Seminar Synopsis

Topic: Hydraulics

 Introduction to Hydraulics and Pneumatics

In the industry we use three methods for transmitting power from one
point to another. Mechanical transmission is through shafts, gears, chains, belts,
etc. Electrical transmission is through wires, transformers, etc. Fluid power is
through liquids or gas in a confined space.
Fluid power is the technology that deals with the generation, control and
transmission of forces and movement of mechanical element or system with the
use of pressurized fluids in a confined system. Both liquids and gases are
considered fluids. Fluid power system includes a hydraulic system (hydra
meaning water in Greek) and a pneumatic system (pneuma meaning air in Greek).
Oil hydraulic employs pressurized liquid petroleum oils and synthetic oils, and
pneumatic employs compressed air that is released to the atmosphere after
performing the work.

 History of Hydraulics
In 1648, a French physicist named Blaise Pascal realized that pressure on
a confined fluid exerted an equal force in all directions, and those forces could be
harnessed. It wasn’t until 1738, when Daniel Bernoulli put this to use by
pressurizing water in pumps and mills using the Bernoulli principal. Almost sixty
years later, in 1795, Joseph Bramah patented the first hydraulic press in England,
paving the way for the industrial revolution to automate things from printing
presses, to cranes, to machines for cutting and stamping, and thus automating the
manufacturing process.

 Hydraulic Components
 Section 1: The transfer of mechanical energy into fluid velocity/fluid power
 Section 2: The regulation of fluid power through the use of various valves
 Section 3: The conversion of fluid power to mechanical energy by the use of an
actuator

Basic Components

Reservoir: The component which stores the hydraulic oil.

Pump: The element which pressurizes the hydraulic oil.
Pressure relief valve: This is the element which releases the excess pressure in the
system.
Flow control valve: This is the element which controls the flow of fluid in the
system.
Direction Control Valve: This element controls the direction of flow of hydraulic
oil.
Actuator: This is the element which actual takes part in the conversion of pressure
energy into the mechanical power.

 Types of Circuit

1. Control of a single-acting cylinder

2. Control of a Double-Acting Hydraulic Cylinder
3. Regenerative Cylinder Circuit
4. Pump-Unloading Circuit
5. Hydraulic Cylinder Sequencing Circuits
6. Meter in Circuits
7. Meter out Circuits
8. Speed control of a motor.
Meter in Circuit:

Meter out Circuit: