ENGINEERING UTILITIES
or N/m^2 or Pa
Plumbing system must begin with the substance it
carries, water.
Water- the name given to the liquid compound
H2O.
- Tasteless and odorless in pure state
Standard atmospheric pressure- 14.696 psi or
101.4kPa
Boiling point of water- 212 F or 100 C
- Boiling temperature decreases as elevation
increases.
Specific Weight Density- weight per unit volume.
- Most dense at 39 F or 4 C
- 62.42 lb/ft^3 (1kg/L) – commonly used in
liquid water computation
- At 80F (27C) SW is 62.2
Specific Gravity- the ratio of the specific weight of
the fluid or solid to the specific weight of water at a
temp 39F
- Sg of water is assumed to be 1 at common
plumbing system
Volume- the amount of space occupied by a
substance.
- Water volume is expressed in cubic inches
or cubic feet in customary system or cubic
meters or Liters in SI system.
- Gallons/ gal in plumbing system
- 7.48 gallons in a cubic foot
- 1 gal is approx..3.8 L
Volumetric Flow Rate (Q) – flow rate
- Volume of a substance that passes a point in
a system per unit of time
- Expressed in (L/s), (L/min) or (cfs or ft^3/s),
(cfm), gps or gpm.
Velocity – the rate of linear motion of a substance
in one direction.
- Expressed as in/s , ft/s, m/s
- Water velocity is expressed as average
velocity
Average Velocity (Vav) - may be found using the
formula
Pressure- force per unit area exerted by liquid or
gas on a surface such as the sidewall of a container
or pipe.
- Expressed in pounds per square inch or psf
Standard Atmospheric Pressure- typical
barometric pressure of air at sea level and 70 F or
21C
- Equal to 14.696 psia.
- Varies with weather condition
Gauge Pressure (Pg) – pressure of a fluid excluding
pressure exerted bt the atmosphere.
Absolute Pressure (Pa) – the pressure of a fluid
including pressure exerted by the atmosphere.
- Pg+Ps=Pa
Gauge- frequently used to record the pressure
difference between the system and atmospheric
pressure.
- Vacuum pressure or Suction pressure if
pressure is below atmospheric pressure.
 Negative pressure
Saturation Vapor Pressure- the process that water
molecules exert when the air is fully saturated at a
given temp.
- Directly proportional to the given temp.
3 classifications of Pressure in plumbing system
Static Pressure- pressure that exists without any
flow
Residual Pressure- pressure available at a fixture
or outlet during a period of maximum demand.
Discharge Pressure- pressure of the water at the
point of discharge, such as the mouth of a shower
head, fsucet or hose bibb.
Water Vapor Pressure- pressure that the water
vapor molecules alone exert in air.
Basic Principles
of Plumbing and Sanitary Design
- 4,000 years ago, the ancient Greeks had hot
and cold water systems in buildings.
- Minoan Palace of Knossos on the isle of
Crete had terra cotta (baked clay) piping
laid beneath the palace floor.
- At Knossos, we find the earliest known
flushing toilet
- first storm sewers of Rome were built about
2,800 years ago.
- term plumbing is derived from the Latin
word plumbum for lead.
- At the end of the Middle Ages, London’s
first water system was rebuilt around 1500
CE.
 - Pumping devices have been an important ELEMENTS OF PLUMBING/SANITARY
way of moving fluids for thousands of years. SYSTEM
- ancient Egyptians invented water wheels
- Soil pipe - any pipe which conveys the
with buckets mounted on top of them to
discharge of water closet urinals or fixtures
move water for irrigation.
having similar functions.
- 2000 years ago, Archimedes (Greek
- Stack - a general term used for any vertical
mathematician) invented a screw
line of soil waste or vent piping.
pump(Archimedes screw) made of a screw
- Soil stack pipe - a vertical soil pipe
rotating in a cylinder and it was used to
conveying fecal matter and liquid wastes.
drain and irrigate the Nile valley.
- Stack vent - an extension of soil or waste
- beginning of modern plumbing began in the
stack above the highest horizontal drain
early 1800s, when steam engines became
connected to the stack.
capable of supplying water under pressure
- Vent - a pipe or opening used for ensuring
and inexpensive cast iron pipes could be
the circulation of air in a plumbing system
produced to carry it.
and for reducing to pressure exerted on trap
- epidemiologist's observation of several
seals.
cholera epidemics in the mid-1800s
- . Unit vent - on arrangement of venting so
recognized the relation between sanitation
install that one vent people serve to traps.
and public health.
- Wet vent - portion of a vent pipe through
- 1848, England passes the National Public
which liquid waste flow.
Health Act, which later became a model
- Branch - is any part of a piping system other
plumbing code for the world to follow.
than the main riser or stack.
- Dr. Benjamin Rush(A surgeon general
- . Main - the principal artery of the system to
under George Washington) had a well with
which branches may be connected.
horribly water taste.
- . Branch vent - a vent pipe connecting from
- The birth of plumbing profession in the
a branch of the draining system to a vent
Philippines is traced back to the 17th
stack.
century.
- Waste pipe - a pipe that conveys only liquid
- 18th and 19th centuries, the Filipino
waste free of fecal matter.
plumbers were assigned the task of
- Drain - a sewer or other type of conduit used
maintaining, repairing, and/or remodeling
for conveying groundwater, surface water,
plumbing systems in towns and government
waste water or sewage.
buildings.
- . Sewer - a pipe or conduit for caring sewage
- John F Hass became the first chief of the
and waste liquids.
Division of Plumbing Construction and
- Sewage - the liquid waste conducted away
Inspection.
from buildings or structures, also of
- In buildings, the plumbing system performs
stormwater.
two primary functions: water supply and
- . Sewerage - a comprehensive term including
waste disposal.
all the construction for collection,
- Plumbing - is defined as the art and science
transportation, pumping, treatment, and
of installing and fixing pipes and other
final disposition of waste.
apparatus to convey and supply water in
- Cleanout - a sleeve, calked or otherwise,
building
joined to an opening in a pipe, into which
- Plumber - is a title given to a person who is
plug is screwed that can be removed for the
skilled in the field of sanitation.
purpose of cleaning or examining the
- Plumbing has 2 main objectives:
interior of the pipe.
 To supply water to different parts of the
- . Trap - a fitting or device constructed as to
building.
prevent the passage of air gas and some
 To remove and discharge human waste and
vermin through a pipe without materially
other substances out of the building into the
affecting the flow of sewage or wastewater
public sewer or septic tank.
through it.
Degrees of Wastewater - House drain - that part of the lowest
horizontal piping of a plumbing system that
- Storm Water - water from rain. receives the discharge from soil, waste and
- Grey Water - from laundries, wash basins, water drainage pipes inside of a building
sinks, showers, and bathtubs. and conveys it to the house sewer.
- Black Water - water plus human waste both - House sewer - the part of a plumbing
solid and liquid flushed out of toilets and system extended from a point about four or
urinals five feet from the interface of the fountain
 wall of a building to the junction with
another sore.
- House trap - a trap connected to the lowest
horizontal piping or house Drain.
- Relief vent - a vent which primary function
is the provide circulation of a between
drainage and vent system.
- Public sewer - a common sewer directly
controlled by the public authority to which
all others have equal rights of convention.
- Siphonage - a suction caused by the flow of
liquid in pipes.
- Spigot - the end of a pipe that fits into the
bell also as synonymously with faucet.
- Seal - a vertical distance between the dip
and the crown wire of a trap.
- Roughing-in - the installation of all types in
the plumbing system that is in partitions in
other floors.
- Finishing - is the setting of fixtures.
- Sump - a pit or receptacle at a low point to
which the liquid wastes are drained.
- Sleeves - a sheet metal placed when concrete
is poured to accommodate future plumbing
pipes.
- Pipe chase - an opening or space to
accommodate a group of pipes.
- Plumbing fixtures - are installed receptacles
device or appliances which are supplied with
water or which received or discharged into
drainage system may be directed or
indirectly connected.
PLUMBING MATERIALS, FITTINGS,
and FIXTURES
PLUMBING MATERIALS
Plumbing - a system of pipes that carries water
through a building
PIPES - is a round, hollow channel used to
transport
liquids such as water or solid–liquid mixtures such
as wastewater from one point to the next.
Pipes are used for various purposes such as:
• In plumbing
• Pipelines- transporting gas or liquid over long dist
ances
• Casing for concrete pilings used in construction
project
• The petroleum industry for oil well casing and oil
refinery equipment
Water Pipe Categories:
• Pressure Pipe - which delivers supply water
•Drain, Waste, and Vent (DWV pipe) - which carr
ies waste and soil water away.
Pipescome in several types and sizes. They can be
divided into three main categories: Metallic pipes,
Cement pipes and Plastic pipes.
Metallic pipes include steel pipes, galvanised iron
pipes ,cast iron pipes and copper pipes.
Cement pipes include concrete cement pipes and
asbestos cement pipes.
Plastic pipes include plasticized polyvinyl
chloride(PVC) pipes.
PIPE COLOR CODE
TYPES OF PIPES
- Galvanized pipe –is a zinc coated steel or
iron pipe. This galvanized coating keeps the
water from eating up the pipe. Galvanized
pipe is considered a safe transport for
drinking water and is seen in larger
commercial applications for water
distribution.
- Copper pipe-this type of pipe is mostly used
for hot and cold water distribution as well as
being regularly used in HVAC for
refrigerant lines.
- Asbestos cement pipe -these pipes are not so
much in use today.
- Ductile iron pipe -is a pipe made of ductile
iron commonly used for potable water
transmission and distribution.
- Polyethelyne (PE) -pipes offer durable and
flexible solutions for a wide range of
applications. Polyethylene piping is resistant
to corrosion in all ground conditions and its
flexibility allows it to withstand ground
movements. No protective layers or finishes
are required
- Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe-this type of
pipe has a wide variety o f plumbing uses
from drainage pipe to water mains. It is
commonly used for irrigation piping, home,
and building supply piping.
- Cast iron pipe
 -are used in sewage networks for the
purpose of conveying sewage from
homes and offices.
  -they are one of the oldest piping systems
present today and are being largely
replaced by high-density polyethylene
pipes and PVC pipes.
- Composite pipe –is a flexible pipe material
that is constructed of an aluminum tube
laminated between two layers of
polyethylene thermoplastic
Plumbing Materials
Solvent weldor solvent welding-is a way of joining
two pieces of plastic pipes using glue which is called
solvent weld cement. The cement is liberally
applied to both parts of the connection and the
solvent literally welds the parts together.
- Teflon tape -is specifically used for
attachment threaded pipe on fittings.
- ABS Cleaner and Cement –is an adhesive
material used by plumbing when working
with ABS pipes.
||. FITTINGS
Fittings -allow multiple pipes to be connected to
cover longer distances, increase or decrease the size
of the pipe or tube, or extend a network by
branching, and make possible more complex
systems than could be achieved with only individual
pipes.
- Elbows–usually at 45°and 90°, are angular
fittings used to change the direction of a
supply pipe. On a sanitary drainage system,
a sanitary bend makes a more gradual turn
to prevent blockage.
- Couplings–are used to join straight runs of
pipe.
- Tees–are used in a supply system when a
line must branch off at a straight run.
- Reducer–is a straight fitting used to
decrease the diameter in a pipe in a water
supply system.
- Adaptors–if the pipes are not having special
ends then adaptors make them threaded
either male or female whichever is needed.
-one end of a adapter is plain which is glued
or welded or soldered to the plain pipe end.
- Cross -Cross fittings have four openings in
four directions perpendicular to each other.
These fittings are used to connect four-pipe
flows meeting at a point.
- CAPS-Pipe capsact as protective device and
are designed to protect pipe ends of various
shapes.The main purpose of using pipe caps
is to waterproof the connections. They are
also used to close the ends of hydraulic or
pneumatic pipes and tubes
- Swage nipple -Swage nipples are usedto
bring the flow of fluids from one pipe size to
another pipe size.
- UNION-PipeUnionis a type
offittingequipment designed in such a way to
unite two pipes which can be detached
without causing any deformation to the
pipes.
- Valves are used to control flow of the water
throughout the system.
- Globe valve –is a manual, compression-type
valve, commonly used where there is
occasional or periodic use, such as lavatories
(faucets) and hose connections (called hose
bibs)
- Angle valve –is a manual valve similar in
operation to the globe valve, utilizing the
same principle of compressing a washer
against a metal seat to cut the flow of water.
- Check valve –opens to allow the flow of
water in the direction desired and prevents
flow in the other direction.
- Ball valve –is a manual valve that has a ball
with a hole through it that is mounted
between two seats.
- Metered valves –are designed to
automatically discharge for a specific length
of time and thus deliver a fixed quantity of
water before closing off flow.
- Temperature-pressure relief (T/P) valve –is
a safety valve designed to limit pressure of a
liquid vapor or gas.
- Pressure-reducing valve -is an adjustable
valve designed to reduce pressure to a
specific setting.
- Diaphragm valve -controls the media flow
using a flexible diaphragm that moves up
and down to allow or block flow. Diaphragm
valves can also throttle fluids, controlling
their flow rates
- Butterfly valves -area family of quarter-turn
rotational motion valves that are used in
pipelines to shut-off flow.
- Gate valves-can also be called sluice valves
or knife valves. They are control valves that
allow or restrict the flow of media
completely. Gate valves use a flat gate to
close off flow between pipe flanges.
- Flushometer –is a valve-like device designed
to supply a fixed quantity of water for
flushing toilets and urinals.
Plumbing Fixture -is an approved receptacle,
device, or appliance that uses water and discharges
wastewater such as a water closet, urinal, faucet,
shower, dishwasher, drinking fountain, hose
connection, hose bib, water heater, water softener,
underground sprinkler, hot tub, spa, and clothes
washer.
- Water closet –is a plumbing fixture that
serves as an indoor receptacle and removal
system for human waste.
- Garbage disposal -are plumbing fixtures
used for grinding up food waste. They are
typically found in kitchen sinks, and consist
of a motorized grinding mechanism that is
activated by a switch or button. Garbage
disposals allow for food waste to be easily
and conveniently disposed of, without the
need for a separate trash can for food waste.
- Faucet-A faucet is a device for controlling
the flow of liquid, typically water, from a
pipe or reservoir. It is most commonly found
inbathrooms and kitchensand is used to
control the flow of water from the sink or
bathtub.
- Urinals –are plumbing fixtures that are
commonly used in public restrooms where it
is desirable to reduce possible contamination
of the water closet seats.
- Waterless urinal –is a urinal that is
specifically engineered to eliminate potable
water consumption for urinal flushing.
- Showerhead–is an overhead nozzle that
sprays water down on the bather.
- Bidets–are personal hygiene plumbing
fixtures used for genital and perineal
cleanliness.
- Bathtubs–are plumbing fixtures used for
bathing.
- Lavatory–is a bathroom basin or sink used
for personal hygiene.
- Kitchen sinks -It is a bowl-shaped, heavy-
duty plumbing fixture that is generally used
forwashing utensils, cleaning hands, and
other purposes.
- Water filters -are plumbing fixturesused for
purifying drinking water. They consist of a
cartridge or filter that removes impurities,
and are typically found under kitchen sinks.
Water filters provide clean and safe
drinking water, and can be pitcher filters,
faucet-mounted filters, or under-sink filters.