One World One Health Approach

Habibur Rahman and Vijayalakshmy Kennady (ILRI)

Strategy Workshop on Foodborne Diseases, National Academy of Agricultural
Sciences, New Delhi, India, 21 November 2019

Better lives through livestock…………

 INTRODUCTION
o Human beings, Animals and Plants are
co-existing in the same environment,

o They cannot exist in isolation and

o All are part of a larger communities

Human Health

Animal Health

Environmental Health

Plant Health
 Impact of animal diseases on human health

 Global of Food Animals production is reduced by more than 20% due to

diseases

 Even animal diseases not transmissible to human may lead to serious public
health problems due to shortage and deficiencies of Animal Source Food
 Burden of Zoonoses

Greatest Burden of Zoonoses falls on One Billion Poor Livestock Keepers (ILRI)
o 2.3 billion cases of human illness with 1.7 million human deaths per year
o More than one in seventh of all livestock per year are infected in poor
countries
 Economic Impact of zoonoses
Disease Country Financial Loss
BSE UK $ 10-13bn
US $ 3.5bn
Japan $ 1.5bn
Plaque India $ 2.0bn

Avian Flu Asia $ 5–10bn

New Zealand $ 500m
Italy $ 400m
India Rs. 1,50,000m
India (Kerala) Rs. 20 m (Duck outbreak)
SARS China, Hong Kong, Singapore, $ 30-50bn
Canada
Nipah Malaysia $ 350-400m
Ebola West Africa $ 53.0 bn
Emerging and Reemerging Infections
Why one health?
Factors that affect Human and Animal Health
Why now... (Factors) As a result…(Impact)
Human populations are growing and As a result, more people live in close
expanding into new geographic contact with wild and domestic animals.
areas Close contact provides more
opportunities for diseases to pass
between animals and people

The earth has experienced changes Disruptions in environmental conditions

in climate and land use, such as and habitats provide new opportunities
deforestation and intensive farming for diseases to pass to animals
practices

International travel and trade have As a result, diseases can spread quickly
increased across the globe
 Definition

 One Health concept was officially adopted in 1984

 It is a concept to bring together human, animal, and
environmental health.
One Health is defined as a collaborative, multisectoral, and
transdisciplinary approach — working at the local, regional,
national, and global levels — with the goal of achieving optimal
health outcomes recognizing the interconnection between people,
animals, plants, and their shared environment.

One Health is the collaborative effort of multiple health science

professions, together with their related disciplines and institutions –
working locally, nationally, and globally – to attain optimal health for
people, domestic animals, wildlife, plants, and our environment.’
(One Health Commission, 2011)
History

Hippocrates Edward Jenner Louis Pasteur Robert Koch Theobald Smith

Demonstrated the
links between
animal and human
health

Rudolf Virchow Calvin Schwabe James Harlan Steele

One World One Health - Events
2 • Wildlife Conservation Society – One World One Health
0 • 12 Recommendations – Manhattan Principles
0
4 • One Health Approach was recommended by AMA for Pandemic Preparedness
2
0 • The AMA collaborated with AVMA & passed the One Health Resolution promoting partnership
0 between human and veterinary medicine
27 • FAO, OIE, WHO collaborate with UNICEF, UNSIC and the World Bank to develop joint
0 strategic framework
0
2
8 • USAID launched the Emerging Pandemic Threats Program
0 • The One Health Office was established at CDC
0
2
9 • The Tripartite concept published
0 • UN and World Bank recommended adoption to One Health Approach
1
0
2 • One Health Commission
0 • The 1st One Health Conference in Africa
1 • ICOPHAI - Ethiopia
2
1
0 • First One Health Summit
1
2
20 • ICOPHAI - Brazil
13 • ICOPHAI - Thailand
- • ICOPHAI - Qatar
17
2
0 • ICOPHAI - Canada
1
9
One World, One Health - Manhattan Principles
1.One World,
Recognize One Health
the essential - Manhattan
link between human, domesticPrinciples
animal and wildlife health and
the threat disease poses
2. Recognize that decisions regarding land and water use have real implications for health
3. Include wildlife health science as an essential component of global disease
prevention, surveillance, monitoring, control and mitigation
4. Recognize that public health programs can greatly contribute to conservation
efforts
5. Devise adaptive, holistic and forward-looking approaches to the prevention,
surveillance, monitoring, control and mitigation of emerging and resurging diseases
that take the complex interconnections among species into full account
6. Integrate biodiversity conservation perspectives and human needs when developing
solutions to infectious disease threats
7. Reduce demand for and better regulate the international wildlife and bush meat
trade
8. Restrict the mass culling of wildlife species for disease control
9. Increase investment in the global human and animal health infrastructure 33
10. Form collaborative relationships among governments, local people, and the private
and public sectors
11. Provide adequate resources and support for global wildlife health surveillance
12. Invest in educating and raising awareness among the world's people
 Increased Human-Animal -Wildlife Interface

Bush Meat Trade

Wet Markets

Agricultural Encroachment,
and Wildlife Habitat Loss
Disease Emergence pathway at Human-Animal Interface

Land use change

Human encroachment, extractive industries, deforestation,
habitat fragmentation, biodiversity loss, urbanisation
Emergence & Re-emergence

&urban planning

Food and Agricultural systems

Intensifying /expanding farming systems, greater livestock
density, trade networks and globalisation
,unregulated/irregular use of drugs & vaccines, biosecurity

Human Behaviour
Hunting & consumption practices, cultural patterns&
processes, travel capabilities, breakdown of governance,
antimicrobial usage pattern

Environmental systems
Climate change, natural disasters, periodic climate systems
Geographical hotspots for Zoonotic diseases (country)
 Main factors influencing the emergence of animal diseases
according to the period of time
FACTOR 2007 2017 2027
Emerging and Re-emerging infections in India
 Foodborne diseases

Foodborne diseases cost India about $28 billion (Rs1,78,100 crore) or around
0.5% of the country's gross domestic product (GDP) every year
(‘Food for All' partnership of the World Bank Group and The Netherlands)
AMR – A Global Threat
 Bio-Terrorism
Bioterrorism
o Intentional or deliberate release of viruses,
bacteria, or other agents used to cause illness
or death in people, animals, or plants
o Ex:
• Anthrax
• Smallpox
• Nipah
• Botulinum toxin
o Bioterrorism Act of 2002- According to this law, there is an
essential element of national preparedness against
bioterrorism and the focus is on safety of drugs, food, and
water from biological agents and toxins
o India is yet to have a law on bioterrorism
Goal - Six Strategies
1. More preventive action at the animal–human–ecosystems interface

2. Building more robust public and animal health systems with a shift
from short term to long-term intervention

3. Strengthening the national and international emergency response

capabilities to prevent and control disease outbreaks

4. Better addressing the concerns of the poor by shifting focus from

developed to developing economies

5. Promoting institutional collaboration across sectors and disciplines

6. Conducting strategic research to enable targeted disease control

programs
MDG and SDG
 Rabies: A Perfect example of One Health

o Physicians to vaccinate & treat victims

o Veterinarians to vaccinate & sterilize dogs & cats

o Wildlife experts to advise on wild animal reseviours

o Ecologists to tell responsible authorities

o Sanitarians to eliminate garbage that feeds strays

o Educators to teach people to vaccinate their pets

o Media to inform about risks & prevention, e.g. bats

 One Health program in India

1. MoU between ICAR – ICMR (AMR, Brucellosis, Biofortified foods)

2. Establishment of National Institute of Zoonoses
3. INFAR – Indian Network of Fish and Animal AMR
4. One Health India Conference 2019
5. IDSP
 Missed opportunity

Missed
• 460 medical colleges and opportunity
56 veterinary colleges in India, but do have
little or no coordination

• Indian subcontinent is a ‘hotspot’ for zoonotic, drug-resistant and

vector-borne pathogens. But we know little about the key threats

• Governance structure and inter-sectorial coordination is also

problematic, with human, animal and environmental health controlled
by different ministries, with little cross-talk

• National Health Policy approved recently but there no mention of

“zoonoses” and “emerging infectious diseases”
Organizations working on One Health

 World Health Organization (WHO)

 Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
 World Organization for Animal Health (OIE)
 One Health Initiative
 US Centers for Disease Control
 EcoHealth Alliance
 CONCLUSION

o Adequate infrastructure and expertise at national and local levels, and at entry
points
o Timely and responsive disease surveillance systems for animal and human
populations
o Up-to-date emergency preparedness and response plans
o Capacity to apply international agreements and standards
o Continuous evaluation and improvement of biosecurity
o Governance and legislation in line with international standards
o Adequate and sustainable laboratory capacity supported by external quality
assurance systems
o Established monitoring and evaluation systems for Veterinary and Public Health
Services
o A communication protocol between animal and public health surveillance
systems
 better lives through livestock

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