CHAPTER 1:

NUMERICAL CONTROL
• This chapter introduces the history of NC and the
evolution of NC to CNC.
• The differences of Conventional and CNC
Machining.
• The different types of CNC Machine tools
• The NC Advantages, personnel, and Safety.

PREPARED BY: MS. MARY GRACE D. RUZ

 • He directed the design and
construction of the first
numerical control milling
NUMERICA machine, under a US Air
L CONTROL John T. Parsons Force contract.
(NC) 1913-2007
OVERVIEW “Father of Numerical
Control”
OF • 1948. Awarded a contract to make the
HISTORY challenging tapered wings for military
aircraft.
 • “Computer" still
meant a punched-card
operated calculation
machine.
Fig.1 Punched Tape
NUMERICA
L CONTROL
(NC) DEFINITION

• Can be defined as an operation of

machine tools by means of specifically
coded instructions to the machine
control system.
“Specifically Coded Instructions” are combinations of the
letters of alphabet, digits and selected symbols, for example, a
decimal point, the percent sign, or the parenthesis symbols.

NC Program
the collection of all instructions
CNC Program
necessary to machine a single part
Part program or operation
NC and CNC Technology

Numerical Control (NC) Computerized Numerical Control

(CNC)
Uses fixed logical functions, built-in Uses an internal micro processor
and permanently wired within the (computer)
control unit.

“Hardwired” “Softwired”

The functions cannot be changed by The part programmer or machine

the part programmer or machine operator can change any program at
operator. the control unit.
 CONVENTIONAL and CNC Machining
Conventional Computerized Numerical Control
(CNC)
The operator sets up the machine and Does not require the same physical
moves each cutting tool, using one or movement.
both hands, to produce a part.

Has features such as levers, handles,
gears and dials.
Challenge: Maintaining dimensional
tolerances, and surface finish quality.
Does not need any levers or dials or
handles
Once the part program has been proven, it
can be used any number of times over,
always returning consistent results.
NUMERICAL CONTROL ADVANTAGES
What are the main advantages of numerical control?

Setup time reduction Lead time reduction

Accuracy and repeatability Consistent Cutting Time

Contouring Complex
General productivity Increase
shapes

Simplified Tooling and Work holding

NUMERICAL CONTROL ADVANTAGES
Setup time reduction
• To keep setup time to minimum should be the primary
consideration of any machine shop supervisor,
programmer and operator.
• But, because of the CNC machines, real setup time
should not be a major problem.
• Modular fixturing, standardized tooling, fixed locators, automatic
tool changing, pallets, and other advanced features, make the
setup time more efficient
NUMERICAL CONTROL ADVANTAGES
Lead time reduction
• Once a part program is written and proven correct, it is
ready to be used again in the future, even at a short notice.

• Long lead time can be reduced using simplified

fixturing.
NUMERICAL CONTROL ADVANTAGES
Accuracy and repeatability
• A part program is stored in a disk or in the computer
memory or even on a tape remains always the same.

• A given program can be reused as many times as needed,

without losing a single bit of data it contains.

• Very little interference from the CNC programmer or

operator will be required.
NUMERICAL CONTROL ADVANTAGES
Contouring Complex
shapes
• CNC lathes and machining centers are capable of
contouring a large variety of different shapes.
• Complex shapes, such as molds,
manifolds, dies can
be manufactures.
• Aircraft and automotive
industries are good
examples.
NUMERICAL CONTROL ADVANTAGES
Simplified Tooling and Work holding

• Multi-step tools such as pilot drills,

step drills, combination tools, counter
borers and others, are replaced with
several individual standard tools.

• Standard, off-the-shelf tooling can be

obtained.
NUMERICAL CONTROL ADVANTAGES
Consistent Cutting Time

• Cycle time is consistent since it is controlled by a

computer.
• Repetitive jobs, where production scheduling and work
allocation to individual machine tools can be done very
efficiently and accurately.
NUMERICAL CONTROL ADVANTAGES
General productivity Increase

• CNC Machines is strictly economic - it is a serious

investment with great potential.

• NC technology offers excellent means to achieve

significant improvements in manufacturing
productivity and increasing the overall quality of
manufactured parts.
 NUMERICAL CONTROL ADVANTAGES
General productivity Increase

• It is essential for the users to

understand the fundamental
principles of CNC technology for
major increase of productivity.
TYPES OF CNC MACHINE TOOLS

Mills and Machining Centers

• Has three axes designation: X, Y,

and Z axes.

• CNC Mills- sometimes called CNC

milling machines - are usually small,
simple machines, without a tool
changer or other automatic features
 TYPES OF CNC MACHINE TOOLS

Mills and Machining Centers

• CNC Machining Centers- has the

ability to group several diverse
operations into a single setup:
drilling, boring, counter boring,
tapping, spot facing, and contour
milling.
Source: https://mellowpine.com/cnc/machining-center/
 TYPES OF CNC MACHINE TOOLS

Two Basic Designs of CNC Machining Centers

• Vertical Machining Centers- most

suitable type of work
for vertical are flat parts, either
mounted to the table fixture, or held in a
vise or a chuck.
 TYPES OF CNC MACHINE TOOLS

• Horizontal Machining Centers-

for work that requires machining
on two or more faces (sides) in a
single setup.

• Pump-housing, cubic –like

shapes
Source: Horizontal Machining Centers| Fabricating an
d Metalworking
 TYPES OF CNC MACHINE TOOLS

Lathes and Turning Centers

• Has two axes designation: X and Z
axes.
• The part is rotating about the machine
center line.
• The cutting tool is normally stationary,
mounted in a sliding turret. Source: MSME Technology Center
PERSONNEL FOR
CNC • The one doing the
CNC Programmer
programming.
• Has the most responsibility
in the CNC machine shop.
• Often accountable for the
production and quality parts
Source : IS CNC PROGRAMMING THE RIGHT CA
REER FOR YOU? - Roush Yates Manufacturing Soluti
from all CNC operations.
ons (roushyatesmfg.com)
PERSONNEL FOR
CNC • They are experienced
CNC Programmer
machinists who have had a
practical, hands-on
experience as machine tool
operators.

• Know how to read technical

Source : IS CNC PROGRAMMING THE RIGHT CA
REER FOR YOU? - Roush Yates Manufacturing Soluti
ons (roushyatesmfg.com)
drawings and
can comprehend engineering intent behind the design.
 PERSONNEL FOR
•CNC
Must be able to visualize all tool motions and
recognize all restricting factors that may be involved.

• Must be able to collect, analyze, process and logically

integrate all collected data into a single, cohesive and
safe part program.

• Has to have a good understanding of mathematical

principles, mainly application
PERSONNEL FOR
CNC
of equations, solution of arcs and angles. Has also a
knowledge in trigonometry.

• Has knowledge of manual programming methods.

• Has the ability to listen to other people - the engineers,

CNC operators, managers. Good listening skills are the
first prerequisites to become flexible.
PERSONNEL FOR • The one doing the
CNC
CNC Machine Operator actual setup and
machining.

• Responsible for tool

and machine setup, for
changing completed
parts, and some in-
Source :
Female Engineer Operating CNC Machinery in Factory Stock Ima
ge - Image of engineering, milling: 119421395 (dreamstime.com)
process inspection.
)
PERSONNEL FOR
CNC
CNC Machine Operator
• Responsible for the quality of work done on that
machine.

• Report findings about each program to programmer.

• Knows precisely what extent such improvements can

be.
Safety Related to CNC Work
The first rule of safety is to follow all safety rules
• Safety is the most important element in programming,
setup, machining, tooling, fixturing, inspection, and
shipping.

• Every machinist should know the hazards of

mechanical and electrical devices.

• Clean work area: no chips, oil spills, and other debris.

Safety Related to CNC Work

• Loose clothing, jewelry, ties, scarfs, unprotected long

hair, improper use of gloves and similar infractions,
are dangerous in any machining environment.

• Special care should be taken around rotating spindles

and automatic tool changers. Other devices that could
pose a hazard are pallet changers, chip conveyors,
Safety Related to CNC Work

high voltage areas, hoists, etc. Disconnecting any

interlocks or other safety features is dangerous - and also
illegal, without appropriate skills and authorization.

• Safety should be taken seriously at all times.

CHAPTER 2:
CNC MILLING

• This chapter introduces the axes designation in

CNC Milling.
• Types of Milling Machine
 CNC MACHINES-
MILLING
• Their primary axes are X and
Y axes (XY Machines- EDM
machine tools, laser and water
jet cutting machines, flame
cutters, burners, routers)

Contouring operations Source: Experimental setup: a actual machining environment, b

schematic of EDM... | Download Scientific Diagram (researchg
ate.net)
 CNC MACHINES-
MILLING
• Milling machine is a machine
capable of a simultaneous
The following are eliminated in
this definition:
All CNC drill presses

cutting motion, using an end Wire EDM machines

mill as the primary cutting
Variety of burners
tool, along at least two axes at
the same time.

Source: File:Cnc plasma cutting.jpg - Wikipedia

CNC MACHINES-
MILLING
Types of Milling Machines (3 categories) :

• By the number of axes - two, three or more

• By the orientation of axes - vertical or horizontal
• By the presence or absence of a tool changer
CNC MACHINES-
MILLING
• The motion of the spindle is up and down- Vertical
Machines
CNC MACHINES-
MILLING
• The motion of the spindle is in and out Horizontal
Machines
CNC MACHINES-
MILLING
CNC milling machines to CNC Machining centers –
adaptive control, robot interface, automatic loading and
unloading, probing system, high speed machining
features, and others..

Machine Axes
Typically have at least three axes: X, Y, and Z
CNC MACHINES-
MILLING
Machine Axes

• Additional axes: A-axis (vertical models) and B-

axis (horizontal models)

• Three and a half axis – vertical machine with four-

axis : X, Y, Z and A-axis (indexing table used for
positioning) but this axis cannot rotate
simultaneously with the motion of primary axes.
 CNC MACHINES-
MILLING
Machine Axes
• Four axis – a more complex but similar machine that
is equipped with a fully rotating table (can move
simultaneously with the cutting motion of the primary
axes.
3 Common Machine Tools:

1. Vertical Machining Centers

2. Horizontal Machining centers
CNC MACHINES-
MILLING
3. Horizontal boring mill- for boring operation ,
mainly lengthy bores.
- Has a feature of W-axis (axis parallel to Z-
axis): Z-axis (quill) & W-axis (table), work in in
opposite direction.
CHAPTER 3:
CNC TURNING

• This chapter introduces the axes designation in

CNC Lathe.
• Types of CNC Lathes
CNC TURNING

•CNC LATHES – DESIGNED

TO HOLD SEVERAL TOOLS
IN SPECIAL TURRETS (TOOL
STATION), HAVE A MILLING
ATTACHMENT (LIVE
TOOLING) INDEXABLE
CHUCK, A SUB-SPINDLE,
TAILSTOCK, STEADY REST
AND MANY OTHER
FEATURES NOT ALWAYS Source: China Low Cost CNC Lathe Machine Ck6150 Price - China CNC Lathe and Slant Bed CNC L
athe (made-in-china.com)

ASSOCIATED WITH A
CNC LATHE
Types of CNC Lathes:

1. Vertical CNC Lathe

2. Horizontal CNC Lathe

Source: Purchased a Brand New Toshiba T

UE 150 CNC Vertical Turning Lathe (jame
stool.com)
Source: CNC Horizontal Lathe Machine at Best Price in Pune | H
wacheon Machine Tool India Pvt. Ltd. (exportersindia.com)
CNC TURNING
• The axes’ orientation for a horizontal lathe is
upwards and downwards motion for the x-axis. Left
and right motion for the Z-axis.
CNC TURNING

• Two-axis lathe -The

work holding device,
usually a chuck, is
mounted on the left
side of the machine
(as viewed by the
operator).
Source: Introduction of CNC Lathe (smartlathe.com)
 CNC TURNING

• Three-axis lathe – two-axis

lathe with an additional axis
(C-axis in absolute mode, H-
axis in incremental mode)
- For metalworking
operations such as turning,
drilling, boring, and threading.
Source: Introduction of CNC Lathe (smartlathe.co
m)
 CNC TURNING
• Four-axes lathe – two two-axis lathes at the same time.
- Only one program may be used to do the external
- or outside - diameter roughing (OD)
- Another program to do the inside - or internal -
roughing (ID)
- A good choice for irregular and complex lathe
work.
CNC TURNING
Four-axes lathe

Source: Introduction of CNC Lathe (smartlathe.co

m)
CNC TURNING
Five-axes lathe- have two axes on each of the
upper and lower turrets, with a C-axis on the
rotary spindle.

Source: Introduction of CNC Lathe (smartlathe.co

m)
CHAPTER 4:
COORDINATE GEOMETRY

This chapter discusses the following;

• Real Number System
• Rectangular Coordinate System
• Machine Geometry
 REAL NUMBER SYSTEM
• Zero Integer
0
• Positive Integers 1,2, +3, 10,
12943, +45
(with or without sign)

• Negative integers -4, -381, -25,

-77
• (minus sign required)

• Fractions 1/8,
 REAL NUMBER SYSTEM
Computerized Numerical Control means control by the
numbers using a computer.
• All drawing information has to be translated into
CNC program, using primarily numbers.

• Numbers are used to describe commands, functions,

comments, and so on.

• The mathematical concept of real number system can be

expressed graphically on a
 REAL NUMBER SYSTEM

horizontal or a vertical line – number scale.

Graphical representation of a number line

 RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
- It is a concept used to define a planar 2D point (two
dimensions), using the XY coordinates, or a special 3D point
(three dimensions), using the XYZ coordinates.

Cartesian Coordinate System

 RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
If the location is in a space, the
point is defined as 3D point,
along three axes.

If such location is on a plane,

the point is defined as 2D
point, along two axes.
RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

Axes and Planes

Each major line of the number scale is called an axis- is a
straight line passing through the center of a plane or a solid
figure, around which parts are symmetrically arranged.

Plane- is a surface in which a straight line joining any two

of its points will lie wholly on the surface.
 RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM

Point of Origin
- The exact point where the two perpendicular axes
intersect.
- In CNC programming, it is
typically called the program
reference point (or program
zero, part reference point,
workpiece zero, part zero)
Point or origin-intersection of axes
 RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
Quadrants (Latin word: quadrans or quandrantis)
- is any one of the four parts of the plane formed by the
system by the system of rectangular coordinates.

Quadrants in the XY plane and their

identification
 RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
Right Hand Coordinate System
• Positive axis starts at
origin and is directed
towards for the X-axis,
upwards for the Y-axis
and towards the
perpendicular viewpoint
for the Z-axis.
 RECTANGULAR COORDINATE SYSTEM
Right Hand Coordinate System
• Right Hand Rule
• Thumb: X-direction
• Index finger: Y-direction
• Middle Finger: Z-
direction
MACHINE GEOMETRY
• Defines the relationship of distances and dimensions
between fixed point of the machine and selectable
point of the part.

Axis Orientation-Milling
• A typical vertical machining center has 3 controlled
axes: X-axis, Y-axis, Z-axis .
• X-axis: parallel to the longest dimension of machine
table.
MACHINE
GEOMETRY
• Y-axis: parallel to the shortest dimension of the table.
• Z-axis: the spindle movement.

On the other hand, in CNC Machining center;

• X-axis: the table longitudinal direction
• Y-axis: the saddle cross direction
• Z-axis: the spindle direction
MACHINE
GEOMETRY

XY Plane, XZ Plane, YZ Plane

Basic axes of a typical vertical CNC machining
center.
MACHINE
GEOMETRY
• In CNC horizontal
machining center;
X-axis: the table
longitudinal direction
Y-axis: the column
direction
Z-axis: the spindle
direction Axes of a horizontal CNC machining center.
MACHINE
GEOMETRY
Axis Orientation-Turning
• Standard CNC lathes have two axes, X and Z.

Typical machine axis orientation for various CNC lathes

MACHINE
GEOMETRY
Additional Axes
• A CNC machine of any type can be designed
with one or more additional axes – secondary or parallel –
axes using the U, V, and W letters.

• For a rotary or an indexing applications – A, B, and C

axes.
MACHINE
GEOMETRY

Primary and supplementary machine axes

CHAPTER 5:
CONTROL SYSTEM

This chapter discusses the following;

• Typical Fanuc control panel
• System Features
• Manual Program Interruptions
• Manual Data Input
• Program Data Override
A typical Fanuc control panel
2 Basic Components of a Control Unit:

• Operational Panel - rotary switches, toggle switches and

push buttons.

• Display Screen – with a keyboard or a keypad.

Operational Panel

A typical operation panel of a CNC machining center-actual layout and feature will vary on
different models.
Operational Panel
FEATURE DESCRIPTION
ON / OFF Power and control switch for
switch the main power and control unit
Cycle Start Starts program execution or MDI command

Emergency Stop Stops all machine activity and turns off power to the control unit

Feedhold Temporarily stops motion of all axes

Single Block Allows program run one block at a time

Optional Stop (M01) Temporarily stops program execution (M01 required in

program)
Block Skip Ignores blocks preceded with a forward slash ( / ) in the program
 FEATURE DESCRIPTION
Dry Run Enables program testing at fast feedrates (without a mounted
part)
Spindle Override Overrides programmed spindle speed, usually within 50-120%
range
Feedrate Override Overrides programmed feedrate, usually within 0-200% range

Chuck Clamp Shows current status of the chuck clamping (Outside / Inside
clamping)
Table Clamp Shows current status of table clamping

Coolant Switch (M08/M09) Coolant control ON / OFF / AUTO

Gear Selection Shows current status of working gear range selection

 FEATURE DESCRIPTION
Spindle Rotation Indicates spindle rotation direction (clockwise or
counterclockwise)
Spindle Orientation (M19) Manual orientation of the spindle

Tool Change Switch allowing a manual tool change

Reference Position Switches and lights relating to setup of machine, from reference
position
Handle (MPG) Manual Pulse Generator (MPG), used for Axis Select and
Handle Increment switches
Tailstock Switch Tailstock and/or quill switch to manually position the tailstock

Indexing Table Switch Manually indexes machine table during setup

 FEATURE DESCRIPTION
MDI Mode Manual Data Input mode

AUTO Mode Allows automatic operations

MEMORY mode Allows program execution from memory of the CNC unit

TAPE / EXT or DNC mode Allows program execution from an external device, such as a
desktop computer (DNC) or a punched tape

EDIT mode Allows changes to be made to a program stored in CNC memory

MANUAL Mode Allows manual operations during setup

JOG Mode Selects jog mode for setup

 FEATURE DESCRIPTION
RAPID Mode Selects rapid mode for setup

Memory Access Key (switch) to allow program editing

Error Lights Red light indicating an error

Operational Panel (Global Spec)
JOG MODE

-Jogging mode
- The CNC machine is used to operate manually
- Used to make the CNC machine much faster.

This the mode is used to manually perform the

mainly three functions;
1. Movement of Axis
2. Tool Indexing
3. Spindle Rotation
 JOG MODE 1. Movement of Axis

- The CNC lathe used

to move the X and Z
axis in the machine as
well as the X, Y and Z
axis in the milling
machine.

Source:CNC KNOWLEDGE
JOG MODE
To move simply,
Step 1- Press “ JOG” Key
Step 2- Press axis “ +X/+Y/+Z or –
X/-Y/-Z “ if you want to move.
Some machine can only have “
X/Y/Z” not giving in + or -.
Step 3 - Press “ + or –“ to move the
axis.
JOG MODE
To move rapidly,
Step 1- Press “ JOG” Key
Step 2- Press “Rapid+ X/+Y/+Z or
–X/-Y/-Z “ if you want to move.
Some machine can only have “
X/Y/Z” not giving in + or -.
Step 3 - Press “ + or –“ to move the
axis.
 JOG MODE

2. Tool Indexing

- In MDI mode, we used

tool no. and tool offset no .
(T0100 or T0202). But in Step 1- Press “ JOG” Key
this case, we can change tool Step 2- Press “TOOL” Key.
directly.
 JOG MODE

3. Spindle Orientation

In MDI mode, we used

programmable code (G97
S200 M03). But in this
case we can rotate spindle Step 1- Press “ JOG” Key
directly. Step 2- Press “SPDL CW /
SPDL CCW” (spindle
clockwise/ counter clockwise)
 JOG MODE

3. Spindle Orientation

In MDI mode, we used

programmable code (G97
S200 M03). But in this
case we can rotate spindle Step 1- Press “ JOG” Key
directly. Step 2- Press “SPDL CW /
SPDL CCW” (spindle
clockwise/ counter clockwise)
SERVOMECHANISM
- This is an automatic closed loop control system.

It was developed because of the following

reasons:

1. To ensure that the controls were moved to the correct position with required
accuracy.

2. A control could not work on machine tools because its movements were not
strong enough.

3. The metal being cut “fought back” against it with more force than the control
could properly counteract.
 Figure 2. Servomechanism diagram

• A servo system primarily consists of three basic components –

a controlled device, an output sensor, a feedback system.

• It produces powerful, controlled movement, with highly accurate

measurement information.
 Later on, NC quickly became Computer Numerical Control
(CNC) which has brought tremendous changes to the metalworking
industry. New machine tools in CNC have enabled industry to
consistently produce parts to accuracies undreamed of only a few
years ago. The same part can be reproduced to the same degree of
accuracy any number of times if the CNC program has been
properly prepared, and the computer properly programmed.

 The operating commands which control the machine tool are

executed automatically with amazing speed, accuracy, efficiency,
and repeatability.
 The ever-increasing use of CNC in industry has created a need for
personnel who are knowledgeable about and capable of preparing
the programs which guide the machine tools to produce parts to the
required shape and accuracy.

 It encompasses the manufacturing process where machines cut,

carve and form parts based on computer codes that control the
cutting tool’s speed and movement.

 CNC movements are based on the X, Y and Z axes.

 Numerical controls describe how fast to move the spindle (the
rotating part which spins the tool holder), which direction to move,
which tool to use (if the machine uses multiple tools and can switch
between them), as well as other factors such as using coolant.

 CNC operators run and monitor machines, and CNC programmers

create and run the codes for them.

 Computer controlled machine controlled by a Machine

Control Unit (MCU).
Figure 3. NC and CNC
COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN
(CAD)

Figure 4. CAD

• Designing the part to be machined by CNC machine

• Programming Process: Draw part in AutoCAD or Autodesk

Inventor
HISTORY OF CAD
 Patrick Hanratty and Ivan Sutherland

 While working for General Electric, Hanratty developed a program

he called DAC. The first system which used interactive graphics and
a numerical control programming system.

 Ivan Sutherland designed a system that “broke new ground in 3D

computer modeling and visual simulation, which is the basis for
CAD.” Sutherland called his program Sketchpad and explained it,
“let designers use a light pen to create engineering drawings directly
on a CRT.”
 Figure 4. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

- It is a vacuum tube containing one or more electron guns, which

emit electron beams that are manipulated to display images on a
phosphorescent screen.
 In 1971, Hanratty developed a program called ADAM. It was
described as the “first commercially available integrated, interactive
graphics design, drafting, and manufacturing system.” Approximately
nine in 10 of CAD programs find their roots in ADAM.

 Hanratty upgraded ADAM over time, enabling it to run on 16-bit, and

later 32-bit computers. With a name change to AD-2000 along with
more machining and surfacing capabilities, the program became a hit.
Purpose of CAD
1. It helps users creating designs in either 2D or 3D so that they
can visualize the construction.

2. It enables the development, modification, and optimization of

the design process.

3. The software also takes into account how various materials

interact: This is especially relevant as more details are added to
drawings by subcontractors.
4. Drawings/plans can be stored in the cloud.

5. It enables the development, modification, and optimization of

the design process.

6. Effective utilization of all information ultimately increases

productivity.

7. It to consider electricity, plumbing, and other eenables designers

lements, helping to create a more comprehensive design.
COMPUTER-AIDED MANUFACTURING
(CAM)

Figure 3. CAM

 Developing the toolpaths, feeds and speeds for the CNC

Machines
 Programming Process: Program Cutters, Toolpaths, Speeds,
Feeds, etc. in Mastercam
 It is the use of software and computer-controlled machinery to
automate a manufacturing process.
 CAM focuses on how to make the products.

Three components for a CAM system to function:

• Software that tells a machine how to make a product by

generating toolpaths.
• Machinery that can turn raw material into a finished product.
• Post Processing converts toolpaths into a language machines
can understand.
Process of transporting file from CAD to CAM:
• When a design is complete in CAD, it can then be loaded into
CAM. This is traditionally done by exporting a CAD file and
then importing it into CAM software.

• Once the CAD model is imported into CAM, the software

starts preparing the model for machining. Machining is the
controlled process of transforming raw material into a defined
shape through actions like cutting, drilling, or boring.
Computer Aided Manufacturing software prepares a model for machining
by working through several actions, including:

1. Checking if the model has any geometry errors that will impact the
manufacturing process.

2. Creating a toolpath for the model, a set of coordinates the machine will
follow during the machining process.

3. Setting any required machine parameters, including cutting speed,

voltage, cut/pierce height, etc.

4. Configuring nesting where the CAM system will decide the best
orientation for a part to maximize machining efficiency.
SUMMARY
 Numerical Control (NC) enables an operator to communicate with
machine tools through a
series of numbers and symbols.

 CNC, or Computer Numerical Control, encompasses the

manufacturing process where machines cut, carve and form parts
based on computer codes that control the cutting tool’s speed and
movement.

 CNC operators run and monitor machines, and CNC programmers

create and run the codes for them.
 CAD, or Computer-Aided Design, designs the part to be machined
by CNC machine.

 CAM, or the Computer-Aided Manufacturing, is the use of software

and computer-controlled machinery to automate a manufacturing
process. It focuses on how to make the products.

 Servomechanism produces powerful, controlled movement, with

highly accurate measurement information.
ACTIVITY #1

1. Differentiate CAD and CAM.

2. History of CNC.
3. Explain Servomechanism.
4. Give at least 5 advantages of using CNC
over conventional machine.