Formation of

Light and Heavy

Elements
Prepared By: Jerome A. Bigael, Leyte Progressive High School
 The Origin of Light Elements
The origin of all the naturally occurring elements fall
into two phases:
• Big Bang or Primordial Nucleosynthesis —the origin of
the “light” elements; and
• Stellar Nucleosynthesis— the origin and production
of the “heavy” elements.
Nucleosynthesis is the process that
creates new atomic nucleus from
preexisting nucleons, which is proton
neutrons.

Primordial or Big Bang Nucleosynthesis

refers to the process of producing the
“light elements” shortly after the Big
Bang.
The energy and temperature of the
universe are extremely high to cause
the neutrons and protons to combine
and form certain species of atomic
nuclei in a process called nuclear
fusion.
Protons Neutrons
Through Nuclear Fusion, the light
elements- Hydrogen (H), Helium (He), and
small amounts of lithium (Li) and
beryllium (Be) were formed.

The isotopes produced during the big

bang nucleosynthesis were H-1, H-2, H-3,
H-4, L-7.
An Isotope is a form of an element
that has the same atomic number
of the original element but with
different atomic mass or mass
number.
FORMATION OF HEAVIER
ELEMENTS
Name this Riddle?
1. At night they come without being
fetched, and by day they are lost
without being stolen.

What am I?
Name this Riddle?
1. At night they come without being
fetched, and by day they are lost
without being stolen.

What am I? Ans.: Stars

Name this Riddle?
2. What did the scientist say when he
found 2 atoms of Helium?
Name this Riddle?
2. What did the scientist say when he
found 2 atoms of Helium?

Ans.: HeHe
Origin of Heavier Elements
Heavy elements were
formed only billions of years
after the formation of
stars.
Origin of Heavier Elements
The density inside a star is
great enough to sustain fusion
for extended time periods
required to synthesize heavy
elements.
 is the
combining of
nuclei to form
a bigger and
heavier
nucleus.
 Nuclear fusion
🠶 I t is how elements hydrogen, Helium and small
amounts of lithium and beryllium were formed.
🠶 a process by which neutron and protons
combine together to form a new atom.
🠶 an extremely high energy and
temperature of the universe.
Proton and Neutron fusion

+ = New
Atom

Identity
of an
element
Stars are hot and
dense enough to burn
hydrogen-1 (1H) to
helium-4 (4He).
The formation of heavy
elements by fusion of lighter
nuclei in the interior of stars is
called “stellar nucleosynthesis”.
 How were the heavy elements formed?

Stellar Nucleosynthesis

-birth of elements through

nuclear fusion that takes w/in
stars.
 How were the heavy elements formed?

Stellar Nucleosynthesis

-is the process by which the

natural abundance of the chemical
elements within stars vary due to
nuclear fusion reactions
 LOOKING BACK
Definition of Terms:

Atom - is the smallest unit of

ordinary matter that forms a
chemical element. Every solid,
liquid, gas, and plasma is
composed of neutral or
ionized atoms.
Definition of Terms:
Atom - is the smallest unit of ordinary matter that forms
a chemical element. Every solid, liquid, gas, and plasma is
composed of neutral or ionized atoms.

Isotopes - Each of two or more forms of the same element

that contain equal numbers of protons but different numbers
of neutrons in their nuclei, and hence differ in relative atomic
mass but not in chemical properties; in particular, a
radioactive form of an element.
There are many nuclear synthetic pathways or
nuclear fusions to produce heavy elements:
•Carbon-Nitrogen-oxygen cycle
•Proton-proton fusion
•Triple alpha process
Layers near core of stars have
very high temperatures enough
to nucleosynthesize heavy
elements such as silicon and iron.
Elements heavier than Iron
Elements heavier than iron cannot be
formed through fusion as tremendous
amounts of energy are needed for the
reaction to occur.
Heavy elements are formed in a supernova,
a massive explosion of a star.
The density inside a star is
great enough to sustain
fusion for extended time
periods required to
synthesize heavy elements.
A supernova is the
explosive death of a star
In supernova, neutron capture reaction
takes place, leading to formation of
heavy elements.
In a neutron capture reaction, heavy
elements are created by addition of more
neutrons to existing nuclei instead of
fusion of light nuclei.
Adding neutrons to a nucleus doesn’t
change an element. Rather, a more massive
isotope of the same element is produced.

Elements higher than iron requires

tremendous amount of energy to be
formed. Thus, they were produced from a
neutron capture reaction in a supernova.
Summary:
There are 3 reactions that led to the formation of the elements:
nucleusynthesis, fusion, and neutron capture reaction.

These reaction required a certain amount of energy to proceed, which was

obtained from the heat of the continuously expanding universe. Thus energy
in the form of heat does not only produce work but also the elements that
make up matter that we have today.

The reaction involved in the formation of these elements are dependent on

the atomic mass of the elements. More energy, and thus higher temperature,
is needed to form heavier elements.

Nucleuosynthesis formed light elements, whereas fusion in stars formed

elements with an atomic mass that is within the range of beryllium and iron.
Thus any element with an atomic mass higher than iron, which required
tremendous amount of energy to be formed was produced from a neutron
capture -reaction in supernova.