SUMBER PENCEMARAN

UDARA DAN DAMPAKNYA

TERHADAP KESEHATAN
TUBUH
 KESEHATAN
LINGKUNGAN
What is the environment?
The trees, air,
& soil around
us
ALL the places we
live, work & play

fields, farms
& the food
we grow
oceans, lakes,
and rivers
Environmental Health?
Air Sunlight

Food Noise

Water Soil

The study of how the environment

affects the health.
Hazards
Bacteria
& viruses
Harmful
chemicals
Tobacco
smoke

Stress

Loud noises

A hazard is anything in the environment

that can hurt or make you sick.
Environmental Links to Health Concerns

■ Drinking Water
■ Food
■ Land
■ Built
Environment
■ Indoor Air
■ Emergencies
Chemical and biological
environmental hazards
■ Chemical hazards: synthetic chemicals such as pesticides,
disinfectants, pharmaceuticals
– Harmful natural chemicals also exist.
Common Hazardous Waste Products
• Bug spray
• Floor care products
• Furniture polish
• Metal polish with solvent
• Swimming pool acid
• Glue (solvent based)
• Paint, oil based
• Paint, auto
• Paint, model
• Paint thinner
• Fertilizer
• Fungicide
• Herbicide (weed killer)
• Insecticide
• Rat poison
• Artists’ paints, mediums
• Ammunition
• Dry cleaning solvents
• Lighter fluid
• Mercury batteries
• Moth-balls
• Old fire alarms
• Photographic chemicals (unmixed)
• Antifreeze
• Automatic transmission fluid
• Battery acid (or batteries)
• Brake fluid
• Car wax with solvent
• Diesel fuel
• Gasoline
• Kerosene
• Motor oil
Medical Waste
 Harmful Natural Chemicals

metals (Al, Mg, Na, K, Cu,

Zn, Cd, HG, Pb)

gases: H2O, H2S, HCl, HBr,

SO4, NO2, CO2

a form of air pollution that results when sulfur dioxide and

other gases and particles emitted by an erupting volcano
VOG react with oxygen and moisture in the presence of sunlight.
The word is a portmanteau of the words "volcanic" and
"smog".
Cultural environmental hazards

■ Biological hazards: result from

ecological interactions E. coli
– Viruses, bacteria, and other
pathogens
– Infectious (communicable, or
transmissible) disease: other species
parasitize humans, fulfilling their
HIV
ecological roles
Tobacco

• There are over 4,000 chemicals found in tobacco

smoke and over 400 toxins.
• There are over 60 carcinogens proven to cause cancer
in humans.
• Leading cause of cancer deaths
Routes of
chemical
transport
 Toxic
Toxic Metals
Metals
Heavy metals resist biodegredation

Natural occurrence- volcanoes

• Mercury (Hg)
• Copper (Cu)
• Lead (Pb)
• Cadmium (Cd)
 Heavy
Heavy Metals
Metals
Minamata Disease (1953-1960)– Japan
• Industrial pollution from plastic plant; dumped
mercuric chloride into bay
• Ingestion of Hg tainted shellfish  43 dead and
700 permanently disabled
SANITASI
UDARA
POLUSI UDARA (AIR POLLUTION)
AIR POLLUTION may be defined as the presence in the air (outdoor atmosphere) of one or
more contaminants or combinations thereof in such quantities and of such durations as
may be or tend to be injurious to human, animal or plant life, or property, or which
unreasonably interferes with the comfortable enjoyment of life or property or conduct
of business.

It is a substance or effect dwelling temporarily or permanently in the air , which adversely alters the environment by interfering with the health,
the comfort, or the food chain, or by interfering with the property values of people.

A pollutant can be solid (large or sub-molecular), liquid or gas .

It may originate from a natural or anthropogenic source (or both).

It is estimated that anthropogenic sources have changed the composition of global air by less than 0.01%.

However, it is widely accepted that even a small change can have a significant adverse effect on the climate, ecosystem and species on
the planet.

Examples of these are acid rain, ozone in the lower atmosphere, and photochemical smog.
PERUBAHAN EKOSISTEM UDARA

i
n
d

Debu/Asap
u
s
t
r
i
a
l
i
s
a
s
i

Lokasi pemukiman
M
o
bi
lit
as
m
a

tdk pd jarak efek

n
us
ia
m
e
ni
n
g
k
at
(t
ra
ns
p
or
ta
si
)

J
u
m
l
a
h

p
e
n
d
u
d
u
k
 Aktifitas manusia tinggi :
• mobilitas
PENCEMARAN UDARA
• kebutuhan sekunder
• hasil karya dengan
Merangsang
perubahan eksesnya
ekosistem

Perubahan Nilai ambang batas

keseimbangan terlampaui

ekologis
Gangguan
Mekanisme adaptasi stabilitas
Diluar
lingkungan
kemampuan
Adaptasi wajar adaptasi
Gangguan kualitas
lingkungan
Non Patologis
Patologis
Air Pollution:
• Has many effects on public health and
the environment.
• Comes in different forms and from many sources.

Air Pollution Reduces Visibility

 The Air Quality Index
Air Quality Index (AQI) Values Levels of Health
Concern
0 to 50 Good
51 to 100 Moderate
Unhealthy
101 to 150
for Sensitive Groups
151 to 200 Unhealthy
201 to 300 Very Unhealthy
301 to 500 Hazardous
 Karbonmonoksida (CO)  zat ini berasal dari
unsur arang (karbon), yang terdapat di dalam
batubara, arang kayu, kayu, kertas, minyak tanah,
oli, solar dan bensin, yang terbakar tidak sempurna.

 Zat ini sangat mudah berikatan dengan Hb

(hemoglobin). Akibatnya kemampuan Hb untuk
berikatan dengan O2 sangat kurang, sehingga O2
dalam darah akan turun, akhirnya akan menurunkan
efisiensi kerja.

 Hidrokarbon  berasal dari hidrokarbon yang

terbakar tidak sempurna. Sumber lain adalah uap
bensin (berasal dari pompa bensin, karburator).

 Pada konsentrasi rendah akan bereaksi dengan

oksida nitrogen membentuk KABUT FOTOKIMIA
yang bersifat mematikan.
 Belerangdioksida (SO2)  pada proses pembakaran batu
bara atau minyak, guna memanaskan ruangan atau
pembangkit tenaga listrik, belerang ikut terbakar dan
hasilnya adalah SO2.

 95% of pollution related sulfur oxide emissions are

in the form of sulfur dioxide (SO2), a heavy, colorless
gas with an odor like a struck match.

 Senyawa ini di udara akan membentuk senyawa asam

sulfat dan partikel-partikel sulfat.
 This gas combines easily with water vapor, forming
aerosols of sulfurous acid (H2SO3), a colorless, mildly
corrosive liquid.

 This liquid may then combine with oxygen in the air,

forming the even more irritating and corrosive sulfuric
acid (H2SO4).
 Pada manusia, zat-zat tersebut pada kadar yang tinggi akan
mengganggu paru-paru, terutama apabila dihirup dalam
waktu singkat.
 Meskipun dengan kadar rendah, apabila dihirup dalam
waktu lama akan mengakibatkan hal yg sama.
 Sulfur dioxide not only has a bad odor, it can irritate the
respiratory system.

 Exposure to high concentrations for short periods of time

can constrict the bronchi and increase mucous flow, making
breathing difficult.

 Children, the elderly, those with chronic lung disease, and

asthmatics are especially susceptible to these effects.

 Immediately irritate the lung and throat at concentrations

greater than 6 parts per million (ppm) in many people.
 Nitrogenoksida (NO)  terbentuk dalam proses pembakaran di
dalam mesin mobil atau pembangkit tenaga listrik.

 Dapat berbentuk nitrogenoksida atau nitrogendioksida. Kedua

zat ini di udara akan membentuk zat pencemar lain, yaitu
KABUT FOTOKIMIA

 Pada kadar yang tinggi dapat merusak kesehatan hewan,

manusia & tanaman.
 Short-term exposure at concentrations greater than 3 parts per million
(ppm) can measurably decrease lung function.

 Concentrations less than 3 ppm can irritate lungs.

 Concentrations as low as 0.1 ppm cause lung irritation and measurable

decreases in lung function in asthmatics.

 Long-term lower level exposures can destroy lung tissue, leading to

emphysema.

 Children may also be especially sensitive to the effects of nitrogen oxides.

 Seriously injure vegetation at certain concentrations. Effects include:
 Bleaching or killing plant tissue.
 Causing leaves to fall.
 Reducing growth rate.

 Deteriorate fabrics and fade dyes.

 Corrode metals (due to nitrate salts formed from nitrogen oxides).

 Reduce visibility.

 Oxides of nitrogen, in the presence of sunlight, can also react with hydrocarbons, forming
photochemical oxidants or smog.

 Also, NOx is a precursor to acidic precipitation, which may affect both terrestrial and aquatic
ecosystems.
 An odorless, colorless gas composed of three oxygen
atoms.

 Ozone in the upper atmosphere protects us from the

sun’s harmful ultraviolet rays.

 At ground-level in the air we breathe, ozone (smog)

poses serious risks to human health.
Where Does Ozone Come From?
Ozone is created by a chemical reaction :

+ = O3
VOC + NOx + Heat + Sunlight = Ozone

VOC (Volatile Organic Compounds) and NOx (Nitrogen

Oxides) come from motor vehicles, power plants,
industrial facilities, and other sources.
 Why is Ozone Bad to Breathe?
■ The average adult breathes enough air to fill over 3,000 balloons each day. Children
breathe even more!

■ Ozone can irritate lungs and airways, and cause inflammation much like a sunburn on
your lungs.

■ Ozone can aggravate respiratory illnesses like asthma.

■ 10 to 20% of summertime respiratory-related hospital visits in the Northeast are

associated with ozone pollution.

■ Children and people with chronic lung diseases are particularly at risk.
Health Effects of Exposure to Ozone

• Coughing
• Nose and throat irritation
• Chest pain
• Reduced lung function
• Increased susceptibility to respiratory illnesses
• Aggravation of asthma
 What is Particulate Matter ?
■ particles of different substances suspended in
the air
■ in the form of solid particles and liquid droplets
■ particles vary widely in size
Where does PM come from?

Fine particles come from a variety of sources:

• diesel trucks and buses
• construction equipment
• power plants
• woodstoves
• wildfires

Also, Chemical reactions in the atmosphere

can transform gases into fine particles.
Why are Fine Particles
Bad to Breathe?

• Scientific studies have linked fine particles with a series of

significant health problems.

• Fine particles easily reach the deepest parts of the lungs.

• Particulate matter causes 15,000 premature deaths every year

in the US.

• Fine particles from Diesel exhaust can cause lung cancer.

Health Effects of Exposure
to Fine Particles
■ Premature death

■ Aggravated asthma

■ Respiratory-related emergency room visits and hospital

admissions

■ Acute respiratory symptoms

■ Chronic bronchitis

■ Decreased lung function (shortness of breath)

■ People with existing heart and lung disease, as well as the elderly and
children, are particularly at risk
What Can You Do?

Reduce vehicle emissions:

 Drive less
 Keep cars well maintained and tires properly inflated
 Turn off the engine when your vehicle is not in motion
 Purchase low-emitting and fuel efficient vehicles
 Share a ride, take public transportation bike, or walk
 Cut your grass after 6 p.m.
 Refuel your car after 6 p.m.
 Combine errands into one trip
 What Can You Do?

Conserve electricity:

 do not over-cool or over-heat buildings

 turn off lights and appliances when not in use

 Purchase electronics/appliances with energy star labels

To protect your health, avoid strenuous outdoor activities

when ozone levels are high