crop irrigation - origins of hydraulic engineering go back to the beginnings of

Ancient civilizations in Mesopotamia and Egypt developed irrigation as a means to water their
crops. As cities started to grow and spread away from convenient water sources, people needed
more sophisticated hydraulic systems to supply them with water.
Water Wheels - were another crucial hydraulics invention that revolutionized engineering. Often
paired with aqueducts and canals, these systems used the energy of water to turn wheels, which,
in turn, powered other devices, from mills that ground grain.
Ctesibius - The field’s founder is traditionally traced back to Alexandria. He is a Greek
physicist and inventor, the first figure of the ancient engineering tradition of Alexandria,
Egypt. The discovery of the elasticity of air is attributed to as is the invention of several
devices using compressed air.
BLAISE PASCAL - In 1648, French mathematician and physicist came to an important
conclusion based on his studies of hydraulic fluids. He noted that when pressure was
applied to a fluid within closed system, the pressure was always equally distributed in all
directions, keeping the pressure within the system constant
PASCAL LAW – pressure at a point in a fluid is equal in all directions. as this concept was
called, ensured that such closed systems became reliable sources of mechanical energy
Joseph Bramah - invention of the hydraulic press
hydraulic press - With small, flexible tubing, this invention could create pressure capable of
lifting heavy weights and powering sophisticated machinery.
Hydraulics - is used for the control, and transmission of power using pressurized liquids. It is a
technology and applied science involving mechanical properties and use of liquids
Pneumatics - is how air pressure powers and moves something. Essentially, pneumatics puts
compressed air to practical use by moving applications like the tools and machinery used in the
engineering, manufacturing and construction industries.
Fluid: - oil for hydraulic systems, air for pneumatics
Reservoir: - storage tank
Hydraulic pump: - converts the mechanical energy into hydraulic energy by forcing fluid from
reservoir into the system.
Fluid Lines: - transport fluid to and from the pump through hydraulic system
Valves: - control pressure, direction and flow rate of the hydraulic fluid
Actuator: - converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy to do work.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
ENGLISH SYSTEM AND METRIC SYSTEM
measurements - are typically given in terms of a specific unit
In surveying, the most commonly used in units define quantities of length (or distance), area,
volume, and horizontal or vertical angles.
English Units - are historically units of measurements used in medieval England which evolved
from the Anglo-Saxon and Roman Systems.
Metric Units - is a decimalized system of measurement developed in France in late 18th century.
Since the metric system is almost universally used, it is often referred to as the International
System of Units and abbreviated SI.
SI – INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM OF UNITS
SI compromises a coherent system of units of measurement starting with seven base units.
SEVEN BASE UNITS
s – second, the unit of time
m – metre, length
kg – kilogram, mass
A – ampere, electric current
K – kelvin, thermodynamic temperature
Mol – mole, amount of substance
Cd – candela, luminous intensity
PROPERTIES OF GASES
GASES ARE AFFECTED BY 3 VARIABLES
T – TEMPERATURE
p – pressure
V – volume
Gases – have no definite volume, are highly compressible, lighter than liquids

ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE
Air has weight = 1.225 kg per cubic meter or 0.0001225 grams per cubic centimeter
Air is like a fluid that is several miles deep
Pressure – is force per area
Air pressure = 14.7lb/in2
Air pressure = 101.32 kPa
Air pressure – the force exerted by air, whether compressed or unconfined on any surface in
contact with it.
Gauge pressure – does not account for atmospheric pressure on all sides of the system.
Gauge pressure + atmospheric pressure = absolute pressure
Pressure (p) – is measured in pounds per square inch (lb/in2 or psi)
ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE
ABSOLUTE ZERO = -460 F OR -273 C
ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE – is measured in degrees rankine (R) or Kelvin (K)
R= F + 460 K= C + 273
Standard Temperature is 273 K or 492 R
Formula for pressure
p= F/A

PERFECT GAS LAWS

BOYLE’S LAW - The volume of a gas at constant temperature varies inversely with the pressure
exerted on it.
FORMULA: p1 (V1) = p2 (V2)
CHARLES’ LAW - Volume of gas increases or decreases as the temperature increases or
decreases, provided the amount of gas and pressure remain constant.
FORMULA: V1/T1 = V2/T2
GAY-LUSSAC’S LAW - Absolute pressure of a gas increases or decreases as the temperature
increases or decreases, provided the amount of gas and the volume remain constant.

FORMULA: p1/T1 = p2/T2