EUCLID’S

ELEMEN
Group 6
1.Anisa Wulandari
2.Miftah Nur Jannah
 EUCLID’S PROFILE
Uclide is the Arabicized name of a Greek word, meaning "good glory". Euclide
was a Greek master of measurement. Disappointingly little is known about the life
and personality of Euclid except that he was a professor of mathematics at the
University of Alexandria and apparently the founder of the illustrious and long-lived
Alexandrian School of Mathematics. Even his dates and his birthplace are not known,
but it seems probable that he received his mathematical training in the Platonic school
at Athens. What is clear is that he lived during the time of Ptolemaeus I (305-285 b.c.)
who was the King of Egypt and former favorite general of Alexander the Great.who
was the King of Egypt and former favorite general of Alexander the Great.
Ptolemaeus I made Alexandria the capital. He also made the largest library in the
world at that time, the library holds 700,000 scrolls of ancient manuscripts. Euclid
was the first person in the world to build a math school in Alexandria
 THE ELEMEN OF EUCLID
Euclid wrote many books as a result of his work. The book The Elements has been a standard
handbook for more than 2000 years and is undeniably the most successful book ever compiled by
humans. So great was Euclid in compiling his book that from its form alone it was able to set aside
all the books that people had made before and which were never ignored again. Originally written in
Greek, The Elements was later translated into various languages. The first publication appeared in
1482, about 30 years before Gutenberg's invention of the printing press.
The significance of The Elements does not lie in its assertion of personal formulas. Almost all
of the theories contained in the book had been written about before, and had also been proven.
Euclid's contribution lies in the way he organized the material and the problems and formulations in
the overall planning of the book.It is fair to say that Euclid's book was an important factor in the
growth of modern science. Science is not just a collection of careful observations and not just sharp
and wise generalizations. The great achievements of modern science have come from the
combination of empirical investigation and experimentation on the one hand, and careful analysis
and well-founded conclusions on the other.
 Content Of The Elemen
Euclid's Elements is not devoted to geometry alone but contains a good deal of number
theory and elementary (geometric) algebrathe chief merit of the work lies in the skillful
selection of propositions and their arrangement into a logical sequence. The work is
composed of 13 books with a total of 465 propositions
BOOK I BOOK II
Book II is usually called "geometric algebra."
Book I contains 23 definitions, five postulates, five Book II contains two definitions,and 13
common notions, and 47 propositions. Each propositions. Book II deals with the
proposition includes a proof based on the definitions, transformation of areas and the geometric alge-
postulates, common notions, and earlier bra of the Pythagorean school. It is in this book
propositions.The content of Book I of "Elements" by that we find the geometrical equivalents of a
Euclid deals with the basics of geometry. This volume number of algebraic identities At the end of the
focuses on the theory of points, lines, and angles, as book are two propositions which establish the
well as the basic postulates used in Euclides' geometry generalization of the Pythagorean theorem that
(the geometry developed by Euclid). we today refer to as the "law of cosines“
 Content Of The Elemen
BOOK III
Book III contains 11 definitions,and 37
propositions.Book III contains those familiar
theorems about circles, chords, tan- gents,
and the measurement of associated angles
which we find in high school geometry texts.
Since little of this geometry of the circle is
found in Pythagorean work, the material of
this book was probably furnished by the early
Sophists and the researchers on the three
famous problems discussed in Chapter 4.
BOOK IV
Book IV contains seven definitions,
and 16 propositions.Book IV of
Euclid's "Elements" deals with topics
related to pythagorean constructions. It
discusses painting geometry, to draw
triangles, pentagons, quadrilaterals,
hexagons, and regular quadrilaterals by
bisecting the arc of the circle, to draw
regular (n)-sections.
 Content Of The Elemen
BOOK V BOOK VI
Book V contains 18 definitions, and 25
Book VI contains 14 definitions, and
propositions. This book contains a foundation on
33 propositions. Book VI applies the
comparison Euclid's theory of comparison is
clarified so that the excitement of the discovery Eudoxian theory a proportion plane
of irrational numbers by the Pythagorean school geometry.This book reviews the
can be solved. . Book V is a masterly exposition concept of the congruence of two flat
of Eudoxus' theory of proportion. It was this figures, which was known by
theory, applicable to incommensurable as well as Pythagoras and his students
to commen- surable magnitudes, that resolved the
"logical scandal" created by the Pythagorean
discovery of irrational numbers.
 Content Of The Elemen
BOOK VII-IX
Book VII-IX contains 33 definitions, and 139
propositions.This book discusses number theory
which contains a simple factual foundation of
phytagorean number theory which is now called
Euclid's Algorithm. Which can be known by cross
division to determine the GCD (Greatest Common
Factor) and LCM (Least Common Multiple). In this
case also added a proof of the uniqueness of prime
factorization into prime factors, the calculation of
powers and roots, the sum of infinite geometric
series and proof of existence theory on infinite
primes. Furthermore, it has been explained in the
phytagoras theorem about odd numbers and even
numbers. In book IX, we found the postulate of the
formation of perfect even numbers
BOOK X
Book X contains 16 definitions I-III,and 113
propositions I-III. Book X deals with
irrationals, that is, with line segments which
are incommensurable with respect to some
given line segment. Many scholars regard
this book as perhaps the most remarkable
book in the Elements Much of the subject
matter of this book is considered as due to
Thaetetus, but the extraordinary
completeness, elaborate classification, and
finish are usually credited to Euclid
 Content Of The Elemen
BOOK XI-XIII
Book X contains 28 definitions and 39 propositions, Book XII
contains 18 propositions and Book XIII contains 18 propositions. The
remaining three books, XI. XII, and XIII, concern themselves with
solid geometry, covering much of the material, with the exception of
that on spheres, commonly found in high school texts. The definitions,
the theorems about lines and planes in space, and theorems concerning
paral lelepipeds are found in Book XI The method of exhaustion plays
an impor- tant role in the treatment of volumes in Book XII, and will
be reconsidered in some detail in Chapter 11 In Book XIII
constructions are developed for inscribing the five regular polyhedra in
a sphere
 Parts of The Element and Examples
Definition 6
DEFINITION The edges of a surface are lines
A definition is a statement that Definition 7
A plane surface is a surface which lies evenly
describes certain shapes and properties. with the straight lines on itself.
Definition 8
A plane angle is the inclination to one another
Some definitions that are in the elements Book 1
of two lines in a plane which meet one another and
Definition 1
do not lie in a straight line.
A point is that which has no part.
Definition 9
Definition 2
And when the lines containing the angle are
A line is breadthless length.
straight, the angle is called rectilinear
Definition 3
Definition 10
The ends of a line are points.
When a straight line standing on a straight line
Definition 4
makes the adjacent angles equal to one another, each
A straight line is a line which lies evenly with the points
of the equal angles is right, and the straight line
on itself.
standing on the other is called a perpendicular to that
Definition 5
on which it stands.
A surface is that which has length and breadth only.
 Parts of The Element and Examples
POSTULATES
Postulate 3

3.
A postulate is a statement that is through any point and any distance can
assumed to be true without needing to be be drawn a circle
proven.in the book “The Elemen” there
are five postulates found in book 1
Postulate 4
4. That all right angles equal one
another.
Postulate 1

1. through two displace points can

be made a straight line
Postulate 5
That, if a straight line falling on two straight
lines makes the interior angles on the same side
Postulate 2 5.less than two right angles, the two straight lines, if

2.
produced indefinitely, meet on that side on which
the line can be extended continuously are the angles less than the two right angles.
into a straight line
 in the book “The Elemen” there are five(Common
Notation(Aksioma) found in book 1
Common Notation(Aksioma)
In some geometry books that are widely circulated, it is
stated that postulates and axioms are the same. However,
It is told that Euclid distinguishes postulates with axioms.
Based on the science of logic, axioms and
1
Things which
2
If equals are
equal the same added to equals,
postulates state a statement whose truth is irrefutable (its
thing also then the wholes
truth does not need to be recorded again). In this case,
equal one are equal
axioms and postulates are the same. However, during the
another
time of Ancient Greece, axioms and postulates were two
different concepts. Axioms are more general, so they can
be applied in other fields of science.
Whereas postulates are more specialized. Axioms
cannot be used to build other axioms. However, axioms
3
If equals are
4
Things which
5
The whole is
can be used other axioms. However, axioms can be used subtracted from coincide with greater than
to build a postulat. equals, then the one another the part
remainders are equal one
equal. another.
Proporsition
Proposition or better known as theorem is a statement whose
truth needs to be proven based on definitions, postulates,
axioms, or other propositions that have previously been
proven.
Proposition is an assumption of something that is neither
necessarily obvious nor necessarily acceptable to the learner
(This last is essentially the Aristotelian distinction)
 Proposition 1 book I
To construct an equilateral triangle on a given finite
straight-line
And since the point A is the center of the circle CDB AC is
equal to AB [Def 1 15] Again, since the point B is the
center of the circle CAE, IC is equal to BA a [Def 115]. But
CA was also shown (to be) equal to AB Thus, CA and CH
are each equal to AB. But things equal to the same thing
are also equal to one another [CN. 11 Thus, CA is also
equal to CB. Thus, the three (straight- Bolines) CA, AB,
Let AB be the given finite straight-line. So it is and BC are equal to one another.
required to construct an equilateral triangle on the Thus, the triangle ABC is equilateral, and has been
straight line AB constructed on the given finite straight-line AB. (Which is)
Let the circle BCD with center A and the very thing it was required to do
radius AB have been drawn [Post 3), and again
let the circle ACE with center B and radius BA
have been drawn [Post 3] And let the straight-
lines CA and CB have been joined from the point
C, where the circles cut one another, to the points
A and B (respectively) [Post 1]
 Some of The Propositions and Proofs In The Book “The Element”
Proposition 5 book III
If two circles cut one another, then they do not have
the same center.
Then, since the point E is the center of the circle ABC,
EC equals EF. Again, since the point E is the center of the
circle CDG, EC equals EG.
But EC was proved equal to EF also, therefore EF also
equals EG, the less equals the greater which is impossible.
Therefore the point E is not the center of the
circles ABC and CDG.
Let the circles ABC and CDG cut one another at the
Therefore if two circles cut one another, then they do not have
points B and C.
the same center
I say that they do not have the same center.
For, if possible, let it be E. Join EC, and
draw EFG through at random.
Proposition 1 book IV
To fit a straight line into a given circle equal to a
given straight line which is not greater than the
diameter of the circle
let ABC be the given circle, and D the given
straight line not greater than the diameter of the
circle
It is required to fit a straight line into the circle
ABC equal to the straight line D.
Draw a diameter BC of the circle ABC.
If BC equals D, then that which was proposed is
done, for BC has been fitted into the circle ABC
equal to the straight line D.
But, if BC is greater than D, make CE equal to D,
describe the circle EAF with center C and radius
CE, and join CA.
Then, since the point C is the center of the circle
EAF, CA equals CE.
But CE equals D, therefore D also equals CA.
Therefore CA has been fitted into the given circle
ABC equal to the given straight line D.
THANKYOU