PROPERTIES OF

GASES
 PROPERTIES OF GASES
Gases are affected by 3 variables
• Temperature (T)
• Pressure (p)
• Volume (V)
Gases have no definite volume
Gases are highly compressible
Gases are lighter than liquids
 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
• Air has weight = 1.225 kilograms per cubic meter or 0.0001225 grams per
cubic centimeter (cc)
• Air is like a fluid that is several miles deep
• Pressure is Force per Area
• At sea level, on a standard day,
- Air Pressure = 14.7 lb/in2 <- (squared)
- Air Pressure = 101.32 kPa
 ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

• Straw
- Air Pressure in the straw is less than the
outside air pressure
- Outside air pressure forces fluid up the
straw
 AIR PRESSURE
• Air Pressure decreases as altitude increases
- Mountain Climbing
- Pressurized airplanes
• Because there is an amount of oxygen required above certain
altitudes.
AIR PRESSURE
 PROPERTIES OF GASES
Absolute Pressure
• Gauge Pressure: Pressure on a gauge does not account for atmospheric
pressure on all sides of the system.
• Absolute Pressure: Atmospheric pressure plus gauge pressure
• Take note: Gauge Pressure + Atmospheric Pressure = Absolute Pressure
 PROPERTIES OF GASES
Absolute Pressure
• Pressure (p) is measured in pounds per square inch (lb/in.2 or psi)
• Standard atmospheric pressure equals 14.7 lb/in.2

If a gauge reads 120.0 psi, what is the absolute pressure?

 PROPERTIES OF GASES
Absolute Pressure

If a gauge reads 120.0 psi, what is the absolute pressure?

120.0 lb/in.2 + 14.7 lb/in.2 = 137.7 lb/in.2

 PROPERTIES OF GASES
Absolute Temperature
• Absolute Zero = -460 F or -273 C
• Absolute Temperature is measured in degrees Rankine (R) or Kelvin (K)
R = F + 460 K = C + 273
• Standard Temperature is 273 K or 492 R

If the temperature of the air in a system is 65 F, what is the absolute temperature?

 PROPERTIES OF GASES
Absolute Temperature
If the temperature of the air in a system is 65 F, what is the absolute temperature?

Answer: 65 F + 460 = 525 R

 PROPERTIES OF GASES
Converting Celsius to Fahrenheit
Formula: Tf = (9/5 x Tc) + 32

Converting Fahrenheit to Celsius

Formula: Tc = (5/9 x Tf) - 32

PASCAL’S LAW
Pressure exerted by confined fluid acts undiminished equally in all
directions.

Pressure: The force per unit area exerted by a fluid against a surface

Formula: p = F/A
PASCAL’S LAW
How much pressure can be produce with a 3
in. diameter (d) cylinder and 50 lb of force?

Formula: A=πr2 <- (squared)

p = F/A
A=π(1.5(2)) <- (squared)
p = 50 lb/7.1 in.2
A=7.1 in.2 <-(squared) p = 7.0 lb/ in.2
PERFECT GAS LAWS
The perfect gas laws describe the behavior of pneumatic systems

Boyle’s Law

Charles’ Law

Gay-Lussac’s Law
BOYLE’S LAWS
The volume of a gas at constant temperature varies inversely with
the pressure exerted on it.
Formula: p1 (V1) = p2 (V2)
BOYLE’S LAWS
A cylinder is filled with 40. in.3 of air at a pressure of 60. psi. The
cylinder is compressed to 10.in.3. What is the resulting absolute
pressure?
p1 = 60. lb/in.2 V1 = 40. in.3
p2= ? V2= 10. in.3
Convert p1 to absolute pressure.
p1 = 60. lb/in.2 + 14.7 lb/in.2 = 74.7 ln.2
BOYLE’S LAWS
Formula: p1(V1) = p2(V2)

74.7 lb/in.2 (40.in.3) = p2(10.in.3)

2988 in.-lb
= p2
10 in.3 2
298.8 lb/ in2 = p2
or 300 lb/ in2
CHARLES’ LAWS
Volume of gas increases or
decreases as the temperature
increases or decreases, provided the
amount of gas and pressure remain
constant.

Formula: V1/T1 = V2/T2

Note: T1 and T2 refer to absolute temperature
CHARLES’ LAWS
An expandable container is V1 = 28 in.3
filled with 28 in.3 of air and is V2 = ?
sitting in ice water that is 32 F. T1 = 32 F
The container is removed from T2 = 200 F
the icy water and is heated to Convert T to absolute temperature
200 F. What is the resulting T1 = 32 F + 460 F = 492 R
volume? T2 = 200 F + 460 F = 660 R
CHARLES’ LAWS Formula: V1/T1 = V2/T2
An expandable container is
filled with 28 in.3 of air and is 28 in.3 = V2
sitting in ice water that is 32 F. 492 R = 660 R
The container is removed from
18480 in3 R
the icy water and is heated to = V2
492 R
200 F. What is the resulting
volume? 38 in.3 = V2
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAWS
Absolute pressure of a gas
increases or decreases as the Formula: p1/ T1 = p2/ T2
temperature increases or
decreases, provided the amount Note: T1 and T2 refer to absolute
of gas and the volume remain temperature
constant.
Note: p1 and p2 refer to absolute
pressure
 GAY-LUSSAC’S LAWS
A 300. in.3 sealed air tank is sitting outside. In the morning the temperature
inside the tank is 62 F, and the pressure gauge reads 120. lb/in.2. By
afternoon the temperature inside the tank is expected to be close to 90. F.
What will the absolute pressure be at that point?

V = 300. in.3 T1 = 62 F
p1 = 120. lb/in.2 T2 = 90 F
p2 = ?
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAWS
V = 300. in.3 T1 = 62 F
p1 = 120. lb/in.2 T2 = 90 F
p2 = ?
Convert p to absolute pressure.
p1 = 120. lb/in.2 + 14.7 lb/in.2 = 134.7 lb/in.2
Convert p to absolute temperature.
T1 = 62 F + 460 F = 522 R
T2 = 90 F + 460 F = 550 R
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAWS
134.7 lb/in.2 = p2 If the absolute pressure is 141.9 lb/in.2,
522 R 550 R what is the pressure reading at the gauge?

141.9 lb/in.2 - 14.7 lb/in.2 = 127.2 lb/in.2

74085 lb/in.2 R = p2
522 R = 130 lb/ in. 2

p2 = 140 lb/ in. 2