UNIT II:

WORLDVI
EW PREPARED BY:
BSSW 1c – Group 2
BARBERO J. | BARBIETO K. | BATILES, M. | BERSALONA R. | BERSALONA C. | BILAN A. | BOSQUE P. | CABIAO, J. | BILAN A. | CASTILLO, C.
 CONTENT
COSMOL VALU
OGY ES
SPIRITUA HEALI
LITY NG
RITU
COSMOL
OGY
• The cosmology of all six CAR provinces is based on complex
beliefs in spirits and deities and a close relationship with the
natural world.
• The residents of these provinces have the belief that there is an
afterlife in addition to the material world.
• Mountains, rivers, and forests are examples of sacred natural
elements. Rituals are frequently performed to ask for the
guidance and blessings of these spirits.
 • In Abra, the inhabitants believe in a complex
ABRA cosmology where the spiritual realm and the
physical realm are tightly intertwined.

• Since rivers play a major role in the life of the

APAYAO Isnag people, they have a special regard for the
spirits connected to the water.

• The people of Benguet, such as the Ibaloi and

Kankanaey, traditionally perceive the world as
BENGUET inhabited by spirits (kabunian) that require
rituals to appease them.
 • Their worldview encompasses a variety of gods and spirits
that dwell in many realms, including the sky, earth, and
IFUGAO underworld.
• Each of these entities has a specific function in promoting
agricultural output and the well-being of the society.
• It reflects a strong connection between their warrior culture
and their spiritual beliefs, with a clear representation of
strength and protection from the spirits.
KALINGA • They believe that the natural world, which includes rivers and
mountains, is infused with strong spiritual powers that have an
impact on people's lives and should be respected.

• Ancestors' spirits have a substantial influence in providing

MT. guidance and safeguarding the living.
PROVINCE • The natural environment is also viewed as filled with spirits
that must be pacified through rituals.
 COMPARISON
• Their belief system encompasses a
multi-tiered cosmos, comprising
separate domains for deities, spirits,
ancestors, and people.
• All provinces have a strong tradition
of ancestor worship and the practical
application of ancestral spirits.
• Natural features have spiritual
importance everywhere; mountains,
rivers, and the land itself are said to
be inhabited by spirits.
CONTRAST
• Although everyone believes in a
spiritual hierarchy, there are
differences in the details, such as
the characteristics and functions of
the gods and spirits.
• Different religious traditions
connected to the cosmology of each
province are reflected in the sorts
of rites and the roles played by
spiritual leaders.
VALUES
• The Indigenous people of CAR have a set of
principles that guide their way of life.
• These values include communal living, respect for
elders, and ancestors, integrity, hospitality, self-
sufficiency, and resilience.
 • The people of Abra value kinship and social ties, often
demonstrating a strong sense of community which implies
collective unity and cooperation.
ABRA • A significant value is placed on social status and the maintenance
of social relations through traditional systems like 'dap-ay', a
communal space for meetings and social learning.

• - the Isnag people put high importance on peace and conflict

resolution, as seen in their 'bodong' or peace pact system, which
profoundly influences their interpersonal and inter-tribal relations.
APAYAO • - They also uphold values of environmental stewardship, as their
life is highly dependent on the natural resources around them.

• Mostly Ibaloi and Kankanaey, strongly emphasize hard work and

industriousness, especially in farming and mining. They have a
BENGUET high regard for 'inayan', a local term for avoiding actions that bring
about shame and imbalance to oneself or to the community.
 • The inhabitants of Ifugao are great importance on
familial relationships and social connections,
IFUGAO frequently exhibiting a strong sense of communal
spirit that signifies collective solidarity and
collaboration.
• Kalinga communities emphasize bravery and
fearlessness, which are traditionally linked to their
KALINGA warrior culture.
• Community solidarity and the ability to work together
to achieve common goals is also highly valued.
• They emphasis on the respect for elders and
MT. adherence to traditional customs and practices, which
PROVINCE guide daily life and community decisions.
 COMPARISON CONTRAST
• Each province has a strong • The significance of social
sense of community and standing and the upkeep of
cooperation, reflecting the social connections is
importance of working particularly emphasized.
together. • Peace and conflict resolution
• All provinces show are crucial throughout the entire
profound respect for the region.
natural environment, which • The formal system of sharing
closely ties to their and reciprocity is found in
livelihoods and spiritual every province.
beliefs.
SPIRITUAL
ITY
• It plays a significant role in the lives of the Indigenous
People.
• They embrace ancestor devotion, in which the spirits of
their ancestors are honored and consulted for wisdom, and
animism.
• Offerings, ceremonies, and rituals are performed in an effort
to connect with the spiritual world and ask for blessings,
protection, and healing.
 • The Tinggians adhere to a variant of animism
wherein they believe ancestor spirits referred to as
“anito.”
ABRA • They perform rituals to ensure a bountiful harvest,
good health, and protection against evil spirits.

• The Isnag people also adhere to animism.

• A significant spiritual notion is the profound respect
APAYAO for the intangible entities inhabiting the natural
surroundings, such as rivers, mountains, and the sun.
• The Ibaloi and Kankanaey ethnic groups possess
distinct sets of indigenous beliefs.
BENGUET • The 'kabunian' refers to the domain of the ultimate
divine being and forefathers.
 • The spirituality of the Ifugao people is closely
connected to the cultivation of rice, with the
IFUGAO renowned rice terraces playing an essential part.
• Rituals and festivals, like the 'hud' chants and
'bulul” are intended to ensure a good harvest.

• The Kalinga community places great importance on

life and authority.
KALINGA • They believe in several deities and spirits that affect
health, success in war, and daily life.

MT. • They have a high regard for ancestral spirits and

perform rituals with prayers, chants, and offerings
PROVINCE for guidance and blessings.
 COMPARISON
• All provinces share a common
beliefs in animism – spirits
inhabiting natural entities and
ancestral reverence.
• Every community use rituals and
sacrifices as a means of establishing
communication with the supernatural
realm and seeking favorable
outcomes.
• Spiritual practices often involve the
whole community and are integrated
with social functions as peace pacts
and festivals.
CONTRAST
• Each province has a distinct set of
deities or versions of “anito”.
• The names, characteristics, and
significance vary by ethic group.
• The Rituals is consistent, the
specifics of how and when they
are varying by ethnic groups.
• The role and name of the spiritual
leader differ.
HEALING
• The cultural rituals are not complete without the traditional
healings.
• Albularyo, Mambunong, or Shaman are the names of healers.
• They heal illnesses of the body, mind, and spirit using a variety
of techniques, including as herbal treatments, ceremonies, and
divination.
• These healings frequently incorporate both spiritual instruction
from spirits and natural resources.
 • Animism in the province has an impact on traditional
healing.
• Treatments for illnesses thought to be brought on by
ABRA supernatural forces or enraged spirits include animal
sacrifices, herbal remedies, and rituals performed by
healers.
• The Isnag of Apayao also practice healing rituals that
invoke nature spirits for health and well-being.
APAYAO • They have a diverse knowledge of herbal medicine, and
healers, often use prayers and spiritual guidance
alongside physical treatments.
• Benguet's healing practices involve native priests who
perform rituals to commune with the ancestral spirits,
BENGUET seeking their intervention in curing illnesses.
• They also use herbal remedies.
 • In Ifugao, the 'mumbaki' (ritual specialists) are central
IFUGAO to healing practices, which combine agricultural rituals
with health.
• Kalinga's healing traditions are strongly tied to their
warrior culture.
• Healers, known as 'mandadawak', use chants, massages,
KALINGA
herbs, and even divination to diagnose and treat
ailments believed to be caused by supernatural entities
or inflicted by enemies.
• Mountain Province features a mix of healing practices,
MT.
with healers employing herbs, animal sacrifices, and
PROVINCE
rituals to treat diseases.
 COMPARISON
• All six provinces integrate
spiritual practices in healing,
recognizing the influence of
supernatural elements and the
importance of appeasing spirits
as part of the healing process
• Herbal treatments are widely
used in the area, frequently
passed down through the
generations and revered for their
inherent healing abilities.
• Every province has a unique kind
of healer who is essential to the
well-being of the community.
CONTRAST
• While all engage in rituals, the
specifics of these—such as which
spirits are invoked, the offerings
made, and the methods of
appeasement—differ from province
to province, aligned with their local
cosmologies and cultural
narratives.
• The causes of illness vary, with
some linking sickness to moral and
social behavior or to ancestral
displeasure or the workings of
enemy tribes.
RITUALS
• Rituals are essential for the CAR
communities to maintain harmony with
nature and the spiritual realm.
• The rituals vary across provinces but revolve
around crucial life events such as birth,
marriage, agriculture, and death.
 MARRIAGE DEATH
• The Abra pay their respects to the departed
• Traditional dances and ceremonies conducted
with elaborate burial ceremonies, which
by the elders are part of the elaborate

ABRA
include shaman-performed rituals and
marriage celebrations in Abra communities.
traditional dances.
• There are a lot of unique customs, such
• To ease the souls' transition into the next
giving local delicacies as gifts and
world, people make offerings of food and
exchanging symbolic objects.
belongings.

• All members of the community participate in

• When an Isnag passes away, their community
the marriage ceremonies in Apayao.

APAYAO
prays, performs the funeral dance, and burns
Community feasts, prayers, and symbolic
objects of symbolic meaning.
gestures representing the merger of two
• The community unites behind the mourning
families are common components of these
family, offering them support and sympathy.
ceremonies.

• Weddings in the Benguet region are famously

• Traditions in the Benguet include telling
vibrant affairs, full of elaborate rites and

BENGUET
tales, eating, and lighting bonfires to honor
dances performed by members of the
the lives of the dead.
community in their traditional garb.
• Offerings made to ancestors on altars are also
• Another widespread ritual is making
prevalent.
ceremonial offerings to the ancestors.
 MARRIAGE DEATH
• Traditional Ifugao wedding rituals include the
exchange of dowries and the presence of both • Traditional of Ifugao funeral rites center on

IFUGAO
the bride and groom's families and extended
networks.
• Planting rice as a symbol is a common ritual
that highlights the significance of fertility and
wealth.
the idea that life goes on after death.
• The community grieves together throughout
the rituals, which include animal sacrifices,
prayers, and communal involvement.

• Wedding tattoo rituals are a common way for

• Tattooing ceremonies are common in Kalinga
Kalinga communities to commemorate the
funeral rites, representing the soul's passage

KALINGA
union of husband and wife and the beginning
to the next world.
of a new chapter in their lives together.
• During these ceremonies, people of the
• Kalinga wedding ceremonies aren't complete
community come together to pray for the
without traditional dances and gift-giving.
family and give their support.

• Traditional dances, ceremonies, and

• Bride dowry negotiations and traditional
communal feasts are all part of the Mountain
dance performances are common parts of

MT. PROVINCE
Province's funeral rites, which include the
mountainous wedding ceremonies.
whole community.
• The blessings of the elders and the presence
• At the time of burial, sacrifices are made to
of the community are other elements that may
make the soul's passage to the next life more
be included in ceremonies.
comfortable.
 COMPARISON CONTRAST
• All provinces have rituals dedicated • While all provinces have communal
to honoring ancestors, recognizing rituals the specific nature and
their contributions and seeking their purpose of each ceremony vary.
guidance and blessings. • Rituals in different provinces may
• Rituals involve the active involve unique cultural artifcts, such
participation of the entire community, as ‘gangsa’ gongs or the specific
reinforcing social cohesion and a dance steps of the tayaw, signifying
shared sense of identity. distinct traditions and practices.
• Each province’s rituals are deeply • Some rituals are closely tied to
tied to their spiritual beliefs, they agricultural cycles, reflecting the
function as a means of agrarian nature of the communities.
communicating with ancestors,
nature spirits and deities.
References
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Del Castillo, F., Edara, I. R., Ching, G. S., Molino, J., Jacoba, R., & Del Castillo, C. D. (2023). Religiosity
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Provozin, E. (2023, May 12). Best time for Ifugao Mumbaki in Philippines 2024 - Best Season. Rove.me.
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zHI9oSh54b7loHaaWzKA#:~:text=A%20traditional%20Ifugao%20Mumbaki%20is,are%20occasionally
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The ISNeg (ISNAG) Tribe of the Philippines: History, Culture, Customs and tradition [Cordillera Apayao
Province Indigenous People | Ethnic Group]. (n.d.). yodisphere.com.
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 References
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_medicine_in_the_Philippines
T HAN K
YOU