Mobility in LTE

Radio Network Design for Roll-Outs (RNDR) TL/FL 16

NPO Global

– Connected Mode Mobility

– Idle Mode Mobility

1 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS

Pres
For internal use
 RNDR Training
Scope: Radio Planning Process

Link Budget Planning Tool Acceptance Testing

− Coverage thresholds – Detailed coverage/throughput – Cluster acceptance
calculation simulations (plots) – From coverage /
– Site database throughput targets
− Dimensioning is out of the
scope of this training
– PCI, neighbour planning
definition (optional)
LTE Mobility
Topics

Planning Parameters Plan Creation Mobility Management

– Site specific radio – Based on radio/HW – Mobility types
planning inputs (parameters) – Mobility thresholds
parameters – (Transport parameters (parameters)
– Areas: PCI, out of scope) – Layering Strategies
PRACH, UL DM – Tools/methods used in
RS network plan creation

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Connected Mode Mobility

• Overview
- Mobility supported in different releases
- Mobility triggers
- Mobility Thresholds
• Connected Mode Mobility types
- Intra and Inter-frequency Handovers
- S1 Handover
- IRAT Handover to WCDMA
- eNACC to GSM
- RRC Connection Release with Redirect
- CS Fallback
• RL/FL 15A & 16 Improvements/additions
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For internal use
Connected Mode Mobility Overview
• Procedures supported:
– Handover: Transfer of an ongoing call/data session from a cell to another without call interruption. Handovers in
LTE are:
- Network controlled
- UE assisted
- Hard handovers: Only a connection exist to one cell at a time
– Redirection: Similar to handover, but requires connection release prior to the transfer the ongoing call
– Cell change: procedure dedicated for call transfer from LTE to GSM; it requires connection release

Licensing:
• All IRAT HO, inter-frequency HO, CSFB to UTRAN/GERAN via redirect and S1 handovers are optional features:
• When enabled they are activated for the whole eNodeB
• If deactivated the eNB does not configure UE to measure other technologies/ frequencies so handover is not
triggered

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For internal use
Mobility supported in LTE FDD

RL60 RL70 FL 15A FL16

Intra eNB Inter IRAT SRVCC TDD-FDD LTE-UTRAN Mobility

Intra Frequency
Handover Frequency HO Handover: LTE towards handover RAN Information Load Balancing Robustness
Load Balancing ,
(intra eNB and to WCDMA WCDMA and Management & Optimization
also in Idle
via X2) GSM (RIM) GSM UTRAN neighbor Inter-RAT
robustness.
Inter eNB HO S1 based HO eNACC from CS Fallback Inter-eNB Service based
Inter RAT Inter Frequency
via X2 LTE to GSM Enhancements Inter-Freq handover
Handover from Load Equalization
interface Load thresholds.
WCDMA
Balancing
RRC CSFB to High Speed RSRQ based Mobility
connection UTRAN or Users redirection Service based Robustness
eCS Fallback to
Release with GSM via mobility Monitoring Inter-
CDMA/1xRTT
Redirect Redirect RAT

Load RSRQ based Inter RAT Inter RAT ANR Measurement

Ballancing Cell Handover to WCDMA – UE Based Idle Mode
Reselection eHRPD based Load Balancing

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For internal use
Mobility supported in LTE TDD

RL45TD RL55 TD TL 15A TL16

Intra eNodeB Handover IRAT Handover: RSRQ based Mobility Robustness

Intra Frequency
LTE to WCDMA Cell Reselection SRVCC to UTRAN neighbor Optimization Inter-
Load Balancing ,
WCDMA /GSM robustness. RAT
also in idle
Inter eNodeB Handover via eNACC from RSRQ based RAN Information
Inter Frequency Service based
X2 LTE to GSM redirection Management (RIM)
Load Equalization handover thresholds.
Support
Inter frequency handover CSFB to TDD-FDD Service based Mobility Robustness
(intra eNodeB and via X2) Inter RAT Handover
UTRAN or GSM handover mobility Monitoring Inter-
from UTRAN
via Redirect RAT
RRC connection Release Inter RAT ANR
Measurement Based
with Redirect Inter RAT Handover WCDMA – UE
Idle Mode Load
to eHRPD based Balancing

Inter eNodeB Handover via FL 15A

S1

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Mobility Triggers (1/3)

Mobility is handled via events triggering. 3GPP defines following events:

Event A1 Serving becomes better than threshold

Event A2 Serving becomes worse than threshold

Event A3 Neighbour becomes offset better than serving

Event A4 is
supported since Event A4 Neighbour becomes better than threshold
RL50 (IF load
Event A5 Serving becomes worse than threshold1 and
balancing) neighbour becomes better than threshold2

Event B1 Inter RAT neighbour becomes better than

threshold
Event B2 Serving becomes worse than threshold1 and
inter RAT neighbour becomes better than
threshold2

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Mobility Triggers (2/3)

• Event A2/A1: RSRP of serving cell is down/up-crossing certain RSRP threshold (threshold2a/ threshold1)
• Event A3 (better cell HO): RSRP of neighbour cell is a predefined offset better than RSRP of serving (for intra and
inter frequency HOs)
• Event A5 (coverage HO): RSRP of serving cell is down-crossing certain threshold, while RSRP of neighbour cell is
up-crossing an other threshold (for intra and inter frequency HOs)

threshold3a

threshold3

neighbour
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For internal use
Mobility Triggers (3/3)

Inter-RAT measurements (GERAN or UMTS supported from RL30)

• Event B2: Serving cells RSRP down-crossing threshold1, while neighbour cell RSSI or CPICH
RSCP or CPICH Ec/No up-crossing threshold2
• Triggers for Inter-RAT reports are:
- RSSI in case of GERAN
- CPICH RSCP or CPICH EC/N0 in case of UMTS
Signal
Level
B2 trigger
Inter-RAT
Neighbour cell
B2 thold 2 signal

B2 thold 1
RSRP serving

move direction
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For internal use
 Handover Thresholds - Measurement Activations
- Threshold 1 (Th1): UE does not perform measurements of neighbour cells when the serving cell RSRP is above
Threshold1 (Th1)
- Thresholds 2 (Th2_interfreq/Th2_WCDMA/Th2_GSM):UE starts performing measurement gaps when one of
the Th2 events is reported to the eNodeB in a measurement report. Event A2
- Threshold2a (Th2a): Measurement gaps are cancelled if serving cell RSRP rises above Th2a. Event A1
- Threshold 4 (Th4):RRC Connection Release with redirection is triggered if no suitable intra or inter
frequency/IRAT cells are found. Event A2

Intra –LTE + Inter

Freq + WCDMA +
GSM
measurements
RRC
Intra –LTE + Inter Connection
No measurements Intra –LTE threshold2InterFreq
Intra –LTE + Inter Freq + WCDMA Release and
except serving cell measurements Event A2 Freq measurements measurements re-direction

RSRP (dBm)

Th1 Th2a Th2_InterFreq Th2_WCDMA Th2_GSM Th4 threshold4

Event A2
Threshold1 Threshold2a threshold2WCDMA threshold2GERAN
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S-measure a1-threshold Event A2 Event A2
EventA2/A1 Event A1
 Intra- and Inter-frequency Handover Thresholds – Example Values
Serving cell (not including neighbour cell thresholds)

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Mobility thresholds examples comments

• LTE thresholds are relative to -140 dBm. This means if for example threshold3 is set to 21, the
RSRP value is (-140+21=) -119dBm

• The following restrictions need to be fulfilled:

- Threshold4 < Threshold3 < Threshold2_xxxx <= Threshold2a < Threshold1
- Threshold3 < Threshold3a
- Threshold3InterFreq < Threshold3aInterFreq

• The higher the threshold the better the RSRP signal

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IRAT (WCDMA) handover thresholds
LTE Serving cell
Threshold2InterFreq Threshold3
When RSRP is below
When RSRP is below
Threshold3, UE will perform HO
Threshold2InterFreq, UE starts
to neighbour. (Assuming that
measurements on other frequencies.
neighbour is better than
Threshold4
Threshold2Wcdma threshold3a and A5 handover is
activated)
RSRP for When RSRP is below
serving cell Threshold2Wcdma, UE
decreases starts measurements on b2Threshold1Utra
WCDMA frequencies in When serving RSRP is below
Threshold1 addition to other LTE
frequencies (Intra+
b2Threshold1Utra UE performs
HO to WCDMA neighbour
InterFrequencies) (Assuming that RSCP or EcNo
of WCDMA neighbour is better
than b2Threshold2Utra
Rscp/EcNo.

-50 -90 -118 -119 -120

When RSRP is above
Threshold2a, UE stops
RSRP increases
measurements on other
frequencies (including IRAT)
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For internal use Threshold2a
IRAT (eNACC) handover thresholds toward GSM
LTE Serving cell
Threshold2GERAN
When RSRP is below
Threshold2InterFreq Threshold2GERAN, UE starts
When RSRP is below measurements on
Threshold2InterFreq, UE GERANfrequencies
starts measurements on
other frequencies. Threshold3 Threshold4
When RSRP is below Threshold3,
UE will perform HO to neighbour.
RSRP for (Assuming that neighbour is better
serving cell than threshold3a and A5 handover is
activated)
decreases
Threshold1 b2Threshold1GERAN
When serving RSRP is below
b2Threshold1GERAN, UE performs
eNACC to GSM neighbour (Assuming
that RSSI of GERAN neighbour is better
than b2Threshold2RssiGERAN

-50 -90 -118 -119 -120

When RSRP is above Threshold2a,
UE stops measurements on other
RSRP increases
frequencies (including IRAT)

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For internal use Threshold2a
 Intra and inter frequency handovers

15 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS

For internal use
Handovers
Two main types of handovers in LTE:
Better Cell Handover or A3 Handover
• It aims to keep the UE always on best cell (measured by RSRP/RSRQ), e.g. HO to another cell happens when
neighbour cell becomes more than 4 dB better than serving cell

Coverage Handover, or A5 Handover

• When serving cell RSRP gets below a certain threshold (e.g.-95 dBm RSRP) AND neighbour cell RSRP gets
better than an absolute threshold (e.g. -92 dBm RSRP)

• They can be intra and inter frequency (different parameters) and intra or
inter eNodeB
LNBTS
• They can be enabled/disabled on cell level: LNCEL
Inter-frequency HO parameters are defined in LNIFHO object whereas LNHOIF
Intra-frequency HO parameters are defined in LNCEL object

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 A3 event based Handover Intra-Frequency
• Intra-frequency better coverage based (A3) handover event evaluation
Mn – hysA3Offset > Ms + a3Offset
Parameters Better cell HO
involved: parameters

hysA3Offset
Signal Hysteresis of HO Margin
LNCEL; 0..15; 0.5; - dB
level intra-frequency

neighbour cell
(RSRP or hysA3Offset
(Mn)
RSRQ)
a3Offset
Better cell HO margin for RSRP
LNCEL; -15…15; 0.5; - dB
a3Offset

serving cell (Ms)

Event A3 condition fullfilled, time

a3TimeToTrigger a3ReportInterval
Measurement Measurement
UE sends measurement report
Report Report
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For internal use LNCEL; 0..5120ms; -; 320ms(8) LNCEL; 120ms..60 min; -; 240ms (1)
 A3 event based Handover Inter-Frequency
• Inter-frequency better coverage/quality based (A3) handover event evaluation
Mn – hysA3OffsetRsr(p/q)InterFreq > Ms + a3OffsetRsr(p/q)InterFreq

measQuantInterFreq hysA3OffsetRsrp/qInterFreq
def. which quantity to use for Hysteresis of HO Margin
event A3 LNHOIF; 0..15; 0.5; - dB
Signal LNHOIF; RSRP, RSRQ; both;
RSRP
level inter-frequency

neighbour cell (Mn)

(RSRP a3OffsetRsrp/qInterFreq
hysA3OffsetRsr(p/q)InterFreq Better cell HO margin for RSRP/Q
or LNHOIF; 0..15; 0.5; - dB

RSRQ) a3OffsetRsr(p/q)InterFreq
serving cell (Ms)

Event A3 condition fullfilled, time

a3TimeToTriggerRsr(p/q)InterFreq a3ReportIntervalRsr(p/q)InterFreq
Measurement Measurement
UE sends measurement report
Report Report
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For internal use LNHOIF; 0..5120ms; -; not used LNHOIF; 120ms..60 min; -; not used
 A5 event based Handover - Intra-Frequency
• Intra-frequency coverage based (A5) handover event evaluation
Ms + hysThreshold3 < threshold3
Parameters
and involved:
Mn – hysThreshold3 > threshold3a Coverage HO
parameters

Signal hysThreshold3
Hysteresis of HO Margin intra-frequency
level LNCEL; 0..15; 0.5; - dB
neighbour cell (Mn)
(RSRP) hysThreshold3 threshold3a
LNCEL; 0..97; 1; - dB

threshold3
LNCEL; 0..97; 1; - dB
hysThreshold3
serving cell (Ms)
event A5 condition fullfilled time
a5TimeToTrigger
Measurement Measurement
UE sends measurement report Report Report
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a5TimeToTrigger a5ReportInterval
For internal use LNCEL; 120ms..60 min; 240ms
LNCEL; 0..5120ms; -;320ms
 A5 event based Handover Inter-Frequency
• Inter-frequency coverage based (A5) handover event evaluation
Ms + hysThreshold3InterFreq < threshold3InterFreq
and
Mn – hysThreshold3InterFreq > threshold3aInterFreq

hysThreshold3InterFreq
Hysteresis of HO Margin inter-frequency
Signal LNHOIF; 0..15; 0.5; - dB
neighbour cell
level
hysThreshold3InterFreq (Mn)
(RSRP) threshold3aInterFreq
LNHOIF; 0..97; 1; - dB

threshold3InterFreq
LNHOIF; 0..97; 1; - dB
hysThreshold3InterFreq
serving cell (Ms)

event A5 condition fullfilled time

a5TimeToTriggerInterFreq
Measurement Measurement
UE sends measurement report Report Report
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a5TimeToTriggerInterFreq a5ReportIntervalInterFreq
For internal use LNHOIF; 0..5120ms; -; - LNHOIF; 120ms..60 min; -; -
 S1 handover

27 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS

For internal use
 Intra LTE Handover via S1
Extended mobility option to X2 handover

• Applicable for intra and inter frequency HO and only for

inter-eNB HO
• DL Data forwarding via S1
• Handover in case of
– no X2 interface between eNodeBs, e.g. not operative,
not existing or because blacklisted usage
– eNodeBs connected to different CN elements

• For the UE there is no difference whether the HO is executed via X2 or S1 interface

• HO reasons ‘better cell HO’ (A3) and ‘coverage HO’ (A5) are supported
• MME and/or SGW can be changed during HO (i.e. if source and target eNodeB belong to different
MME/S-GW)
Feature ID(s): LTE54
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For internal use
 IRAT HO to WCDMA

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For internal use
 Inter RAT Handover to WCDMA
• IRAT hard handover from LTE to WCDMA PS domain through S1 interface
• Phases:
1. Handover initiation:
 eNB starts a HO to WCDMA following a received measurement report with event B2
 Max. 8 cells reported (strongest first) that create the TCL (target cell list)
2. Handover preparation:
- Resource allocation on target side (E-RAB parameters mapped
into PDP context)

3. Handover execution:
- UE moves into WCDMA cell after receiving
‘MobilityfromEUTRACommand’ message

4. Handover completion:
- Release of S1 connection and internal resources after successful
HO (no timers expired)
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For internal use
 Inter-RAT Handover to WCDMA
Event B2
• Handover from LTE to WCDMA is triggered by poor LTE radio coverage and sufficient WCDMA cell
radio signal quality
• Radio conditions for serving and neigbour cells are defined with event B2
Entering conditions Leaving conditions
1. Ms + Hys < Thresh1 1. Ms - Hys > Thresh1
and or
2. Mn + Ofn – Hys > Thresh2 2. Mn + Ofn + Hys < Thresh2
Ms -> RSRP of serving cell reportConfigInterRAT
Mn -> RSCP/EcN0 of neigbour cell
Thresh1 -> b2threshold1Utra -> refers to signal level of serving cell
Thresh2 -> b2threshold2UtraRSCP/EcN0 -> refers to signal level of neighbour cell
Hys -> hysB2ThresholdUtra -> hysteresis to prevent ping-pong effect between
entering and leaving conditions; parameter
common for both
serving and neigbour cell
Ofn -> OffsetFreqUtra -> refers to neighbour cell only
measObjectUTRA
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For internal use
Inter-RAT Handover to WCDMA, Event B2
Entering condition: IRAT_eNACC_Para
meters
• RSRP,s < b2threshold1Utra – hysB2thresholdUtra AND
• utraRSCP/EcNo,n > b2theshold2UtraRscp/EcNo- offsetFreqUtra + hysB2ThresholdUtra

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For internal use
 Inter-RAT Handover to WCDMA Flow

MME
LTE, Source:CelI WCDMA, Target Cell

Triggered EventA2
Measurement Report

RRC Connection Reconfiguration New MeasConfig used for IRAT Handover

RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete

Measurement Report Triggered EventB2

Handover Preparation

Handover Preparation Successful

MobilityFromEUTRAcommand Handover Command

HandoverToUTRANComplete

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For internal use
 eNACC to GSM

34 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS

For internal use
 eNACC to GSM
Network Assisted Cell Change to GSM
• Similar feature to HO to WCDMA:
• IRAT Measurements triggered via event A2/A1 (activated/deactivated)
• Triggered by event B2 (although using different parameter values)
• Difference: it is not a handover procedure
• UE goes first into GSM RRC Idle mode and starts the RRC Connection Setup procedure in GSM

• Network Assisted: GSM system information of 2G

target cell is sent to UE (giving a gain of ~1s in the
process but with significant service interruption)

• Maximum number of GSM cells to be reported is

hardcoded to 8
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For internal use
eNACC to GSM Entering conditions
1. Ms + Hys < Thresh1
Event B2 and
2. Mn– Hys > Thresh2
Entering Condition:
• RSRP,s < b2threshold1GERAN – hysB2ThresholdGERAN AND
• RxLev,n > b2theshold2RssiGERAN+ hysB2ThresholdGERAN

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For internal use
 RRC Connection Release with Redirect

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For internal use
 RRC Connection Release with Redirect, Event A2
• When serving RSRP falls below threshold4 for a time a2TimeToTriggerRedirect the RRC connection is released
and UE redirects to the E-UTRA or inter-RAT carrier frequency with highest priority (if several redirection
objects defined) regardless of the signal strength of the target carrier
• UE capabilities are considered when performing redirect

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For internal use
 RRC Connection Release with Redirect
• It is possible to define different redirection (REDR) objects and different priorities between those
objects
• eNB selects the target frequency for redirect based on the priorities configured for frequency layers
• If the highest priority layer is not supported by UE according to capabilities reported earlier, then the
next highest priority layer is selected.
• Redirection is not ‘blind’ – there are amendments of this feature for redirection to UTRAN
(LTE1073, Measurement based redirection to UTRAN) and for GERAN (LTE984 , GSM
Redirect with System Information).
• If there is no coverage in the target frequency the connection drops

PDDB-LTE_BTS-L
N7.0_1406_002-0.0-report_RE
- Note: Priority 1 is highest! (unlike for the cell reselection priority parameters where 7 is highest)

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For internal use
RRC Connection Release with Redirect, Signalling

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For internal use
RRC Connection Release with Redirect
Performance (LTE -> 3G)
• Test results (FTP DL session and streaming session) show that user impact of Redirect is minimal and end user
will not notice the RRC release with redirect
Effects:
• FTP: couple seconds gap in the transmission is noticed while connection is redirected to 3G
• Streaming (YouTube): redirection is not noticeable. No gaps in sound/picture

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For internal use
 CSFB - Circuit Switched Fallback

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Pres
For internal use
CSFB to UTRAN or GSM via redirect
• Required when there is no Conversational Voice support on LTE side
• Redirection from LTE to UTRAN or to GSM during the call setup. MOC and MTC setup
supported

• EPC must support CS

inter-working for
mobility management
and paging

• Redirection by RRC connection release message with a RedirectedCarrierInfo IE that enforces the
UE to search for any cell first at the highest priority UTRA carrier or within BCCH carrier set for GSM
• After termination of the CS call, UEs supporting CS fallback may stay in current RAT of camp back into
the LTE carrier
CSFB: Circuit Switched Fallback
IE: Information Element

MOC: Mobile Originated Calls

MTC: Mobile Terminated Calls

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CS Fallback Signalling Example
MOC in ECM_Connected

UE needs to be IMSI
attached

UE starts Initial Access procedure

and sends Extended Service
Request message with Service
Type set to “mobile originating CS
fallback”

eNB sends
“RRCConnectRelease”
message with redirect
information of WCDMA
Frequency to be used for
redirection
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For internal use
 Main Improvements/Additions over the historical releases
RSRQ Based Redirection
RSRQ triggered mobility

45 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS

Pres
For internal use
• LTE1198: RSRQ triggered mobility
LTE1198: RSRQ triggered mobility

• LTE1198: RSRQ triggered mobility

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For internal use
 LTE1407 – RSRQ based redirection - overview
LTE mobility management in connected mode
LTE1407: RSRQ based
HO: LTE55: Inter-frequency handover (RL20, RL05TD) Redirection (from RL50)
HO: LTE53: Intra- & inter-eNB handover via X2 (RL09, RL05TD)
HO: LTE54: Intra-LTE handover via S1 (RL20, RL15TD)

GSM
LTE56: IRAT HO WCDMA (RL30, CONNECTED
RL25TD)
CELL_DCH RRC CONNECTED Redirection: GPRS PACKET
RAN2176: LTE PS HO (RU20 OnTop)**
RG301854: Fast TRANSFER MODE
, 0
RAN2264:Smart LTE HO L1 LT Return to LTE (RG30
t (R E4
(RU50) LTE57:Inter RAT HO e c ) L 23 LT LTE C
CELL_FACH ir b c TE EP1 step2)
from UTRAN (RL50, RL35TD)** ed (t 9 : R E4 4 el
R f o 8 R 9 4 l Cell Change Order:
th In 4: C 8: 2: e Cha
wi AN
Redirection

m Re Co RI N n

Redirection
e t e R d M A g RG301737: IS-NCCR
LTE423:

s T n. f C e
as )*

LTE423:
e Sy (tbc to U
) ire o C
l h c R r O for LTE
Re TD N ct e G (R rd (RG30)
CELL_PCH it tio
URA_PCH o n. RL15 ct w TRA dire LTE423: RRC Conn. n RL1 leas SM L30 er:
C ire U re w ith 5TD e w (RL , RL
RRC Red for sed Release with Redirection
Sy ) ith 50 25T
3: M
N RI t ba ) (RL10, RL15TD)
s Re, RL D)
42 A
R 96: en L40 t em di 45T
E T re D
LT 7 : U E11 rem (R Redirection: RAN2717: In ct )
1 9 LT su Smart LTE layering (RU40) fo
E1 ea (R (R
L1
LT 3: M L4
0 0,
GSM IDLE
1 07 , RL
UTRA IDLE E RRC IDLE 35 GPRS PACKET
LT TD
) IDLE
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Inter-freq LTE
For internal use
layer
RRC CONNECTED
LTE1407 – RSRQ based redirection - overview
Redirection – “last ditch from drops”
Redirection – a procedure of RRC connection release with redirecting of a UE to other
frequency/RAT layer
Target WCDMA layer does not
• Redirection is a mechanisms to force a UE to: interfere with LTE serving
layer
– switch from RRC-CONNECTED to RRC-IDLE mode and
– reselect to inter-frequency/inter-RAT neighbor cell for PS session
continuation and/or CS call setup (CS Fallback*)
• Redirection is triggered by the radio conditions
– RSRP or RSRQ
– in case of CS Fallback*, redirection is triggered by mobile originating or
terminating CS call
• Target RAT/frequency layer is indicated to a UE by an eNB
within RRC:rrcConnectionRelease message
• At first glance, redirection could be regarded as the last-ditch
from loosing of signaling connection between an eNB and a
UE in case of either poor coverage or extensive interference
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For internal use
* RRC connection release with redirection mechanism is one of the means of realization of the CS Fallback functionality
LTE1407 – RSRQ based redirection - overview
RSRQ based redirection (LTE1407) – is enhancement of RSRP based redirection (LTE423)
LTE423 redirection is triggered by RSRP only, LTE1407 brings additional RSRQ trigger event.
• LTE1407: RSRQ Based Redirection
– redirection is triggered by either RSRP based Event-A2 or RSRQ
RSRQ
based Event-A2 Serving cell RSRQ

• Active LTE423 is a prerequisite for LTE1407

activation
• Redirection target selection and procedure flow is
the same for both RSRP and RSRQ triggered
cases -19.5 dB

• Having both RSRP and RSRQ criterion, UE can be redirected to other LTE frequency/RAT layer to
avoid performance degradation not only due to poor coverage but also due to extensive
eNB starts
redirection
interference
– RSRQ based redirection should be regarded as the remedy for interference caused performance degradation
–Feature in details: https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Overview/D493218874
49 27/02/2024 © Nokia 2014 - File Name - Version - Creator - DocID
For internal use
RSRQ Redirection targets definition
Targets for RSRQ based redirection should be carefully planned so that the network
performance and user experience are not compromised
• Targets should be planned so that UE is not redirected
to the layer which is in mutual interference relation with
the serving layer.
– redirection towards interfering layer could result in
further increasing of interference level towards
serving layer leading to more and more RSRQ
based redirections
– redirecting UE to interfered layer could result in
ping-pong effect – entering poor quality layer UE
may start redirection/HO back towards initial
serving layer
• Activation of RSRQ based redirection may require re-
planning of redirection targets previously configured for ~1..4Mbps of UE DL
RSRP based redirection throughput @ RSRQ
• Targets should be planned so that UE is redirected to ~18dB
the layer providing better user experience (throughput,
connection retainability, delay,…) than serving cell @
RSRQ around RSRQ redirection threshold
– note that @ RSRQ of ~18dB, UE may still This plot depicts single UE DL throughput @ MAC layer measured in test
50 experience
27/02/2024 ©throughput of Name
Nokia 2014 - File 1-4Mbps (@- Creator
- Version MAC layer)
- DocID network; no conclusions on the average cell throughput for multi-UE
For internal use scenario shall be drawn from this.
 RSRQ vs. RSRP Redirection
RSRQ – radio channel quality indicator used as criterion for triggering redirection
before cell edge is reached RSRQ vs RSRP
• Starting value of RSRQ threshold should be set -122 -112 -102 -92 -82 -72 -62
0
-52
close to the value of -19dB so that redirection is not
too sensitive – otherwise redirection may become
the only effective mobility management mechanism -5
– RSRQ will trigger redirection well before any HO
(or even trigger HO measurement) conditions are RSRP
met based
redirection -10
– further tuning of this threshold should be
carefully done based on drive test results so
finally assumed strategy is achieved
• If narrowband RSRQ measurement phenomenon
-15 RSRQ vs RSRP

applies, it may be considered to set RSRQ

threshold to higher values so that the effect of
overestimated RSRQ is compensated -20

– when making RSRQ based redirection more

RSRQ based redirect
sensitive, the risk of making other mobility
mechanisms (e.g. inter-frequency better cell -25
HO) unworkable must be kept in mind

51 27/02/2024 © Nokia 2014 - File Name - Version - Creator - DocID

-30
For internal use
LTE1198: RSRQ triggered mobility

• LTE1198: RSRQ triggered mobility

52 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS

For internal use
LTE1198: RSRQ triggered mobility
Event A2 for RSRQ
Entering conditions for event A2
RSRQ < threshold2MobRsrq - hysThreshold2MobRsrq

RSRQ
RSRQ of serving cell entering conditions for entering conditions fulfilled
event A2 reached during Time-To-Trigger
threshold2MobRsrq
eNB receiving such RRC:
threshold2MobRsrq - hysThreshold2MobRsrq Measurement Report triggers
RRC Connection
Reconfiguration procedure to
time activate measurements of
a2TimeToTriggerMobRsrq neighbor layers,
RRC: Measurement Report message is sent by the
UE towards eNB; for RSRQ based event A2 this is
one-time report

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For internal use
LTE1198: RSRQ triggered mobility

Measurement activation of particular layers can be triggered either by dedicated RSRP thresholds
or can be triggered by one common RSRQ based threshold

OR
RSRP based thresholds RSRQ based threshold
threshold2InterFreq LTE Inter-frequency layers
threshold2Wcdma WCDMA layers
threshold2Tdscdma TD-SCDMA layers threshold2MobRsrq
threshold2Hrpd CDMA2000-eHRPD layers
threshold2GERAN GSM layers

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LTE1198: RSRQ triggered mobility

Measurement deactivation, of measured LTE inter-frequency/inter-RAT layers, is triggered if both

RSRP level and RSRQ quality of serving cell are above particular RSRP and RSRQ thresholds

AND
RSRP based threshold RSRQ based threshold
LTE Inter-frequency layers
WCDMA layers
threshold2a TD-SCDMA layers threshold2aRsrq
CDMA2000-eHRPD layers
GSM layers

55 27/02/2024 © Nokia 2014 - File Name - Version - Creator - DocID

For internal use
 LTE1198: RSRQ triggered mobility
RRC: MeasurementReport triggered by event A1 for active LTE1198

Entering conditions for event A1 Leaving conditions for event A1

RSRP RSRP > threshold2a + hysThreshold2a RSRP < threshold2a - hysThreshold2a

RSRP of serving cell
threshold2a + hysThreshold2a
threshold2a
threshold2a - hysThreshold2a
RRC: Measurement Report
sent with current RSRP and
time RSRQ of serving cell
RSRQ a1TimeToTriggerDeactInterMeas a1ReportInterval a1ReportInterval
RSRQ > threshold2aRsrq at
third Measurement Report, so
threshold2aRsrq eNB commands the UE to
RSRQ of serving cell deactivate inter-frequency/
inter-RAT measurements
RRC Connection
time Reconfiguration procedure
RSRQ, even above threshold2aRsrq, RRC: Measurement Report sent with used for these purposes
never triggers event A1 based actual RSRP and RSRQ of serving cell
Measurement Report; RSRQ < threshold2aRsrq, so
measurements still active

Details : https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Overview/D510220915
56 27/02/2024 © Nokia 2014 - File Name - Version - Creator - DocID
For internal use
LTE1198: RSRQ triggered mobility

Object Parameter Description

LNCEL a2TimeToTriggerMobRsrq Time to trigger A2-RSRQ to start mobility measurement

LNCEL hysThreshold2MobRsrq Related hysteresis of threshold Th2 for RSRQ mobility

LNCEL threshold2MobRsrq Threshold Th2 for RSRQ mobility
LNCEL threshold2aRsrq Threshold Th2a for RSRQ mobility
LNCEL rsrqRedirectParams RSRQ redirection parameters
LNCEL a2TimeToTriggerRedirectRsrq Time to trigger for A2 by RSRQ to start redirect
LNCEL hysThreshold4Rsrq Related hysteresis of threshold Th4 for RSRQ
LNCEL threshold4Rsrq Threshold Th4 for RSRQ

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For internal use
TL/FL 15A Additions with evolution at RL16

–Mobility Robustness Monitoring Inter-RAT (FL/TL 15A, LTE1749)

58 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS

For internal use
– Mobility Robustness Monitoring Inter-RAT (FL/TL 15A, LTE1749)
–Full & the latest version at the latest version

59 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS

For internal use
Introduction
LTE1749 feature overview

• LTE1749 Mobility Robustness Monitoring Inter-RAT UTRAN feature aims to monitoring

Radio Link Failure (RLF) and Handover Failure (HOF) occurrences.
• This feature is activated on the eNB.
• This feature works efficiently in networks where a significant number
of the UEs are compliant to 3GPP Release 11 or higher
(which should support the RLF Report).
• The eNB collects Performance Management (PM) counters which track
the number of RLF and HOF events related to mobility to UTRAN (from 4G to 3G).
• This feature does not count the unnecessary HO to another RAT, Inter-RAT Ping Pong, or too
early Inter-RAT Handover (from UTRAN to LTE).

60 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

For internal use - MBB Customer Support Big Data & Network Engineering
Introduction
Mobility Robustness features vs. types of “bad” handovers

RL3 RL7 FL15

0/ 0/ A/
RL2 RL5 TL15 LTE
5 5 A 2539
LTE LTE LTE
533 1768 1749
LTE533 feature provides LTE1768 feature LTE1749 feature LTE2539 feature will
means to detect enhances LTE533 by introduces few new introduce the functionality
suboptimal handover providing the counters for the in iSON Manager, to
performance with respect functionality to detect and monitoring too early and resolve problems with
to too early HO type 1 & avoid unnecessary too late Inter-RAT HOs which are detected
2 and too late HO inside handovers (Ping Pong UTRAN handovers. by LTE1749.
LTE technology. events).

61 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

For internal use - MBB Customer Support Big Data & Network Engineering
Introduction
LTE1749 feature overview –summary

Before LTE1749 After LTE1749

• No possibility to detect and count too • Several new counters are introduced
early and too late Inter-RAT UTRAN for the monitoring too early and too
handovers. late Inter-RAT UTRAN handovers.
• Customer has the opportunity to
manual optimization mobility between
LTE and UTRAN, by analyzing
new counters and adjusting handover
thresholds.

62 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

For internal use - MBB Customer Support Big Data & Network Engineering
Technical Details
LTE1749 –functional blocks

LTE1749 Mobility Robustness Monitoring Inter-RAT UTRAN feature behaviour can be

reflected as 3 functional blocks:

I. Checking RLF Report

II. Checking thresholds

III. Incrementing counter

63 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

For internal use
Technical Details I. Checking RLF Report

LTE1749 – functional blocks -too early HO

II. Checking thresholds

3 1&2 1. HO attempt to TC III. Incrementing counter

Source LTE Target 2. RLF

Cell UTRAN Cell 3. Reconnection to SC

• UE sends to the eNB the RLF Indication or RRC

Connection Reestablishment Request message, with
cause of reestablishment equals ‘handoverFailure’
• If the eNB has a valid UE context, and it indicates, that
handover to UTRAN is in progress, then status of
different features are checking.
• If any feature (LTE56, LTE898, LTE64) is activated,
then in dependence of ‘measQuantityUtra ’ parameter
value, eNB checks RSCP or EcNo conditions for Target
UTRAN Cell

64 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

For internal use
Technical Details I. Checking RLF Report

LTE1749 –functional blocks -too early HO

II. Checking thresholds

• eNB checks for different features (LTE56, LTE898, LTE64)

III. Incrementing counter
appropriate inequality for B2 events, whether:

- Target UTRAN cell met B2 event condition

measResult .utra-RSCP* > b2Threshold2UtraRscp* *
&
- the last reported serving LTE cell RSRP measurement
met B2 event condition
RSRP < b2Threshold1Utra* *

* or Ec/No
** hysteresis and offsets has been omitted for readability

65 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

For internal use
Technical Details I. Checking RLF Report

LTE1749 –functional blocks -too early HO

II. Checking thresholds

• Based on information contained in the UE Context, the eNB determines that III. Incrementing counter
the conditions for “Too Early HO to UTRAN - {B2T2-PSHO, B2T2-VoLTE}
Met” are met.
- The reported measurement is compared against each configured threshold to determine these Too Early
counters which should be incremented.
- Because of this approach, it is possible to increment multiple Too Early PM counters based on the
single handover failure reporting event.
• The eNB increments the appropriate counters associated with the source cell and the UTRAN frequency
to which handover had been attempted.

66 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

For internal use
Technical Details
LTE1749 –functional blocks -too late HO
I. Checking RLF Report

1 2 II. Checking thresholds

Source Target
LTE Cell UTRAN Cell
III. Incrementing counter
1. RLF
2. Reconnection to TC

• UE sends to the eNB the Radio Link Failure (RLF) Report

within RLF Indication message or Radio Resource Control
(RRC) UE Information Response
• RLF Report contains ‘selectedUTRA-CellId ’
- This field is used to indicate the UTRA cell which was
selected by the UE after RLF was detected.

67 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

For internal use
Technical Details
LTE1749 –functional blocks -too late HO
I. Checking RLF Report

• eNB checks whether:

II. Checking thresholds
- the time between the last HO initialization and
the RLF is higher than
III. Incrementing counter
‘timeConnFailureThreshold ’ parameter
(or IE is absent)
- the time since failure is lower than the time
since last threshold adjustment
- ‘connectionFailureType’ field equals ‘rlf’
- ‘measResultListUTRA –r9’ contains the cell
identified by ‘selectedUTRA-CellId’

68 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

For internal use
Technical Details
LTE1749 –functional blocks -too late HO
I. Checking RLF Report

• If any feature (LTE56, LTE898, LTE64) is activated, then in

dependence of ‘measQuantityUtra ’ parameter value, RSCP or II. Checking thresholds

EcNo conditions are taken into consideration.

• eNB checks for different features (LTE56, LTE898, LTE64) III. Incrementing counter

appropriate inequality for B2 events, whether:

- the best measurement result of UTRAN cell no met B2
event condition
measResult .utra-RSCP* <= b2Threshold2UtraRscp* *
- the last reported serving LTE cell RSRP measurement met
B2 event condition
RSRP < b2Threshold1Utra* *

* or EcNo
** hysteresis and offsets has been omitted for readability
69 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015
For internal use
Technical Details I. Checking RLF Report

LTE1749 –functional blocks -too late HO

II. Checking thresholds

• Based on information in the RLF Report, the eNB determines that the conditions
III. Incrementing counter
for “Too Late HO to UTRAN - {B2T2-PSHO, B2T2-VoLTE} Not Met” are met.
• When Too Late events is detecting based on UE reported RLF reports, the standard does not allow the eNB
to discriminate which UTRAN measurement was activated at the time of the RLF (B1/B2 related to
PSHO/VoLTE/CSFB /LB).
- Then the eNB will compare the reported measurement against each configured threshold to determine the Too Late counters
which should be incremented (PSHO, VoLTE).
- It is possible to increment multiple Too Late PM counters based on the single RLF reporting event.
• The eNB increments the appropriate Too Late PM counters associated with the cell (in which the RLF
occurred) and the UTRAN frequency which had been selected after the RLF occurred.
• UE can indicate to the eNB, that it has RLF information available, after some period of time (even up to 48
hours).
• The Too Late event can only be reported by UEs which support 3GPP Release 11 or later, whereas Too
Early events can be detected for all UEs.
70 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015
For internal use
Benefits and Gains
LTE1749 Values added

Introduction of the LTE1749 feature brings the following benefits:

• miss-configuration of mobility to UTRAN can be detected

• feature provides possibility for manually (made by user) optimizing the measurement
threshold which is used to trigger handover to UTRAN, based on PM counters provided by
eNB

71 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

For internal use - MBB Customer Support Big Data & Network Engineering
TL/FL 16 Additions

–Mobility Robustness Optimization Inter-RAT (FL/TL 16, LTE2539)

72 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS

For internal use
MRO InterRat UTRAN
LTE2539
Optimized handover performance between the technologies

Following InterRat handover failure use cases are minimized

LTE
between LTE and UTRAN with a central SON algorithm:
•Too Late InterRat HO from LTE to 3G
•Too Early InterRat HO with HO failure from LTE to 3G
LTE to 3G: Inter-RAT HO triggered
exemplarily by limited coverage of
Optimization is based on PM counters introduced by LTE

LTE1749
3G to LTE: Inter-RAT HO / Cell
reselection triggered exemplarily by
traffic management policies
Handover thresholds are optimized for each UTRAN
carrier both for SRVCC and PS HO UTRAN

73 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2016 Confidential

Idle mode mobility

74 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS

For internal use
Idle Mode - Contents

• Idle Mode Mobility

- Cell Selection
- LTE intra-frequency Reselection
- LTE inter-frequency Reselection
- Inter RAT Re-selection
• RL50/35 LTE1036 RSRQ based Cell Reselection.
• TL/FL 15A LTE2051 Measurement Based Idle Mode Load Balancing
• TL/FL 16 additions
• Appendix: Example & Exercise

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 S – Criterion Cell Selection
P_compensation = max(pMaxOwnCell – P_max from UE, 0)
• P_compensation provides a contribution only if the UE has less TX power capabilities than allowed
in the radio cell
• If P_compensation > 0 the S-criteria is more difficult to achieve as Qrxlevmeas needs to be higher

• P_compensation avoids UEs camping on cells for which they have insufficient power to access (towards cell
edge)

I am
• qrxLevMin defines the cell size outside

• qrxLevMin can be set up differently for intra


frequency, inter frequency and IRAT:

I am inside, but
Cell selection
Parameters
I have not
enough power
76 27/02/2024 © Nokia 2014 - File Name - Version - Creator - DocID
For internal use E.g. pMaxOwnCell: 33 dBm in GMC files
Cell Reselection
Process Overview
UE measures neighbour cells only when the RSRP signal
Measurements
Measurementstrigger
trigger
level is below some threshold

Measurements trigger is based primarily on absolute

priorities of serving and non serving frequency layers (inter
freq and inter RAT)

Different reselection cases

Evaluate
Evaluatecell
cellreselection
reselection depending on the priorities of the neighbour
criteria
criteria“R”
“R” frequency layers (inter-frequency
and inter-RAT)

Execute
Executecell
cellreselection
reselection
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For internal use
Cell Selection

• Procedure that allows the UE to camp on a cell

• UE searches for a suitable cell (belonging to the selected PLMN, not barred, belonging to a TA not forbidden
and that satisfies the S-criteria):
• The UE selects a cell if Srxlev > 0 VPLMN: Visited PLMN

LNCEL: qRxLevMinOffset
Typically 0 (only used when camping in VPLMN)

Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas – (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) – P_compensation

Max(LNCEL:pMaxOwnCell - P_max from UE (*) , 0)
Measured value
(*) P_max from UE : UE class specific max.
LNCEL:qRxLevMin UL Tx power; 23 dBm
Typically -130dBm
pMaxOwnCell (SIB1)
Used to calculate P_compensation
LNCEL; -30..33dBm; 1dBm; -
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For internal use
 Intra frequency cell reselection

79 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS

For internal use
Intra frequency cell reselection, Triggering Measurements
- When a UE is camped on a cell it looks for better candidate cells for reselection according to sIntrasearch
parameter:
- If Srxlev > sIntraSearch : UE doesn’t measure the neighbour cells
- If Srxlev <= sIntraSearch : UE starts to measure neighbour cells on the same frequency
- Example:
– LNCEL: sIntraSearch is 62 dB
– LNCEL: qrxlevmin is -130 dBm
– LNCEL: qRxLevMinOffset is 0
– pCompensation is 0

Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas – (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) - pcompensation

-130 dBm 0 dB 0 dB
• Qrxlevmeas< - 68 dBm
• UE will start to measure intra-frequency neighbours when RSRP is worse than - 68 dBm
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For internal use
 Intra frequency cell reselection: R-Criterion (Ranking Criterion)

• Once the measurements for neighbour cells have been triggered the UE will rank the measured cells according to the
R-Criterion
- Rankserving cell = Measured RSRPserving cell + LNCEL:qHyst
- Rankneighbour cell = Measured RSRPneighbour cell – IAFIM:qOffsetCell
• Re-selection if :
– Rankneighbour cell > Rankserving cell for tReselEutr and
– More than 1 second has elapsed since the UE camped on the current serving cell

RSRP,n >
RSRP,s + qHyst
+ qOffsetCell

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 Inter frequency cell reselection

82 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS

For internal use
Inter frequency cell reselection
Triggering Measurements

• Measurement trigger depends on the absolute priorities of the serving and non-serving layers
- The priority of the serving layer is defined in the parameter LNCEL:cellReSelPrio
- For each neighbouring frequency/layer, it is necessary to define the corresponding priority: IRFIM:eutCelResPrio
(7 is highest priority, 0 is lowest)
- For equal priority frequency layers it is possible to define an offset with IRFIM:qOffFrq

• If IRFIM:eutCelResPrio > LNCEL:cellReSelPrio then measurements of the neighbour cell are mandatory

• If IRFIM:eutCelResPrio <= LNCEL:cellReSelPrio then measurements are performed when RSRP of serving
cell is below sNonIntrsearch threshold:

Srxlev <= sNonIntrsearch

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 Inter frequency cell reselection
Triggering Measurements
• UE starts inter-frequency measurements when Srxlev <= sNonIntrSearch
• sNonIntrsearch is a valid threshold for inter-frequency and inter-RAT measurements
• Example:
– LNCEL: sNonIntrSearch is 12 dB
– LNCEL: qRxLevMin is -130 dBm
– LNCEL: qRxLevMinOffset is 0
– pCompensation is 0
Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas – (Qrxlevmin + Qrxlevminoffset) - pcompensation
-130 dBm 0 dB 0 dB
- Qrxlevmeas <=-118 dBm
- UE will start to measure inter-frequency neighbours when RSRP is worse than
-118 dBm
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 Inter Frequency Reselection: R-criteria: Equal priority between layers
• Similar to intra frequency

RSRP,n > RSRP,s +

qHyst + qOffset

• A frequency-specific offset for equal priority E-UTRAN frequencies can be considered:

85 27/02/2024
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Qoffset = qOffCell,n + qOffFreq
© Nokia 2014 - File Name - Version - Creator - DocID
 Inter Frequency Reselection: R-criteria: Reselect to lower priority layers

• If the neighbour cell layer has lower priority, the reselection will happen if:

Srxlevneighbour > IRFIM:interFrqThrL && Srxlevserving < LNCEL:threshSrvLow

Where:
Srxlevn = QrxlevMeasn – IRFIM:qRxLevMinInterF – P_compensation
Srxlevs= QrxlevMeass – LNCEL:qRxLevMin + LNCEL: qRxLevMinOffset – P_compensation

Qrxlevmeass < qRxLevMin + thresholdSrvLow – qRxLevMinOffset +

P_compensation
AND
Qrxlevmeas n > qRxLevMinInterF + interFrqThrL + P_compensation
- The criterias above have to be fullfilled during a time interval IRFIM:interTResEut
- And the UE must have been camped in the current cell more than 1 sec.
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Inter frequency cell reselection
Example of reselection to lower priority
LNCEL:qRxLevMin = -130 dBm
Inter frequency measurements will
be started at -118 dBm
LNCEL:sNonIntrSearch = 12

RSRP decreases -118 -130 -140

-120

Pcompensation =0
LNCEL:qRxLevMinOffset =0
LNCEL:threshSrvLow = 10

If suitable neighbour (*) cell is found, reselection will be

performed when RSRP decreases under -120 dBm

87
(*) ©suitable
27/02/2024
neighbour-> RSRPn > qRxLevMinInterF +interFreqThrL
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For internal use
Inter Frequency Reselection, R-criteria: Reselection to higher priority layers

• If the neighbouring cell layer has higher priority than the serving layer, reselection will happen if:

Srxlevneighbour > IRFIM:interFrqThrH

Where:
Srxlevneighbour = Qrxlevmeas – IRFIM:qRxLevMinInterF – P_compensation
Qrxlevmeasneighbour > qRxLevMinInterF + interFrqThrH
(Assuming P_compensation = 0)

interFrqThrH > interFrqThrL > threshSrvLow

- The criteria above must be satisfied for a time period equal to IRFIM: interTResEut
- And the UE must have been camped in the current cell more than 1 sec.
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 Inter RAT cell reselection

89 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS

For internal use
 Inter-RAT cell reselection
• Inter RAT cell reselection is idle mode mobility from LTE to another radio access technology (RAT), e.g. WCDMA
or GSM

• UFFIM is the managed object class for idle mode parameters LTE to WCDMA:
- UFFIM parameters are broadcasted in the SIB6

• GFIM/GNFL are the managed object classes for idle mode parameters LTE to GSM:
- GFIM/GNFL parameters are broadcasted in the SIB7

LNBTS
LNBTS LNCEL
LNCEL GFIM
UFFIM GNFL
UFFIM: UTRA Frequency Idle Mode Parameters
GFIM: GERAN Frequency Idle Mode Parameters
GNFL: GERAN Neighbours Frequency List
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 Inter RAT cell re-selection, Measurements Triger

• IRAT cell reselection procedure and related parameters are similar to those for inter frequency cell reselection

• Similar to the inter frequency case, there is the priority concept (7 is highest priority, 0 is lowest):
– The priority of serving cell is defined with LNCEL:cellReSelPrio
– The priority of the neighbouring cell is defined:
• For WCDMA: UFFIM: uCelResPrio
• For GSM: GFIM: gCelResPrio
• If UFFIM: uCelResPrio/GFIM: gCelResPrio > LNCEL:cellReSelPrio then measurements of the neighbour
WCDMA/GSM cell are mandatory

• If UFFIM: uCelResPrio/GFIM: gCelResPrio <LNCEL:cellReSelPrio then measurements are performed when

RSRP of serving cell is below Snonintrasearch threshold (same as per inter-frequency): Srxlev <=
SNonIntrsearch

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 Inter RAT cell reselection, R-criteria

• Reselection to a higher priority RAT will happen if:

WCDMA: Srxlevneighbour > UFFIM:utraFrqThrH

GSM: Srxlevneighbour > GFIM:gerFrqThrH

- Reselection to a lower priority RAT will happen if:

Towards WCDMA: Towards GSM:
Srxlevngbr(WCDMA) > UFFIM:utraFrqThrL && Srxlevngbr(GSM) > GFIM:gerFrqThrL &&
Srxlevserv(LTE) < LNCEL:threshSrvLow Srxlevserv(LTE) < LNCEL:threshSrvLow

- The criterias above have to be fullfilled during a time interval UFFIM:tResUtra for WCDMA and
GFIM:tResGer for GSM
- And the UE must have been camped in the current cell more than 1 sec.
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Inter RAT cell reselection, R-criteria
Srxlevneighbour is referred to the candidate cell:
- GSM: Srxlevneighbour = QrxlevMeas – Qrxlevmin – P_compensation
Where:
QrxlevMeas = RSSI
Qrxlevmin = GNFL:qRxLevMinGer

- UMTS: Srxlev = QrxlevMeas – Qrxlevmin – P_compensation

Where:
QrxlevMeas = CPICH RSCP
Qrxlevmin = UFFIM:qRxLevMinUtra
Additionally Squal > 0 required for UMTS FDD
Squal = QrxlevMeas – Qqualmin
Qrxlevmeas = CPICH Ec/No
Qqualmin = UFFIM:qQualMinUtra
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 LTE  3G cell reselection, signalling example

UE is in
LTE

UE is in
3G

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 RL50/35/FZ important improvements/additions
LTE1036 RSRQ based Cell Reselection

95 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS

Pres
For internal use
LTE1036 RSRQ based reselection - Introduction
Cell selection and cell reselection in Rel.8
•For evaluation of conditions used for cell selection and cell reselection processes UE terminals Rel.8 use only
RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) based measurements of LTE cells
•After UE camps on a cell in cell selection process it is typical that it moves across the network from one cell to
another.
•For UEs in IDLE mode (without any transmission) this mobility issue is solved via cell reselection mechanism.
Cell selection and cell reselection are fundamental functionalities in LTE and implemented in
Nokia product since the first LTE release - RL10/RL15TD/RL50FZ
- LTE39 System information broadcast
- LTE762 Idle mode mobility from LTE to WCDMA, GSM or other LTE bands
- LTE870 Idle mode mobility from LTE to CDMA/eHRPD
- LTE807 Idle mode mobility from LTE to CDMA/1xRTT

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 LTE1036 RSRQ based reselection
• Cell selection and cell reselection in Rel.9
- Cell reselection triggered by weak signal power (RSRP based for LTE) prevents UEs in IDLE mode from losing
network connectivity at the cell edge due to coverage loss.
- Cell reselection triggered by weak signal quality (RSRQ based for LTE) prevents UEs in IDLE mode from losing
connectivity at any place within the cell where high interferences appear and in this context RSRQ based
reselection provides offloading of UEs from the high interfered cells to more suitable ones.

freq
freq

uen
uen
cy1 ue ncy1

cy2
RSRP based freq
Reselection e ncy1
qu
fre

RSRQ based
Reselection
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 LTE1036 RSRQ based reselection
• Cell selection and cell reselection in Rel.9
- According 3GPP, UE terminals Rel.9 are obligated to make besides RSRP (Reference Signal Received Power) also
RSRQ (Reference Signal Received Quality) based measurements and use them for cell selection and cell reselection
procedures.
- All Rel.9 and higher compliant UE terminals shall support RSRQ measurements in IDLE mode
- RSRQ, as relevant to LTE technology, is applicable for measurements of LTE serving cell as well as neighbor intra-
frequency and inter-frequency LTE cells.
- In Rel.9 the scope of SI (System Information) messages broadcasted by eNB is extended by information applicable
for RSRQ measurements.
- Also criteria for cell selection and cell reselection were modified in Rel.9.
- In RL50 LTE1036 RSRQ based cell reselection have been introduced to be inline with Rel.9 cell selection
and cell reselection requirements.
- The feature introduces new handling not only for cell reselection (as feature name indicates) but affects also
cell selection process.
- Feature in details: https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Overview/D498663408

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 S – Criterion Cell Selection R9 – LTE1036
• UE selects a eUTRA cell if the S (selection) criteria is fulfilled:

Srxlev > 0 and Squal > 0

Srxlev = Qrxlevmeas – (Qrxlevmin* + Qrxlevminoffset**) - Pcompensation
Squal = Qqualmeas – (Qqualmin + Qqualminoffset)

Pcompensation = max (PEMAX*** – PUMAX, 0) (dB) qQualMinR9

Minimum required RSRQ level
LNCEL; --34... -3;
Squal = Cell selection quality value (dB) qQualMinOffsetR9
Qqualmeas = Measured cell quality value (RSRQ) Affects minimum required RSRP level
LNCEL; 1... 8dB
Qqualmin = Minimum required quality level in the cell (dB)
Qqualminoffset = Offset to Qqualmin for a higher priority PLMN
while camped normally in a VPLMN

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*PUMAX: UE class specific max. UL Tx power; 23 dBm
For internal use
TL/FL 15A LTE2051 Measurement Based Idle Mode Load
Balancing – further evolved at RL16
Full & the latest version at the latest version

10 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS

0 internal use
For
Introduction
Load Balancing Features Overview
Inter-Frequency
Intra-Frequency
Intra-LTE Inter-RAT

Connected Mode Load Balancing Features

LTE1140 – Intra-Frequency Load LTE1387 – Intra-eNB Inter-Frequency Load Balancing (RL40) Note: Arrows ( / ) signify the extensions
Balancing (RL70/RL55TD)
to features from previous releases. The
LTE1170 – Inter-eNB Inter-frequency Load Balancing new/extension features share the same
(RL50/RL35TD/RL50FZ) activation flags as the original features and
aimed at adding additional functionalities to
LTE1531 – Inter-frequency Load Balancing Extensions legacy features.
(RL60/RL45TD)

LTE1841 – Inter Frequency Load Equalization (RL70/RL55TD)

Idle Mode Load Balancing Features

CRL0632 – Basic Idle mode Load Balancing (RL40)

LTE487 – Idle Mode Load Balancing (RL50/RL35TD/RL50FZ)

LTE1677 – Idle Mode Load Balancing Extensions (RL60/RL45TD)

LTE2050 – Load Triggered Idle Mode Load Balancing (RL70/RL55TD)

LTE2051 – Measurement Based Idle Mode Load Balancing (FL15A/TL15A)

10 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015
1
Introduction

• Idle Mode Mobility Load Balancing (IMMLB) features

offload/steer UEs towards inter-frequency/Inter-RAT neighbor

Pre-FL/TL15A cells
- UEs that were intended to do cell reselection according to dedicated
priorities, received in Idle Mode Mobility Control Info Information
Element (IMMCI IE) of RRC Connection Release message
Idle Mode Mobility Load Balancing - Number of UEs provided with dedicated priorities depends on
• LTE487 Idle Mode Mobility Load Balancing configurable parameter
• LTE1677 Idle Mode Mobility Load Balancing Extensions
• LTE2050 Load triggered Idle Mode Load Balancing - Dedicated priorities were sent either regardless of load level in source
cell or once configured load level was reached

More details about previous IMMLB solutions can be found in NEIs:

LTE487, LTE1677 and LTE2050.

10 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

2
Introduction

• LTE2051 is an extension of IMMLB algorithm that is built

on top of legacy solutions

FL/TL15A • From FL/TL15A onwards eNB may validate if selected main

target frequency layer has a sufficient power level (RSRP)
and/or quality (RSRQ)
• Starting from FL/TL15A it is possible to avoid steering UEs to cells
Idle Mode Mobility Load Balancing with lower RSRP as well as avoid reselections to interferred cells
• LTE487 Idle Mode Mobility Load Balancing
(insufficient RSRQ)
• LTE1677 Idle Mode Mobility Load Balancing Extensions
• LTE2050 Load Triggered Idle Mode Load Balancing • Selected main target frequency layer is checked against absolute
• LTE2051 Measurement Based Idle Mode Load Balancing configurable thresholds as well as against serving cell RSRP/RSRQ
• LTE2051 can be used together with LTE2050, but LTE2050
is not a prerequisite

10 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

3
Technical Details

Overview of enhanced Idle LB procedure is illustrated below (LTE2051 part is included)

1. UE is a candidate for LB
START 2. IMMLB object(s) is/are selected for UE, IMMLB weights can
be derived from proper structure
STOP = NO IMMCI is sent to UE
STEP 1 STEP 2 STEP 3 STEP 4 No
Weighted Round Robin STEP 5
List of frequency layers, Is there any Main target validation
based on selected Algorithm is used to All criteria
frequency determine the main target RSRP/RSRQ of cells of fulfilled?
IMMLB object is main target are checked
on list? Yes for IMMLB
created. This is done for
Yes LTE2051
the Main target
frequency selection No STEP 7 STEP 6
IMMCI list is filled up: 1)Second list containing
1)Main target frequency layer is added frequency layers configured in
STOP = NO IMMCI is sent to UE with assigned priority 7 selected IMMLB object is
created.
2)All frequencies from STEP 6 with
SIB priority lowered by one 2)Main target frequency is
removed (if present)
3)t320 timer is added
3)Frequency layers that not
configured for SIB broadcast
are removed
STOP

10 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

4
Configuration Management
New basic parameters

Abbreviated name Full name PKDB link

Activate measurement-based Idle mode load
LNBTS:actMeasBasedIMLB
balancing
Target cell minimum RSRP for idle mode load
IRFIM:minRsrpIMLB
balancing
Target cell min delta RSRP for idle mode load
IRFIM:minDeltaRsrpIMLB
balancing
Target cell minimum RSRQ for idle mode load
IRFIM:minRsrqIMLB
balancing
Target cell min delta RSRQ for idle mode load
IRFIM:minDeltaRsrqIMLB
balancing

IRFIM:enableA4IMLB Enable A4 event for idle mode load balancing

10 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

5 internal use
For
Benefits and Gains

LTE2051 is a solution for:

avoiding cell reselection from better cell to a worse cell (for example interfered cell) what may
lead to decreased user experience and
avoiding undesired continuous cell measurements in Idle Mode what leads to reduced power
consumption
- 3GPP defined that in idle mode all higher priority layers must be monitored. Before FL/TL15A, when
IMMCI was sent to UE, measurements of higher priority layers that have insufficient RSRP/RSRQ
might be started

Note: After LTE2051 activation, primary target, provided that it is inter-frequency LTE layer, is validated in terms
of RSRP and/or RSRQ -> it means the layer quality is sufficient in terms of RSRP and/or RSRQ, and so the measurements and
mobility in idle mode towards the primary target are justified

10 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

6 internal use
For
TL/FL 16 Additions

–Dedicated Idle Mode Mobility Priorities Enhancement (FL/TL16, LTE2166)

–Full & the latest version at the latest version of this NEI slides

10 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS

7 internal use
For
Introduction
Idle Mode Mobility Load Balancing in MOCN configurations before FL/TL16

Before FL/TL16 fully independent layer prioritization strategy for idle mode
mobility load balancing (IMMLB) in MOCN network configuration is not
SIB Configuration
possible. In MOCN network IMMLB prioritization was based on absolute
Common Configuration priorities assigned to carriers (common SIB configuration). The list distributed
OP1 : LTE2600 PRIO to UEs of both MOCN parties is created with application of LTE1677 algorithm
:7
OP2 : LTE2600
PRIO for main (link*) and secondary (link*) target selection .
OP1: LTE1800
:7
OP2 : LTE1800
PRIO *) Links takes you to places
OP1: LTE800 :6 SIB Configuration
SIBs Configuration
within this presentation where
MOPR1/MOIMP MOPR2/MOIMP
OP2: LTE800 PRIO OP1 : LTE2600
PRIO:7
explanation of the algorithm can
Freq + weight list Freq + weight list OP2 : LTE2600 PRIO:7
PRIO:6

OP1/OP2: MOCN LTE1800 :6 OP1: LTE1800

OP2 : LTE1800
OP1: LTE800
PRIO:6
PRIO:5
PRIO:5
be found.
OP2: LTE800 PRIO:4

PRIO
OP1/OP2: MOCN LTE1800 PRIO:3

OP1/OP2: MOCN LTE800 OP1/OP2: MOCN LTE800

OP1: UMTS2100
OP2: UMTS2100
PRIO:2
PRIO:2
PRIO:1

:5 MOCNU900 PRIO:0

OP1: WCDMA2100
OP1: GSM PRIO:0
OP2: GSM

PRIO
OP2: WCDMA2100
:5
MOCNU900
PRIO
OP1: GSM900 :4 SIB Configuration

OP2: GSM900
SIBs Configuration

PRIO MOC OP1 : LTE2600

PRIO:7

:3 N
OP2 : LTE2600

OP1: LTE1800
PRIO:7
PRIO:6
PRIO:6
OP2 : LTE1800 PRIO:5

PRIO
OP1: LTE800 PRIO:5

eNB
OP2: LTE800 PRIO:4
OP1/OP2: MOCN LTE1800 PRIO:3
OP1/OP2: MOCN LTE800 PRIO:2

:2 OP1: UMTS2100
OP2: UMTS2100
MOCNU900
PRIO:2
PRIO:1
PRIO:0
OP1: GSM PRIO:0

PRIO
OP2: GSM

108 © Nokia Solutions and Networks

:2 2015
For internal use PRIO
:1
Introduction
LTE2166
Motivation behind LTE2166 Dedicated Idle Mode Mobility Priorities Enhancement feature was to allow MOCN
operators to provide dedicated layer priorities for their own subscribers, configured according to their needs
(without relation to priorities broadcasted in SIBs).

Before After
IMMCI IE content (primary frequency and Primary frequency for IMMCI IE is determined
secondary frequency list) is determined with with LTE1677.
LTE1677.

Priority of secondary frequency list is taken from Secondary frequency list is determined with
SIB configuration, lowered by 1. LTE2166. The content of the list and priorities
Priority configuration in SIB is common for both can be defined independently for each MOCN
operators, thus some priority configurations are operator.
not possible (e.g. one frequency layer with
different priorities set for different operators).

109 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

For internal use
Introduction
Load Balancing Features Overview
Inter-Frequency
Intra-Frequency
Intra-LTE Inter-RAT
Connected Mode Load Balancing Features
LTE1140 – Intra-Frequency Load LTE1387 – Intra-eNB Inter-Frequency Load Balancing (RL40) Note: Arrows ( / ) signify the extensions
Balancing (RL70/RL55TD)
to features from previous releases. The
LTE1170 – Inter-eNB Inter-frequency Load Balancing new/extension features share the same
(RL50/RL35TD/RL50FZ)
activation flags as the original features and
LTE1531 – Inter-frequency Load Balancing Extensions aimed at adding additional functionalities to
(RL60/RL45TD) legacy features.

LTE1841 – Inter Frequency Load Equalization (RL70/RL55TD)

Idle Mode Load Balancing Features

CRL0632 – Basic Idle mode Load Balancing (RL40)

LTE487 – Idle Mode Load Balancing (RL50/RL35TD/RL50FZ)

LTE1677 – Idle Mode Load Balancing Extensions (RL60/RL45TD)

LTE2050 – Load Triggered Idle Mode Load Balancing (RL70/RL55TD)

LTE2051 – Measurement Based Idle Mode Load Balancing (FL15A/TL15A)

LTE2166 – Support of dedicated idle mode mobility priorities– (FL16/TL16)

110 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015
Benefits and Gains

With LTE2166 Dedicated Idle Mode Mobility Priorities Enhancement MOCN

operators are able to provide dedicated layer priorities for their own subscribers, even
though common layer priorities are broadcasted in System Information Blocks.
Dedicated layer priorities allows for independent IMMLB strategy.

RESTRICTION #1 lifted RESTRICTION #2 lifted

Two different RATs can have The same carriers can be
the same priority assigned (e.g. prioritized differently in two
in two separate MOPRs) MOCNs (e.g. in two separate
MOPRs).

111 © Nokia Solutions and Networks 2015

For internal use
Appendix: Examples & Exercise

11 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS

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For
 Example: LTE 2600, absolute priority 7 qrxLevMin = -130 dBm

Idle mode reselection sIntraSearch = 62

sNonIntrSearch = 16
RSRP decreases

-68 -114 -130 -140

When RSRP < -68 dBm UE starts to When RSRP < -114 dBm UE starts to measure on
measure intra-freq neighbours LTE1800 and WCDMA

LNCEL:Qhyst = 3dB LNCEL:threshSrvLow = 10 LNCEL:threshSrvLow = 10

IAFIM: qOffestCell = 0dB IRFIM:interFrqThrL = 20 UFFIM:utraFrqThrL = 10
IRFIM:qRxLevMinInterF= -130dBm UFFIM:qRxLevMinUtra= -119 dBm
Reselection to other LTE2600 cell will
happen: Reselection to LTE1800 cell will happen: If no suitable LTE1800 cell found, then
1. When neighbour is 3dB better than 1. When serving is below -120dBm AND reselection to WCDMA will happen
serving LTE1800 neighbour’s RSRP is better than - 1. When serving cell is below -120 dBm and
2. For a time 110 dBm neighbouring WCDMA cell RSCP > -109 dBm
LNCEL:tReselEutr = 1s 2. For a time 2. For a time UFFIM:tResUtra = 1s
3. AND more than 1 s has elapsed since IRFIM:intertResEutr = 1s 3. AND more than 1 s has elapsed since the UE
the UE camped in the currrent cell 3. AND more than 1 s has elapsed since the camped in the current cell
UE camped in the current cell
Rn > Rs + qoff + hys Srxlev, n > qRxLevMinInter/Utra + interFrqThrhL
Srxlev, s < qRxLevMin + threshSrvLow
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 Revision history and metadata
Please delete this slide if document is uncontrolled
Document ID: D510726019
Document location: https://sharenet-ims.inside.nokiasiemensnetworks.com/Overview/D510726019
Organization: Global Services – Network Planning & Optimization

Version Description of Changes Date Author Owner Status Reviewed by Reviewed Approver Approval
Date Date
Initial document (RL30) Feb-2012 Lorena Serna Lorena Serna

Update document for RL40/RL25 Mar-2013 Tomas Novosad Tomas Novosad

Update document for RL50/RL35 27-Mar-2014 Tomas Novosad Tomas Novosad

Update document for “NOKIA”, instead of “NSN” 5-Aug-2014 Lorena Serna Tomas Novosad

4.0 Updated for RL60/RL45; 12-Jan-2015 Tomas Novosad Tomas Novosad Approved Lorena Serna 14-01-2015 Lorena Serna 14-01-2015
(First tracked version number.)

5.0 Updated for RL70/RL55; 20-Aug-2015 Tomas Novosad Tomas Novosad Approved Lorena Serna 01-10-2015 Lorena Serna 13-10-2015

6.0 Updated for FL/TL 15A 20-Jan-2016 Tomas Novosad Tomas Novosad Approved Shahzad Farooq Shahzad Farooq 22-01-2016

7.0 Updated for FL/TL 16 20-June-2016 Tomas Novosad Tomas Novosad Approved Shahzad Farooq Shahzad Farooq 21-June-2016

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11 © Nokia 2014 - NPO GS
8 internal use
For