GENITOURINARY

Content Outline:
1. Nature of the Disease

The genitourinary diseases are:

 Kidney Stone
 Acute Renal Failure
 Chronic Renal Failure
 urinary tract infections

2. Etiologic Agent

Kidney stones - are formed when oxalate, a by-product of certain foods, binds to
calcium as urine is being made by the kidneys. Both oxalate and calcium are increased
when the body doesn't have enough fluids and also has too much salt.

Acute Renal Failure - causes a build-up of waste products in your blood and makes it
hard for your kidneys to keep the right balance of fluid in your body.

Chronic Renal Failure - diabetes and high blood pressure

Urinary tract infections - Escherichia coli (E. coli)

3. Incubation Period

Kidney stones
A stone that's smaller than 4 mm (millimeters) may pass within one to two weeks. A
stone that's larger than 4 mm could take about two to three weeks to completely pass.
Once the stone reaches the bladder, it typically passes within a few days, but may take
longer, especially in an older man with a large prostate.

Acute Renal Failure

Acute kidney injury —develops rapidly, usually in less than a few days. Acute kidney
failure is most common in people who are already hospitalized, particularly in critically
ill people who need intensive care.

Chronic Renal Failure

The damage can happen quickly – when it's caused by injury or toxins – or, more
commonly, over months or years.
 Urinary tract infections
In general, common urinary tract infections with colonizing bacteria, like E. coli, varies
from about three to eight days.
4. Mode of Transmission
Kidney stones
Kidney stones can pass through the ureters or, if they're too big, get stuck in them.
You may require surgery if the stone is too large. Bladder: Between your hip bones is
your bladder, an organ that stores urine

Acute Renal Failure

Acute renal failure (ARF) occurs when the kidneys suddenly stop filtering waste products
from the blood. This sudden loss of function can result from injury, trauma or infection,
or from complications during surgery. It usually affects people who have additional
health-related conditions.

Chronic Renal Failure

No One Can Catch CKD from You. It is not contagious. But, some loved ones may get
CKD, too, because they share a lifestyle that leads to weight gain and high blood
pressure.

Urinary Tract Infection

It's pretty easy to get a urinary tract infection. Bacteria that live in the vagina, genital,
and anal areas may enter the urethra, travel to the bladder, and cause an infection. This
can happen during sexual activity when bacteria from your partner's genitals, anus,
fingers, or sex toys gets pushed into your urethra.

5. Sources of Infection
Kidney stone
Bacteria that enter your urinary tract through the tube that carries urine from your body
(urethra) can multiply and travel to your kidneys. This is the most common cause of
kidney infections. Bacteria from an infection elsewhere in your body also can spread
through your bloodstream to your kidneys.

Acute Renal Failure

Bacteria that enter your urinary tract through the tube that carries urine from your body
(urethra) can multiply and travel to your kidneys. This is the most common cause of
kidney infections. Bacteria from an infection elsewhere in your body also can spread
through your bloodstream to your kidneys

Chronic Renal Failure

 Your kidneys filter waste from your blood, before returning the blood to the rest of your
body. If you have bacteria in your kidneys, the bacteria can spread during the filtering
process. This can cause bacteria to be sent back to the bloodstream, and is another
serious complication of kidney infection.

Urinary Tract Infection

Urinary tract infections are caused by microorganisms, usually bacteria that enter the
urethra and bladder, causing inflammation and infection. Though a UTI most commonly
happens in the urethra and bladder, bacteria can also travel up the ureters and infect
your kidneys.

6. Clinical Manifestations
Kidney stone
Pink, red or brown urine. Cloudy or foul-smelling urine. A persistent need to urinate,
urinating more often than usual or urinating in small amounts. Nausea and vomiting.

Acute Renal Failure

Decreased urine output, although occasionally urine output remains normal. Fluid
retention, causing swelling in your legs, ankles or feet. Shortness of breath.

Chronic Renal Failure

And as kidney disease progresses or chronic renal failure, you may notice the following
symptoms. Nausea and vomiting, muscle cramps, loss of appetite, swelling via feet and
ankles, dry, itchy skin, shortness of breath, trouble sleeping, urinating either too much
or too little.

Urinary Tract Infection

Frequent urination. Feeling the need to urinate despite having an empty bladder.
Bloody urine. Pressure or cramping in the groin or lower abdomen.

7. Complications
Kidney stone
- Sepsis, an infection that spreads through the blood, causing symptoms throughout
the whole body.
- A blocked ureter caused by stone fragments (the ureter is the tube that attaches the
kidney to the bladder)
- An injury to the ureter.
- a urinary tract infection (UTI)
- Bleeding during surgery.
- Pain.
Acute Renal Failure
- Fluid buildup. Acute kidney failure may lead to a buildup of fluid in your lungs, which
can cause shortness of breath.
- Chest pain.
- Muscle weakness.
- Permanent kidney damage.
- Death.

Chronic Renal Failure

- The health of your kidneys affects all your vital organs.
- Left untreated, anemia and high blood pressure can worsen kidney function and
contribute to heart disease and increased mortality.
- Many health complications can be treated and managed before they become life
threatening.

Urinary Tract Infection

Recurrent infections, especially in women who experience two or more UTIs in a six-
month period or four or more within a year. Permanent kidney damage from an acute
or chronic kidney infection (pyelonephritis) due to an untreated UTI.