CONSTRUCTION AND MATERIALS

ADHESIVES

Group members Anirudh kumar, Abhishek, Akash Yadav, Anirudh kumar, Ankit verma, Anmol
kumar Srivastav, Anshi gupta, Anurag Vikram, Arnav singh, Kashvi nigam,
Khagesh kumar pal, Khalil ur Rahman, Mahendra Jaiswal, Anshika gautam
ANIMAL GLUE

Animal Glue:-
• Animal glue is an adhesive that is created by prolonged boiling of
animal connective tissue in a process called rendering. In addition
to being used as an adhesive it is used for coating and sizing, in
decorative composition ornaments, and as a clarifying agent.
• Our animal glues are 100% biodegradable and 100%
compostable.
• Animal glue that is not only effective but also sets the standard
for environmental sustainability.
TYPES OF ANIMAL GLUE

 BONE GLUE

 FISH GLUE

 HIDE GLUE

 RABBIT GLUE

 GELATINE GLUE

 ISINGLASS
APPLICATIONS AND USAGE OF ANIMAL GLUE

BOOKBINDING:-
Animal glue is a pivotal element in the traditional craft of
bookbinding, playing a crucial role in creating enduring connections
between pages and covers. This adhesive's steadfast reliability
makes it a preferred choice among artisans and conservators,
ensuring the preservation of books' structural integrity over time.
APPLICATIONS AND USAGE OF ANIMAL GLUE

RING BINDERS:-
When it comes to the assembly of ring binders, where resilience
is of outmost importance, animal glue emerges as the adhesive
of choice. Its exceptional bonding properties establish a robust
connection between covers and rings, making it adept at
withstanding the rigors of frequent handling and opening,
thereby enhancing the longevity of these essential office
accessories.
APPLICATIONS AND USAGE OF ANIMAL GLUE

LUXURY BOXES:-
Animal glue stands as an indispensable component in the
construction of luxury boxes, contributing significantly to
their overall quality. Its unique ability to form a premium
and enduring bond adds a touch of sophistication to the
packaging, making it an essential choice for industries that
prioritize elegance and durability.
APPLICATIONS AND USAGE OF ANIMAL GLUE

GAME AND PUZZLE BOXES:-

In the realm of recreational products, animal glue finds its
application in the production of game and puzzle boxes. Its
versatility shines through as it securely adheres to a variety
of materials, ensuring a lasting bond that can withstand the
challenges of frequent use, thus contributing to the longevity
of these popular pastime items.
APPLICATIONS AND USAGE OF ANIMAL GLUE

GAME BOARDS:-
The manufacturing of game boards benefits from the
dependable bonding solution offered by animal glue. This
adhesive seamlessly integrates with materials like
cardboard and paper, reinforcing the sturdiness of game
boards. Its role in providing a reliable connection adds to
the overall quality and durability of these gaming essentials.
APPLICATIONS AND USAGE OF ANIMAL GLUE

DISPLAYS:-
The assembly of displays demands an adhesive that
provides both clarity and strength. Animal glue
emerges as the adhesive of choice due to its versatile
bonding capabilities across a spectrum of materials
commonly used in display construction. Its reliability
ensures that displays maintain a clear and strong bond,
making it an optimal choice for industries where
presentation is paramount.
THERMOPLASTIC

• Thermoplastic adhesives are plastic materials

• The constituents of these adhesives are polymers that melt
above a specific characteristic temperature and solidify upon
cooling
• The thermoplastic adhesive family also belongs to the hot-
melt adhesives
• Thermoplastic adhesives can be applied as a molten liquid to
encapsulate the fabric and then harden by cooling
• These heat activated adhesives generate joint strength almost
instantly after cooling
• Thermoplastic adhesives do not require a curing period. Instead
once the adhesive has been applied it either cools to form an
adhesive bond between substrates
• As thermoplastic materials do not require a curing period, they
do not undergo a physical or chemical change upon the
application of heat
• Therefore they can be remelted and recycled for future
attachment applications
• Some of the compounds from which thermoplastic adhesives
are made include cellulose derivatives polyacrylates polyethers
and vinyl polymers and copolymers
EXAMPLES

• A good example of thermoplastic adhesive is hot glue used for

crafts
• The heat allows the chains to slide around much easier and
importantly allow it to wet the materials that are being joined
• Then once the adhesive cools the chains grab onto each
other again and the adhesive hardens preventing the bonded
materials from separating
PROPERTIES

• These adhesives hardens on cooling and soften when heated

• They are fusible soluble and poor heat and creep resistant
• They have low and medium load assemblies.
• They have good resistance to oil and poor resistance to water
• They are resistant to fungal attack and posses non-staining qualities
• Thermoplastic adhesives become deformable or flexible at relatively high
temperature and melts when it is heated
• It hardens into a vitreous transition state when it cools sufficiently
• These are generally polymers with a high molecular weight which have strong
molecular bonds
• After initial cooling and solidification it can be heated and melted again although its
physical properties gradually change if it is melted several times
USES

• Used for woodwork glue

• Used for joining metals and plastics
• For fixing plastic laminates to wood base
• Used in packaging industry
• Profile wrapping products assembly
• Laminating applications in wood work industry
• Also many electronic manufacturers use them to affix parts and
wires to secure insulate and protect the device’s components
• Fabrication of furniture
EXAMPLES

• A good example of thermoplastic adhesive is hot glue used for

crafts
• The heat allows the chains to slide around much easier and
importantly allow it to wet the materials that are being joined
• Then once the adhesive cools the chains grab onto each
other again and the adhesive hardens preventing the bonded
materials from separating
TYPES
 Thermosetting plastics and adhesives

Thermosetting plastics and adhesives are a

family of materials known for their
permanent bonding and high strength. They
are widely used in various applications due
to their unique properties.
 Thermosetting plastics and adhesives

Thermosetting plastics:

• Are formed through a chemical reaction called curing, which creates a permanent
network of chains between the polymer molecules.
• Once cured, they cannot be melted or reshaped like thermoplastics.
• Offer excellent dimensional stability, meaning they resist warping or shrinking.
• Are highly resistant to chemicals, solvents, and heat.
• Examples include:
• Epoxies: Used in adhesives, coatings, and electronic components.
• Polyesters: Used in boat hulls, bathtubs, and circuit boards.
• Phenolics: Used in bowling balls, brake linings, and electrical insulators.
 Thermosetting plastics and adhesives

Thermosetting adhesives:

• Work similarly to thermosetting plastics, undergoing a curing process to form

strong, permanent bonds.
• Available in various forms, including liquids, pastes, and films.
• Offer strong adhesion to diverse materials like metals, wood, and plastics.
• Commonly used in:
• Structural bonding for aerospace, automotive, and construction industries.
• Electronic applications for circuit board assembly.
• High-temperature applications like engine components.
 Thermosetting plastics and adhesives

Manufacturing process of Thermosetting plastic:

• Raw materials are mixed together, often including

resins, hardeners, fillers, and additives.
• The mixture is then heated or exposed to a catalyst,
triggering the curing reaction.
• The adhesive may be applied in liquid form, film form,
or tape form.
 Thermosetting plastics and adhesives

Manufacturing process for Thermosetting

adhesive:

• Raw materials are mixed together, often including

resins, hardeners, fillers, and additives.
• The mixture is then heated or exposed to a catalyst,
triggering the curing reaction.
• The molten plastic is injected into a mold, where it
cools and hardens.
 Thermosetting plastics and adhesives

Surface Preperation for Thermosetting Adhesive & Plastic

Cleaning:
• Identify & remove: Dirt, dust, oil, grease (use solvent compatible with both plastic & adhesive).
• Methods: Lint-free cloths with solvent, abrasive pads (optional), degreaser solutions (specific to plastic).
Abrasion (Optional):
• Increase surface area & roughness: Sanding (fine grit), grit blasting (tougher plastics).
• Test on scrap: Avoid weakening plastic with excessive abrasion.
Chemical Treatment (Optional):
• Improve adhesion: Flame, corona, or plasma treatment for low-energy plastics.
• Requires: Specialized equipment & expertise
 Thermosetting plastics and adhesives

Thermosetting Adhesive And Plastics Application :

• Aerospace: Bonding aircraft parts for lightweight strength

and safety.
• Automotive: Assembling engines, transmissions, and
body panels for durability and performance.
• Construction: Gluing wood, concrete, and metal for
reliable structures.
• Electronics: Protecting sensitive components inside
devices.
• Medical devices: Joining implants and prosthetics for
long-term stability.
 Thermosetting plastics and adhesives

Tools for Thermosetting Adhesives & Plastics

Prep:
• Abrasive pads/sandpaper: Roughen surfaces for better adhesion.
• Solvent wipes: Clean surfaces and remove contaminants.
Application:
• Brushes/rollers: Large areas and even coats.
• Syringes/applicators: Precise and controlled application.
Shaping & Molding:
• Molds: Shape plastics into specific forms.
• Clamps: Secure molds during curing.
• Vacuum forming machines: Create thin plastic sheets.
 Thermosetting plastics and adhesives

Thermosetting Adhesives:
Advantages:
• Strong and durable bonds: Excellent for demanding applications due to their resistance to heat, chemicals, and solvents.
• Versatility: Bond various materials like metal, wood, plastic, and concrete.
• High resistance: Withstand harsh environments, vibration, and stress.
• Curing flexibility: Some offer variable curing speeds for different needs.
Disadvantages:
• Permanent bond: Difficult or impossible to disassemble once cured.
• Longer curing time: May require heat or pressure for curing, slowing down the process.
• Pot life: Some adhesives have a limited window for application after mixing.
• More expensive: Compared to some thermoplastic adhesives.
 Thermosetting plastics and adhesives

Thermosetting Plastics:
Advantages:
• High strength and rigidity: Ideal for structural applications.
• Excellent dimensional stability: Resistant to warping and shrinking.
• Heat resistance: Maintain properties at high temperatures.
• Chemical resistance: Withstand exposure to various chemicals.
• Good electrical insulation: Suitable for electrical applications.
Disadvantages:
• Brittle: Can crack or shatter under impact.
• Difficult to machine: Require specialized tools and techniques.
• Limited processability: Cannot be reshaped after curing.
• Higher cost: Compared to some thermoplastic plastics.
• Environmental concerns: Some types may be difficult to recycle.
 Phenol Formaldehyde

Phenol-formaldehyde, also known as phenolic resin

or Bakelite, is a type of synthetic polymer formed by
the reaction of phenol with formaldehyde. It is one of
the oldest and most versatile plastics, with a wide
range of applications in various industries.
Properties

General:
Appearance: Amber colored, solid (can be molded into various shapes)
Surface: Smooth and lustrous
Odor: Slight phenolic odor (can decrease with curing
Mechanical:
Hardness: Hard and rigid
Strength: Brittle in thin sections, low impact strength
Dimensional stability: Excellent, retains shape well
Electrical:
Electrical conductivity: Poor insulator
Dielectric strength: Good
Chemical:
Solubility: Insoluble in water and most organic solvents
Resistance: Resistant to water, weak acids, weak bases, and organic solvents
Flammability: Flammable, but self-extinguishing in some formulations
 Uses

Adhesives: PF resins are the cornerstone of adhesives used in

plywood, particleboard, MDF, and OSB. They provide strong,
durable bonds essential for constructing furniture, cabinets, and
other building components.

Insulation: Urea-formaldehyde foam insulation plays a significant

role in energy efficiency by providing thermal insulation in
buildings. Its lightweight nature and cost-effectiveness make it a
popular choice.

Laminates: Decorative laminates with PF resin cores are widely

used for countertops, tabletops, and flooring due to their
durability, scratch resistance, and ease of cleaning.
 Uses

Circuit boards: While partially replaced by epoxy resins, PF

resins were crucial early materials for printed circuit
boards (PCBs) due to their excellent electrical insulating
properties and heat resistance.

Electrical components: PF resins find applications in

electrical components like switches, sockets, and circuit
breakers due to their flame retardancy and insulating
properties.

Chemical industry: PF resins serve as precursors for

various resins, plastics, and dyes used in diverse industrial
applications.
 Advantages

Cost-effective: Formaldehyde-based adhesives are generally cheaper than many alternative adhesives, making
them attractive for manufacturers.

Strong adhesion: They offer robust bonding strength, particularly under humid conditions, making them suitable
for demanding applications like plywood and particleboard.

Water resistance: They provide good water resistance, important for construction and furniture materials.

Heat resistance: Some formulations offer good heat resistance, making them useful in certain applications.
Disadvantages

Health risks: Formaldehyde is a known carcinogen, linked to respiratory issues, eye irritation, and
even cancer. Chronic exposure can be particularly harmful.
Environmental impact: Formaldehyde emissions contribute to indoor air pollution and can pose
environmental concerns.
Regulations: Stringent regulations limit formaldehyde content in some products, driving
manufacturers towards safer alternatives.
Limited applications: Their health risks restrict their use in specific applications with direct human
contact.
Availability

Phenol-formaldehyde resin (PF resin) is readily available in India through various manufacturers, suppliers,
and retailers. Here's what you need to know:
Market Presence:
India's PF resin market is large and well-established, with a production capacity exceeding 440,000
tonnes annually.
Numerous manufacturers and suppliers operate across the country, including established names like
Rieco Industries, Schenectady Hardillia Ltd., and Polycoat Powders Pvt. Ltd.
You can find PF resin in various forms, including liquid resins, solid granules, and pre-preg sheets, catering to
diverse applications.
Reddish Brown Liquid Adhesive For Woods - Phenol Formaldehyde based resin- 175
Manufacturing
1.Raw Material Preparation:
Phenol: Obtained from coal tar, petroleum, or biomass sources. It
may be purified further depending on the desired quality and
application.
Formaldehyde: Typically sourced as an aqueous solution (37%
formaldehyde by weight).
Catalyst: Acidic or alkaline catalysts are used to promote the
reaction between phenol and formaldehyde.
Additional additives: Fillers, plasticizers, and other modifiers may
be added depending on the desired properties of the final resin.
2. Condensation Reaction:
Phenol and formaldehyde are mixed in a reactor with the catalyst
and heated (typically 70-100°C) to initiate the condensation
reaction.
This reaction releases water molecules as phenol and
formaldehyde molecules link together, forming a linear chain
polymer.
Manufacturing
3. Chain Length Control:
The reaction duration and other parameters are carefully
controlled to achieve the desired chain length of the polymer.
Short chains result in low-viscosity liquids, while longer chains
create higher-viscosity resins and eventually solids.
4. Curing and Finishing:
The final stage involves curing the resin, typically by applying
heat and/or pressure.This step cross-links the polymer
chains,creating a rigid and infusible structure.
Additional processing steps like filtration, drying, and grinding
may be required depending on the desired final form of the
product (liquid resin, granules, solid sheets, etc.).
Important Variations:
Two main types of PF resins are produced: Resols (acid-catalyzed)
and Novolaks (base-catalyzed). Each type has distinct properties
and applications.
. Pure Phenolic Resin
Types of Phenol formaldehyde

Feature Novolak Resol

Catalyst Acid Alkaline
Phenol:Formaldehyde
ratio <1 >1
Solubility Soluble in organic solvents Insoluble in most solvents
Requires external heat or
Curing curing agent Cures readily with heat
Adhesives, coatings, Adhesives, composites, laminates,
Applications photoresists casting resins
Precautions

Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):

• Always wear:Nitrile gloves: Impervious to chemicals and protect hands from direct contact.
• Safety glasses/goggles: Shield eyes from splashes and airborne particles.
• Respirator with organic vapor cartridge: Filters out harmful formaldehyde vapors, especially recommended for
prolonged or frequent exposure.
Ventilation and Exposure Control:
• Work in well-ventilated areas: Ensure adequate airflow to disperse and minimize inhalation of formaldehyde vapors.
• Minimize skin contact: Wear long-sleeved clothing and avoid touching your face with contaminated gloves.
• Store properly: Keep PF resin containers tightly sealed and labeled in designated storage areas with good ventilation.
Hygiene and Safety Practices:
• Wash hands thoroughly: Always wash your hands with soap and water after handling PF resin, even if wearing gloves.
• Avoid eating, drinking, or smoking near PF resin: Prevent potential ingestion or inhalation of harmful dust or vapours.
RUBBER ADHESIVE

INTRODUCTION
• Rubber adhesives are a diverse group of adhesives
specifically formulated to bond rubber to itself or other
materials.
• An adhesive made with a rubber base by using natural or
synthetic rubber in an evaporative solvent.
• Rubber adhesive is an adhesive made from elastic polymers
mixed in a solvent such as acetone, hexane, heptane or
toluene to keep it fluid enough to be used.
 MANUFACTURING PROCESS:
The manufacturing process of rubber adhesive varies depending on the type of adhesive being produced. However, there are
some general steps that are common to most rubber adhesive manufacturing processes. These steps include:
• Raw material preparation: The first step in the manufacturing process is to prepare the raw materials.
• Mixing: The next step is to mix the raw materials together. This is typically done in a mixing tank or machine. The mixture
may be heated or cooled depending on the type of adhesive being produced.
• Emulsification: In some cases, the mixture may need to be emulsified to create a stable solution. This is done by adding an
emulsifying agent and mixing the solution until it becomes homogeneous.
• Coating: Once the adhesive solution is prepared, it can be applied to a substrate. This is typically done by coating the
substrate with the adhesive solution using a roller or other applicator.
• Curing: The final step in the manufacturing process is to cure the adhesive. This is typically done by exposing the coated
substrate to heat or air. The curing process helps to strengthen the bond between the adhesive and the substrate.
The specific details of the manufacturing process will depend on the type of rubber adhesive being produced. For example,
pressure-sensitive adhesive may require additional steps such as drying and slitting. Synthetic rubber adhesive may require
additional steps such as vulcanization.
SURFACE PREPARATION
• Cleaning:
• Remove dirt, dust, grease, and oils: Use a suitable solvent like acetone, isopropyl alcohol, or a
dedicated rubber cleaner. Wipe the surface thoroughly and allow it to dry completely.
• For porous surfaces: Additional cleaning with soap and water or a mild abrasive might be needed.
• Abrading:
• Increase surface area: Lightly roughen the surface using sandpaper, scuff pad, or wire brush
(choose based on material). Aim for microscopic scratches, not deep gouges.
• Remove loose material: Ensure any removed rubber particles or contamination are cleaned away.
• Priming:
• Use an adhesive primer: Choose a primer compatible with the adhesive and surface
materials. Apply as per the manufacturer's instructions.
 APPLICATIONS
• Rubber sealants and adhesives are used in medical
applicati ons such as dressings, tapes, drapes and catheters.
• They are also used in cosmeti c applicati ons.
• Rubber adhesives are used for surface protecti on, color
coding, sealing, paint masking, aisle marking and splicing.
• They are further used in building, constructi on, and
pipeline applicati ons.
• The Syntheti c Rubber Adhesives are used for making
superior quality sofa, chair, and matt resses . The Syntheti c
Rubber Adhesives are soft on foam and keep foam shape
intact. Some other characteristi c properti es of the
Syntheti c Rubber Adhesives include excellent spread ability
and mild smell.