Professional Documents
Culture Documents
ENGLISH LANGUAGE II
• When we want to tell someone what somebody else said
WHEN DO
WE USE DIRECT SPEECH: (the exact words someone used; quote
written between inverted commas)
REPORTED REPORTED SPEECH: (the exact meaning of what someone
SPEECH? said, introduced by a reporting/introductory verb like say or
tell; no inverted commas)
• Present tense (up-to-date reporting)
e.g. Direct speech: ‘I like ice cream.’
Reported speech: She says (that)
she likes ice cream.
EXAMPLES • Past tense (out-of-date reporting)
e.g. Direct speech: ‘I like ice cream.’
Reported speech: She said (that)
she liked ice cream.
POSSIBLE CHANGES IN TENSES
Tense (* doesn't change) Direct Speech Reported Speech
She said (that) she liked ice
present simple I like ice cream
cream.
She said (that) she was living in
present continuous I am living in London
London.
She said (that) she had bought a
past simple I bought a car car OR She said (that) she bought
a car.
She said (that) she had been
past continuous I was walking along the street
walking along the street.
She said (that) she hadn't seen
present perfect I haven't seen Julie
Julie.
I had taken English lessons She said (that) she had taken
past perfect*
before English lessons before.
CHANGES IN MODAL VERBS
She said (that) she would see me
will I'll see you later
later.
would* I would help, but..” She said (that) she would help but...
• Yes / No questions
Direct Question Reported Question
Do you love me? He asked me if I loved him.
Have you ever been to Mexico? She asked me if I had ever been to Mexico.
Are you living here?
She asked me if I was living here.
TYPES OF QUESTIONS – EXAMPLES
• Wh- questions
• When someone tells you very directly to do something, we report this order
in the same way as a request.
Direct Order Reported Order
Go to bed! He told the child to go to bed.
Don't worry! He told her not to worry.
Be on time! He told me to be on time.
Don't smoke! He told us not to smoke.
CHANGES IN TIME EXPRESSIONS
• Possible conversions (these changes will depend on when we heard the direct
speech and when we say the reported speech)
now then / at that time
today yesterday / that day / Tuesday / the 27th of June
the day before yesterday / the day before /
yesterday
Wednesday / the 5th of December
last night the night before, Thursday night
last week the week before / the previous week
tomorrow today / the next day / the following day / Friday
• We need to change personal or objective pronouns (like
‘I’ or ‘us’) and possessive adjectives to agree with the
agree + to + infinitive
e.g. We agreed to meet the following day.
agree + (that) + clause
e.g. I agreed that the children could do their homework later.
decide + to + infinitive
e.g. They decided to go to the cinema.
decide + (that) + clause
e.g. They decided that they would go to the cinema.
insist + on + verb-ing
e.g. He insisted on paying.
insist + (that) + clause
e.g. He insisted that we sit down.
promise + to + infinitive
e.g. He promised to arrive early.
promise + (someone) + (that) + clause
e.g. I promised him that I wouldn't do it again.
REPORTING VERBS – VERB PATTERNS
recommend + verb-ing
e.g. I recommend visiting the British Museum while you're in London.
recommend + (that) + clause
e.g. I recommend that you visit the British Museum
suggest + verb-ing
e.g. I suggest leaving soon
suggest + (that) + clause
e.g. I suggest that you come as soon as you can.
• To make the verbs that we have reported negative, we need to look at the verb pattern: