Fundamental of receiver

operation
• Optical Rx-more complicated to optical Tx
• Optical Tx - Convert the electrical signal to an
optical signal.
• Rx –first detect the weak, distorted signal and make
decision on what type of data was sent based on an
amplified version of this distorted signal.
• Tx signal-two level binary-either 0 or 1.
• Tb-bit duration
• Tx signal -1 represented by a pulse of optical
power(light) of duration Tb, whereas a 0 is the
absence of any light.
• Rx –Convert optical signal back to an electrical
signal. After the electric signal produced by the
photo detector is amplified and filtered.
• Decision circuit- compare the signal level.
• If the Rx signal level is greater than the
threshold level a 1 is said to have been
received.
• If the voltage is below the threshold level, a
0 is assumed to have been received.
Fig. 7-1: Signal path through an optical link
 Error sources
• Error in the detection mechanism can arise from
various noises and disturbances associated with
the signal detector system.
• Noise –unwanted components of an electric
signal.
Noise type
1. External noise
2. Internal noise
 Shot noise
 Thermal noise
• Thermal noise-random motion of
electronics in a conductor
• Shot noise –arises in electronics devices
because of discrete nature of current flow in
the device.
Fig. 7-2: Noise sources and disturbances
Fig. 7-3: Pulse spreading
 Receiver configuration

Fig. 7-4: Optical receiver schematic

 Receiver configuration
• Three basis stage of receiver
1. Photo detector
2. Amplifier
3. Equalizer
Photo detector
1.Avalanche Photo diode- gain M
2.Pin photo diode - gain M=1
• Cd-capacitance
• Rb-bias resistance
• Rb –generate the thermal noise current i b(t)
Amplifier:
• Input impedance- parellel combination of
Ra and Ca.
Two amplifier noise sources
• Input noise current source ia(t) arises from
the thermal noise of amplifier input
resistance Ra .
• Noise voltage source ea(t) represents
thermal noise of amplifier channel.
• Noise source-gaussian in statistics(flat in
spectrum)
•
• Equalizer
Linear frequency shaping filter.
Fig. 7-4: Optical receiver schematic
Fig. 7-5: Logic 0 and 1 probability distributions
Fig. 7-6: Noise variances
 Fig. 7-7:
BER versus Q factor
 Fig. 7-8:
BER vs SNR
Fig. 7-20: Analog LED modulation
Fig. 7-21: SNR vs. optical power for photodiodes