KIDNEY DISEASE

INTRODUCTION OF KIDNEY DISEASE

•Impairment Of Normal Kidney Function Is Often Referred As

Renal Insufficiency.
•Based On The Time Course Of Development This Can Be
Broadly Categorised Into Two.
1. Acute Renal Failure - Progressive Loss Of Renal Function
Over Days To Weeks
2.Chronic Renal Failure - Progressive Loss Of Renal Function
Occurring Over Several Months To Year.
• TYPES OF KIDNEY FAILURE

• Acute kidney failure

• chronic kidney failure

• Kidney stones

• Nephritic syndrome

• . Urinary tract infection

 Acute kidney failure

ACUTE KIDNEY FAILURE

Acute kidney failure occurs when your kidneys suddenly become unable to filter waste products from your
blood.when your kidneys lose their filtering ability, dangerous levels of waste may accumulate, and your blood's
chemical makeup may out of balance.

Acute kidney failure - also called acute renal failure or acute kidney injury - develops rapidly, usually in less than a
few days.Acute kidney failure is most common in people who are already hospitalized, particularly in critically ill
people who need intensive care.

Acute kidney failure can be fatal and requires intensive treatment.However,acute kidney failure may be reversible.if
you're other wise in good health, you may recover normal or nearly normal kidney function.
Symptoms
Signs and symptoms of acute kidney failure

. Decreased urine output, although occasionally urine output remains normal

. Fluid retention, causing swelling in your legs, ankles or feet

. shortness of breath

. fatigue

. confusion

. Nausea

. weakness

. irregular heartbeat

.chest pain or pressure

. seizures or coma in severe cases

CAUSES

you have a condition that slows blood flow to your kidneys

.you experience direct damage to your kidneys

. your kidneys urine drainage tubes (ureters) become blocked

and waste can't leave your body through your urine
IMPAIRED BLOOD FLOW TO THE KIDNEYS
Disease and conditions that may slow blood flow to the kidneys and lead to kidney injury
. Blood or fluid loss

. Blood pressure medications

. Heart attack

. Heart disease

. infection

.Liver failure

.severe allergic reaction

.severe burns

.severe dehydration
. infection

.Liver failure

.severe allergic reaction

.severe burns

.severe dehydration
Damage TO THE KIDNEY

These disease, condition and agents may damage the

kidney and lead to acute kidney failure:
* blood clots in the veins and arteries in and around the
kidneys
*Cholesterol deposits that block blood flow in the kidneys
*Glomerulonephritis inflammation of the tiny filters in the
kidneys (glomeruli)
*Hemolytic uremic syndrome,a condition that result from
premature destruction of red blood cells

*Infection,such as with the virus that causes coronavirus disease

2019(COVID -19)

*Lupus,an immune system discorder causing glomerulonephritis

* scleroderma,a group of rare disease affecting the skin and

connective tissue

* Breakdown of tumor cells (tumor lysis syndrome), which leads to

the release of toxins that can cause kidney injury
Urine blockage in the kidney
Disease and conditions that block the passage of urine
out of the body ( uninary obstruction) and can lead to
acute Kidney injury.
*Bladder cancer

* Blood clots in the urinary tract

* cervical cancer

*Colon cancer
*Enlarged prostate

*nerve damage involving the nerves that control the

bladder

*Prostate cancer
RISK FACTORS
Acute kidney failure almost always occurs in connection
with another medical conditions or event.

*Being hospitalized, especially for a serious condition that

requires intensive care

*Advanced age

*Diabetes

* High blood pressure

* High blood pressure

* Heart failure

*Kidney disease

* Liver disease

*Certain cancers and their treatments

compllication

*Fluid build up

*Chest pain

*Muscle weakness

*Permanent kidney damage

*Death
Chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD)means you have lasting

damage to your kidneys that can get worse over time.if
the damage is sever, your kidneys may stop working.This
is called kidney failure and it means you will need
dialysis or a kidney transplant
CAUSES OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
The two most comman causes of CKD are diabetes and
high blood pressure.Diabetes means that your blood
sugar is too high which can damege your kidney

* Glomerulonephritis

*Polycystic kidney disease

*Lupus nephritis

*Kidney cancer
Symptoms OF CHRONIC KIDNEY DISEASE
In the early stages of kidney disease,you may not have any symptoms
*Itchy skin

*Muscle cramps

*Feeling weak and tired

*Feeling sick to your stomach or throwing up

*Feeling less hungry than normal

*Swelling of your legs, ankles and feet

*Urinary (peeing) more or less than normal

*Trouble catching your breath

*Trouble talling or staying asleep

Health PROBLEMS OF CKD

*Anemia (not enough red blood cells in you body)

*Heart disease

*High phosphorus and high calcium,which can cause bone disease

*High potassium,which can harm your heart

*Fluid build up

*High blood pressure

Stages OF CKD

Chronik kidney disease is broken down into five stages based on the
amount of damage to your kidneys and how well they still work.in stage 1
CKD,the damege to your kidneys is mild and you probably will have any
symptoms.In stages 5 CKD, your kidneys have stopped working kidney
failure.
Doctor TREAT OF CKD

* certain medicines to lower your blood pressure or cholesterol

*Diuretic (water pills)to help your kidneys get rid of salt and water and lower swelling

*DIALYSIS: A treatment that uses a machine to clean your blood when your kidneys are no longer able to.

* KIDNEY TRANSPLANT: A surgery to give you a healthy kidney transplant may be an option for you when your
kidneys have fluid.
 Kidney STONES
Kidney stones can block the flow of urine which can then cause damage to your
kidneys and sometimes kidney disease.stones increase your chance of urinary and
kidney infection and can result in germs spreading in to your blood stream
(speticaemia). Kidney stones also called renal calculi,nephrolithiasis or urolithiasis are
hard deposits made of minerals and salts that form inside your kidneys,diet,excess
body weight,some medical conditions are among the many causes of kidney stones
NEPHTRIC Syndrome

The Nephritic syndrome is a clinical syndrome that presents as

hematuria,elevated blood pressure, decreased urine output,and
edema.The major underlying pathology is inflammation of the glomerulus
that results in Nephritic syndrome.
 Causes
*Diabetes

*Lupus

*Amyloidosis

*Infection,such as HIV/AIDS link hepatitis B and hepatitis C.

* some allergic reaction

* some medicines,such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs

* genetic disorders link that affect the kidney

Urinary tract infection

A urinary tract infection (UTI) is an infection in any part of the urinary system.The urinary system
includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra,Most infections involve the lower Urinary tract -the
bladder and the urethra.

Women are at greater risk of developing a UTI than are men.if an infection UTI than are men.if an
infection is limited to the bladder,it can be painful and annoying.But serious health problems can result
if a UTI spread to the kidneys.
 Sytoms

* A strong urge to urinate that doesn't go away

*A burning feeling when urinating
*Urinating often, and passing small amount of urine
*Urine that looks cloudy
*urine that appears red, bright pink or cola- coloured - signs of blood in the urine
*strong - smelling urine
 Part of urinary tract affected

KIDNEY

* Back or side pain

* High fever

*Shaking and chills

* Nausea

*Vomiting
BLADDER

*Pelvic pressure

*Lower belly discomfort

*Frequent, painful urination

* Blood in urine

URETHRA

*Burning with urination

* Discharge
Causes of urinary tract infection

* infection of the bladder

*Infection of the urethra

 RISK FACTORS
Risk factors for UTI that are specific to women

* Female anatomy

*Sexual activity

*Certain types of birth control

*Menopause
PREVENTION

Drink plenty of liquids especially water

*Try carnberry juice

*Wipe from front to back

* Empty your bladder soon after having sex

*Avoid potentially irritating feminine products

*Change your birth control method

 Conclusion

In this presentation we have discussed about two types of renal failure.Acute and chronic ranal
failure.their causes,clinikal manifestation,risk factors,phasos& stages.we hope through this presentation
we have let everyone to know a thing or two about the kidney failure and how fatal it can be if not
treated.