
So let's start with the foreign one. Obviously, there are a few benefits to them, and they are
listed there up on that slide. It's obviously less stressful for those of you who might be a
little bit anxious about interviewing.
15. DAVE HACKENBERG:
Dave Hackenberg, a beekeeper since 1962, can usually tell what killed his bees just by
looking at them. If they're lying on the ground in front of a hive, it's probably pesticides,
he says. If the bees are deformed and wingless, it's probably vampire mites. But last fall,
Hackenberg saw something he had never seen before. Thousands of his bee colonies
simply disappeared. He was in Florida at the time, pulling the lids off some of his
commercial hives. To his horror, they were all empty.
16. CARS IN AMERICA
There are some 250 million cars in America, 250 million cars in the country with just over
300 million people. And most of those vehicles, of course, are gas powered. This
poses a huge challenge given the limited supplies of oil and the growing urgency of the
global warming crisis. But there is good news, according to our guests today. And that is
we have the know-how and the technology to build sleek, fast automobiles that don't use
gasoline. These vehicles of tomorrow are powered by hydrogen, electricity, bio-fuels, and
digital technology. And they already exist. So what's stopping us from putting them on the
roads? Our guests today will help answer that.
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17. SOCIAL HARM
Social harm originates out of a series of debates within criminology about the narrowness
of the definition of crime, that essentially, focuses on individual acts of harm, things like
inter-personal violence, theft, so on and so forth. So the idea of social harm originally was
to expand that notion of harm to encompass the harms that organisations cause that nation
states cause. But latterly the idea of social harm really now transcends criminology so there
are a group of writers who think that and I would include myself there that actually there's
something to social harm that could be very useful in terms of trying to understand the
harms that occur within society,to produce an objective and well-rounded analyses of harm.
18. CANDACE GALEN
Candace Galen is based at the University of Missouri, in Columbia. And, being a biologist,
she thought, why not use this astronomical phenomenon to study a biological one?
Specifically: as the skies darkened would daytime pollinators, like bumblebees and
honeybees, call it quits "What better activity during an eclipse than to go out with a recorder
and record the bees?" "So Galen asked 400 citizen scientists - including young students -
to place audio recorders in 16 flower patches along the path of totality, in Oregon, Idaho
and Missouri. When they analyzed the audio, they found that during partial eclipse, bee
buzzing continued. But when totality hit, the bees went silent and only the conversational
buzz of human observers could be heard. Then, as the moon passed and the sun again lit
up the sky, the bees regained their buzz.
19. GREEN CHEMISTRY

Green Chemistry is a concept designed to develop technologies which allow chemistry to
be practiced with minimal damage to the environment, or in an environmentally compatible
way, and it's meant to cover both chemical processes and chemical products. The center was
set up about seven or eight years ago. And the idea was to provide a hub of activities that
covered fundamental research work, international collaboration, but also educational
development on public understanding of the project as well, and also networking so we
network out to well over 1000 people around the globe.
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20. OCEAN CURRENTS
For many years, the favorite horror story about abrupt climate change was that a shift in
ocean currents could radically cool Europe's climate. These currents, called the
overturning circulation, bring warm water and warm temperatures north from the equator
to Europe. Susan Lozier, an oceanographer at Duke University, says scientists have long
worried that this ocean circulation could be disrupted.
21. FOOD AND DRUG ADMINISTRATION
It all started last spring when the Food and Drug Administration placed a black box
warning on some popular anemia drugs. The labels warn against using the drugs in cancer
patients with relatively mild anemia resulting from chemotherapy. The FDA says the drugs
clearly shorten survival and speed the progression of cancer. In people with slightly
worse anemia, the drugsmight have the same effects. To Barry Straube, Medicare's chief
medical officer, the message was clear.
22. FINANCIAL MARKETS

Financial markets swung wildly yesterday in the frenzied trading market by further selling
of equities and fears about an unraveling of the global carry trade. At the same time,
trading in the US and European credit markets were exceptionally heavy for a third
consecutive day. London trading was marked by particularly wild swings in the prices of
credit derivatives, used to ensure investors against corporate defaults.
23. CONTRACT PATTERNS GENERATOR
In animals, a movement is coordinated by a cluster of neurons in the spinal cord called the
central contract patterns generator (CPG). This produces signals that drive muscles to
contract rhythmically in a way that produces running or walking, depending on the pattern
of pulses. A simple signal from the brain instructs the CPG to switch between different
modes such as going from a standstill to walking.
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Expert advice
1. In computer degree, there is a new module in artificial intelligence.

2. The guidelines are due to be updated shortly.
3. Journalists need to work with a range of technologies.
4. The center that has just been built will serve our community.
5. Please cite several sources in your work.
6. All students are expected to attend ten lab sessions per semester.
7. Although sustainable development is not easy, it is an unavoidable responsibility.
8. An architect is required of problem-solving skills and an eye of design.
9. Building trust is not something that can be achieved overnight.
10. Certain scientific principles need to be learned verbally or by a logical deduction.
11. Please click the logo above to enter the site.
12. Climate change is now an acceptable phenomenon among a group of reputable
scientists.
13. Collaboration between departments is a feature of successful companies.
14. Competition for places in this course is fierce.
15. Economic problems caused a big rise in unemployment.
16. Education and training provide important skills for the labor force.
17. Find out how to get your resources before your research.
18. Geography is generally divided into two branches: human and physical.
19. Student representatives will be visiting classes with voting forms.
20. We haven't fixed on a date for the final meeting yet.
21. The teacher hasn't done much preparation for the class.
22. Studying can be more effective if one changes their environment while studying.
23. Students are required to participate in the mathematics lecture next Friday.
24. He failed to pass the exam because of his carelessness.
25. The weekly seminar is based on an analysis of the African cultures.
26. You can never go to college if you drop out of high school.
27. She is never absent from school without a reasonable cause.
28. Student assistants will support new students with their study and accommodation.
29. Good teamwork enables us to get the job done on time.
30. The cost of transport is a major expense for the industry.
31. The intern has intended to leave the firm next Saturday.
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32. This course provides valuable information for work experience.
33. None of the alternatives are satisfactory.
34. Students must register for shared accommodation.
35. Studying philosophy can help learners think in new ways.
36. The police phones are difficult to call, so crime rates are high.
37. The university will see colossal renovation to the faint, empty theater.
38. The subject was complex and difficult to explain.
39. Most of penguins live in southern Atlantic Sea.
40. We will study the following pictures in the next lecture.
41. The lecture is intended to promote serious thoughts and discussions.
42. He is almost never in his office.
43. I thought a good architectural structure should be useful, durable and beautiful.
44. A massive accumulation of data was converted to a communicable argument.
45. We can all meet at my office after the lecture.
46. You can make an appointment to meet the librarian.
47. All industries are a system of inputs, processes, outputs and feedback.
48. Leaving valuable possessions unattended in public place is risky.
49. Students will develop confidence in their ability to think critically.
50. He landed a job in a prestigious law firm.
51. Academic development needs the support of the government.
52. It is not possible to solve the problem easily.
53. He had failed to prepare adequately for the task.
54. The student support will be upgraded shortly.
55. He wants to study medicine but needs more qualifications.
56. Review all your sources before drawing any definitive conclusions.
57. The supposed benefit of space exploration has been frequently questioned.
58. The speaker began by giving an outline of her presentation.
59. Students requiring an extension should apply sooner rather than later.
60. A bar chart is a useful means of data comparison.
61. The business policy seminar includes an internship with a local firm.
62. The cafeteria features soup, salads, sandwiches, fish and chicken.
63. The earth atmosphere is primarily composed of nitrogen and oxygen gases.
64. You should return books to the library before ending your term.
65. The university theater group will be performing in the concert hall.
66. Fee is the key factor for university students to choose courses.
67. Anatomy is the study of internal and external body structures.
68. Keep your audience in your mind when writing an essay.
69. Excellent knowledge is needed for mathematics.
70. We have to reduce the use of our plastic material.
71. Many businesses near the campus offer students discounts.
72. The study of ecology integrates both traditional sciences and life sciences.
73. Different factors affect the freezing time of water.
74. The subject is complex and difficult to explain.
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75. Experience would be an advantage for this managerial role.
76. Background music can help students concentrate on their studies.
77. Your accountant will tell you how to complete these forms.
78. Our factory has a strict rule against smoking.
79. The weather report advised us to prepare for a big freeze.
80. I am convinced that mathematical thinking is crucial for statistics study.
81. To take this course, students should have basic subject knowledge.
82. All the new students will be gathering at the canteen before the class starts.
83. Mathematics can be applied in various disciplines.
84. Reserved collection books contribute to the most achievements of students.
85. Many language learners should maintain a list of vocabulary.
86. There are a number of people who like to go to the countryside areas.
87. All students are expected to participate in all class activities.
88. A wide range of aspects are covered in this subject.
89. The lecture will take place in the main hall.
90. Humans use symbolic languages to communicate plans and contentions.
91. Online courses enable people to improve their skills while employed.
92. Joining a society can help to meet new people.
93. The field of journalism has been seeing job declines for decades.
94. Exam results will be published on the notice board.
95. Literature class will be available for the students in midday on Friday.
96. These students will become the greatest scientists at all times.
97. Patients diagnosed with heart failure will often report being depressed.
98. His academic supervisor called in to see him last night.
99. High fees caused students to look more critically at what universities offer.
100. Further research should be established whether this trend is significant.
101. All funding requests must be submitted on the appropriate form.
102. You will work as part of a team for this project.
103. The speaker began the outlines before the presentation.
104. The use of wind energy has increased rapidly.
105. Application forms should be submitted in one week.
106. The program depends entirely on private funding.
107. You should submit your term papers to the general office.
108. The earth's atmosphere is primarily composed of oxygen and nitrogen gases.
109. If you want to receive the reimbursement, you must submit the original receipts.
110. Science and technology are good for the global economy.
111. Practical experience is a vital part of legal training.
112. Science is found everywhere in society today.
113. There will be no tutorials until next week.
114. The course places considerable emphasis on critical thinking skills.
115. Classical mechanics is sometimes considered as a branch of mathematics.
116. The change of policy will have a great effect on society.
117. The theme of the course is to encourage students to develop their creativity.
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118. Scientists have found all parts of science.
119. Laundry facilities are available in each school unit for free of charge.
120. Nowadays, accounting is far more important for businesses than ever before.
121. All candidates must leave the hall only after the exam.
122. The teacher asked the group to complete the task.
123. The generous donation by alumni helps to fund the school.
124. Globalization has been an overwhelming urbanization phenomenon.
125. All essays and seminar papers must be submitted to your tutor via email.
126. Tutors will arrange to meet all new students next week.
127. It is important for scientists to publish their research.
128. The company was established in London by two former colleagues.
129. Computer science has become a popular university degree course.
130. People have been dependent on using phones in their everyday life.
131. Archaeologists discover tools and fossils from ancient times.
132. The local government has adopted a plan for infrastructure development.
133. Scientists were unsure when the early man first left Africa.
134. Advanced technology will grow the economy.
135. Global connections thrive in academic communities, thanks to social media.
136. Many food crops require a large amount of water and fertilizer.
137. You do not need to have specialist knowledge to enjoy this book.
138. Foods containing overabundant calories supply little or no nutritional value.
139. A pie chart provides a useful means of data comparison.
140. The posters are on display at the larger lecture theater.
141. There is a widely believed perception that engineering is for boys.
142. The study center in the library has all the latest technologies.
143. The blue whale is the largest animal that ever lived.
144. The typical part of this course involves the study of society.
145. The untapped potential use of sunrays is phenomenal.
146. New materials and techniques are changing the style of architecture.
147. Lecture outlines are available on the faculty board and the internal website.
148. Protective goggles must be worn in all the university's laboratories.
149. Rising inflation may indicate the increasing demands for consumer products.
150. Essays and assignments spread out across the academic year.
151. New credit cards will soon use fingerprint technology.
152. Calculators may not be used in the examination.
153. Assignments should be submitted to the department office before the deadline.
154. All industries consist of systems as inputs, processes, outputs and feedback.
155. The untapped potential of using the sun's rays is phenomenal.
156. Scientists were unsure when the early man left Africa.
157. New media journalism is an exciting area of study.
158. Packaging is very important to attract intentioned buyers.
159. All new medical school students must attend the talk about optional courses.
160. Artificial intelligence has made significant progress for the last few years.
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161. The key witnesses to the event have conflicting recollections.
162. Changing your interest is a natural part of the learning process.
163. He wrote poetry and plays as well as scientific papers.
164. Cells are the basic building blocks of all animals and plants.
165. The economic predictions turned out to be incorrect.
166. The key witnesses of the event are factors of your convention.
167. Theater study courses encourage students to exercise creativity.
168. You will study two core and three optional modules.
169. Information technology has changed the way people study today.
170. A world-renowned expert of financial management will give a guest lecture.
171. Students are advised that all the lectures today have been canceled.
172. Practical experiments are an essential part of the chemistry course.
173. There is an accounting assignment for finance students.
174. The commissioner will portion the funds among all the sovereignties.
175. That means they have so many struggling overlaps.
176. The article extrapolates a number of very interesting experiments.
177. You will be tested via continuous assessment and examinations.
178. A good abstract highlights the key points of your paper.
179. Students must attend the safety course before entering the engineering workshop.
180. The digital camera has some advantages over traditional film.
181. The history course is assessed via three written assignments.
182. Relying on natural ability will not get you far on science.
183. The project is divided into four main sections.
184. These three separate resources are not enough for this assessment.
185. Students would develop confidence on their ability to think critically.
186. We are researching on the most significant challenges we are facing today.
187. The universities provide excellent leisure facilities for students and staff.
188. The resources cited are not enough for this assessment.
189. It takes a long time to walk to the university.
190. Measures must be taken to prevent unemployment rate from increasing.
191. There is no fixed career path for a qualified journalist.
192. Philosophy uses logic and reasons to analyze human experience.
193. All of your assignments should be submitted by next Tuesday.
194. We can all meet in the office after the lecture.
195. It is necessary to dress formally for the graduation ceremony.
196. Physics is a key subject to understand the world and the universe.
197. There is not much interconnection between philosophy and psychology.
198. The north campus car park could be closed on Sunday.
199. The printers automatically print two sides of each page.
200. Archeologists discovered tools and artifacts in ancient tombs.
201. Speak to your tutor if you need further assistance.
202. Academic development needs to be supported by governments.
203. Key business partners are often intertwined in expense accounts.
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204. Farming methods around the world have greatly developed recently.
205. Classical mechanics is considered as a branch of mathematical physics.
206. Studying medicine is always with a wide range of opportunities.
207. New developments in manufacturing are constantly changing the way we live.
208. The university provides different facilities for students and staff.
209. This advanced course requires a basic knowledge of economic theory.
210. Air pollution is a serious problem all over the world.
211. This book can be borrowed for a maximum of one week.
212. Banks charge interest for money they loan to their customers.
213. Tutors should set a clear goal at the start of the class.
214. This course puts great emphasis on critical thinking skills.
215. There are more opportunities to receive the grants in most artistic fields.
216. The visiting speaker used to be a lecturer in this department.
217. The site is designed to be highly interactive.
218. The poster of this play is hung in the large lecture theater.
219. The cooperator operates a continuous assessment.
220. Student advisor was aware that lecture today has been canceled.
221. Several candidates will be qualified as the greatest scientists of all time.
222. Science library is currently located on the ground of the library.
223. Peer review is an essential part of the scientific method.
224. The library holds a substantial collection of materials on economic history.
225. The study shows that there are positive connections between the two variables.
226. We have sufficient ways to study in brain action.
227. The railways were made to make distant travel possible.
228. This class will look at the structure of the essay.
229. This paper challenged the previously accepted theories.
230. Native speakers are exempted from the language tests in their own languages.
231. Everyone must evacuate the premises during the fire drill.
232. Many vocational courses in the institution are funded by private enterprises.
233. Despite their differences, all forms of lives share the same characteristics.
234. You will need to purchase an academic gown before the commencement.
235. You should submit your team papers to the general office.
236. You need to hand in the essay next semester.
237. You may need to purchase an academic gown before the commencement.
238. Banks charged interest from whom they lent money to.
239. Good nutrition is crucial to the general health and vitality.
240. His appointment as Minister of Culture was seen as a demotion.
241. Art is an expression of creative skills and imagination.
242. A good research assistant is not afraid to ask questions.
243. You can contact all your tutors by email.
244. When launching a product, researching and marketing are very vital.
245. We have sophisticated ways to study in brain action.
246. We can work together to achieve the higher educational standards.
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247. University fees are expected to increase next year.
248. Understanding how to use the library will save your time.
249. Travelling by boat on the river is not possible in winter.
250. Those who are considering a career in marketing should attend the talk.
251. This course provides the opportunity to get valuable industry experience.
252. Our laboratory equipment is provided free of charge.
253. The extent of advertising for children is open to much debate.
254. The earth's atmosphere is mostly composed of nitrogen and oxygen.
255. The early works were more philosophical rather than experimental.
256. More research is needed before any definitive conclusion is drawn.
257. Manufacturing now brings more people in than agriculture and fishing combined.
258. It would be extremely beneficial to work together.
259. In his lifetime, he composed most of the works.
260. There is a pharmacy on campus near the bookstore.
261. Economic development needs to be supported by the government.
262. As student union members, we can influence the change of the university.
263. Distance learning allows you to develop a career around your commitments.
264. Continuing students will be sent necessary application forms.
265. Your lowest quiz grade has been omitted from the calculations.
266. Student concession cards can be obtained by completing an application form.
267. Students are instructed to hand in their assignments by the end of this week.
268. This course is integrated because it has several parts.
269. The economy is now on its first signs of recovery.
270. There is clearly a need for further research in this field.
271. The university theatre group will be performing in the concert hall.
272. The teacher asked the group to commence the task.
273. The school's summer programs help students to accelerate their studies.
274. There is a welcome party for all new students each term.
275. The rising temperature is changing the wildlife population.
276. The massive accumulation of data was converted into a communicable argument.
277. The lecture will cover the reason of climate change.
278. There is a clear need for further research in this field.
279. The key difference between courses is the kind of assessment.
280. The island is located at the south end of the bay.
281. The faculty staff are very approachable, helpful and extremely friendly.
282. The director of the gallery was grateful for the anonymous donation.
283. Students requiring for an extension should apply sooner rather than later.
284. Students have the options to live in college residences or apartments.
285. The designers will complete the plan later today.
286. The dance department stages elaborated performances each semester.
287. The courses cover several aspects of the subject.
288. The city's founders created a set of rules that became laws.
289. The chemistry building is located near the entrance of the campus.
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290. The camera can identify eyes and focus on them.
291. The cafeteria features sandwiches, salads, soup, fish and chicken.
292. The business plan seminar includes an internship with a local firm.
293. Students are encouraged to think carefully about their accommodation needs.
294. The bar chart provides useful means of data comparison.
295. The author's early works are less philosophical and more experimental.
296. She began by giving an outline of the previous lecture.
297. Sea levels are expected to rise during the next century.
298. Scientists are always asking the government for more money.
299. The artists tied with the conservative politicians earned the roles of critics.
300. The article considered the leisure habits of teenagers in rural areas or places.
301. The ability to work with fellow students cannot be stressed enough.
302. Supply and demand is one of the most fundamental concepts in economics.
303. Studies show there is a positive correlation between two variables.
304. Remember to sign the attendance register before leaving the lecture hall.
305. Read the student safety instructions before using any equipment in the workshops.
306. Students will focus on reporting news on the changing media world.
307. The railway makes long-distance travel possible for everyone.
308. The other book is not thorough but it's more insightful.
309. The new paper challenged the previously accepted theories.
310. Students should have awareness of how the business develops globally.
311. Some students find true-or-false questions harder than short answer questions.
312. Some departments have their own special book collections.
313. She has made a significant contribution to the field of chemistry.
314. Scientific beneficiary to space exploration is frequently questioned.
315. Safety glasses should be worn while doing experiments in the lab.
316. Review all resources before drawing your conclusions.
317. Read the first section before the next meeting.
318. Radio is a popular form of entertainment throughout the world.
319. A good architectural structure should be usable, durable and beautiful.
320. Interim grades will be posted on the board outside the student lounge.
321. The results of the study underscore the discoveries from early detection.
322. Student representatives will visit classes with voting forms.
323. Please check the information on the website for the opening times.
324. Novelists write things about things they know about.
325. No more than four people can be in the lab at once.
326. Mutually exclusive events can be described as either complementary or opposite.
327. Most university teaching takes place in lectures and seminars.
328. Making mistakes is fine, as long as you learn from it.
329. All of the assignments must be submitted in person to the faculty office.
330. Library reference desks hold a lot of materials on academic history.
331. It was hard to anticipate how all the different characters would react.
332. Organization plays an important role in academic literature.
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333. It may not mean that it is possible to solve the problem easily.
334. I don't think it's possible to solve the problem easily.
335. He landed his job in a very prestigious law firm.
336. Most of these features were part of the previous system.
337. Sleep is believed to play a critical role in storing memories.
338. This job is very challenging and demanding for new graduates.
339. Some of the farmland has been devastated by floods and draughts.
340. These projects will provide vital links between companies and universities.
341. This research team has been suffering from lack of funds.
342. They joined us to spend the rest of the school holiday.
343. Scientists used an analytical method to solve this issue.
344. These workbooks are available at many bookstores near our school.
345. It is very common for college students to live on campus.
346. Computer science is taught by an honourable professor in this university.
347. Students must present a valid identification to enroll in this course.
348. Universities across the United Kingdom welcome a range of students.
349. He is unstoppable in his career.
350. You can borrow eight books from the library at a time.
351. Lives cannot be scientifically explained by theories.
352. The manager told us to finish the job within this week.
353. If we don't sell more, we have to cut back production.
354. As a student, she had a reputation for being late.
355. These young students are grouped by the teachers according to their age.
356. Students were asked to share their thoughts about this article.
357. Overseas students are currently facing difficulties going back to university.
358. The volunteers have brought lots of books for the children.
359. The university now faces a serious challenge of finance.
360. She managed to get another ticket for the concert for her friend.
361. The company has refused her demand for a pay rise.
362. He has a wide knowledge of painting and music.
363. The police officer wrote the details down in his notebook.
364. Students have to study the biology science as an extended major.
365. You need to work harder to pass the final test.
366. The challenges our healthcare sector faces are bigger than ever.
367. Academic dishonesty is regarded as a serious offence in universities.
368. Some students would choose to travel overseas during their gap year.
369. Children in this village enjoy free education and medical care.
370. The studies have been carried out on children who are overweight.
371. The music has distracted most of these students from their study.
372. Classrooms make teachers connect with students in a more efficient way.
373. We have been seeking to protect the quality of teaching and learning.
374. Many universities have successfully developed online courses over the last year.
375. Thousands of students are leaving college because of mental health issues.
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376. The government will continue to offer financial aids to students.
377. Scientists use new technologies in labs.
378. It is not always possible to find patterns in data.
379. Understanding ancient poetry is efficient for the project.
380. The rising temperature has led to lower agricultural output.
381. Life cannot be scientifically explained by theories.
382. Most students need to be prepared for exams.
383. The assignment submission has been extended by weeks.
384. The date of publication should be included in the reference.
385. We have found further scientific evidence for this geology theory.
386. The report stressed that students need to improve their reading abilities.
387. The team declared to have made a great scientific discovery.
388. The purpose of the project was to raise money for medical supplies.
389. We interviewed each individual member of this special community.
390. My time spent in the library had been very productive.
391. The center that has just been built will serve our community.
392. Last summer we rented out our house and went camping.
393. The campaign is intended to educate the public to respect the environment.
394. The management of many new colleges was less than satisfactory.
395. They have been asked to move out of their rented studio.
396. The university is highly rated for its research accuracy and ability.
397. We need more money to build roads, hospitals and schools.
398. The school has made a promotional video to attract new students.
399. Children need to be educated on the danger of taking drugs.
400. This book offers many teachers a new way to encourage students.
401. Our professor is now on leave after a busy semester.
402. This physics lab is closed because of some technical issues.
403. The curriculum of the school does not include any sports activities.
404. He went to his office more frequently during the school year.
405. Our students have attended the summer camp hosted by the university.
406. These graduate students have been advised to seek other mentors.
407. This occupation requires a good demand of Spanish and French.
408. Some teachers prefer to talk with students in the hallway.
409. The professor of computer science is giving a lecture to students.
410. The council has rejected his proposal to build more office accommodation.
411. This book mainly introduces the history of physics and astronomy.
412. The instructor started with his lecture notes to show his ideas.
413. Half of middle school students have received special education services.
414. Agenda items should be submitted by the end of the day.
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LA PREDICTION (8th April To 14th April 2022)

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8. AUSTRALIAN MINING INDUSTRY:

10. FINANCIAL CRISIS:

11. INFORMATIVE SPEECH:

14. TEA CEREMONY:

16. MEASURABLE BENEFIT:

18. MARKETING MANGEMENT:

19. DOMESTIC DIVISION:

21. 21st CENTURY:

22. DEAF CHILDREN:

25. SATELLITE IMAGERY:

27. CARBON EMISSION:

28. PEPTIC ULCER:

30. TESLA AND EDISON:

31. MATURE TREE:

32. NIGHT SKY:

34. TRADE UNIONS:

36. NATURAL SELECTION:

37. BOTANIC GARDEN:

41. LIVERPOOL UNIVERSITY:

42. TEA CEREMONY:

43. GUINNESS WORLD RECORDS:

46. BANKSIA SCABRELLA:

47. BERMUDA TRIANGLE:

48. AVI LOEB:

49. GRAND CANYON:

50. GLOBAL WARMING:

51. MODERN BUILDINGS:

55. BRAIN HEMESPHERES:

56. INTROVERTS AND EXTROVERTS:

57. PRIVATE EQUITY:

58. LEGAL WRITING:

60. GOODS AND SERVICES:

62. TISSUES AND ORGANS:

65. CHILDREN HELPING OTHERS:

68. LABOR MIGRATION:

69. TIDAL ENERGY:

70. ROMAN ARMY:

71. DIGITAL ART:

72. DOMESTIC CATS:

74. BONE DENSITY:

77. SEA BREEZE:

78. MUTUAL POLITICS:

79. PERSONAL LIBRARIES:

81. UNDERGRADUATES EDUCATION:

82. LECTURE BEGINNING:

84. LOGGERHEAD TURTLE:

86. AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE:

89. NIGHT SKY:

90. LANGUAGE DIVERSITY:

91. POLITICAL DECLARATION:

92. EXAMINATION OF DOMICILE:

94. PROBLEMS IN SLEEP:

96. DECISION MAKING:

97. MENTAL ERRORS:

98. MENTAL MODELS:

101. SNAKE CHARMER:

102. STREET BEGGAR:

106. DRUG TEST:

109. DELTA VARIANT:

112. LUXIOROUS VACATION:

113. COMPUTER SCIENCE:

114. EARTH’S TEMPERATURE: