PANDEMIC AND EPIDEMIC

-Prepositions of movement;
-Ordinal numbers;
-Reported Speech;
-Relative Clauses
 Disease
A disease is a particular abnormal condition that
negatively affects the structure or function of all or part
of an organism, and that is not due to any immediate
external injury.
Epidemic is a particular disease that affects to many
people in the same place at the same time.
Endemic is a particular disease that affects or belongs to
a particular people or country.
A Pandemic is an epidemic that spread over multiple
countries or continents.
 Prepositions of Movement
A-across / through
 Across is movement from one side of an area, surface,
or line to the other side.
Ex: I drew a line across the paper.

 Through is movement from one side of an enclosed

space to the other side.
Ex: The ball went through the window.
Cont.
B-along / around
 Along is to follow a line.
Ex: Students at University will understand English along the year.
 Around is to go in a circular direction around some obstacle.
Ex: We have moved around the globe we didn’t find any vaccine to
prevent HIV.
 
C-into / out of
 Into is to go from outside a space to inside a space.
Ex: The cat went into the box.
 Out of is to go from inside a space to outside a space.
Ex: The cat jumped out of the box.
Cont.
 
D -onto / off
 Onto and off refer to surfaces, differently from into / out of (which
refer to enclosed spaces):
Examples:
The dog jumped onto the table. I took the picture off the wall.
 
E-up / down
Go up and go down can also be used for “increase” and “decrease,” in
addition to physical movement.
Examples:
 The price of food has gone up in the past two years.
 The number of children per family has gone down.
Cont.
F-over / under
To go over is to pass above something.
To go under is to pass below something.
Ex: Luca’s cat passed over the table. The dove is flying under the
tree.
G-towards / away from
 If you go towards something, you get closer to it.
 If you go away from something, you get farther away from it.
Ex: The dog is running towards me. The boy is running
away from me.
H-back to
“Back to” is movement of return to a place you have been before:
 He went to Italy. (maybe for the first time)
 He went back to Italy.
 Cardinal and Ordinal Numbers
A Cardinal Number is a number that says how many of
something there are, such as one, two, three, four, five.

An Ordinal Number is a number that tells the position of

something in a list, such as 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th etc.

Most ordinal numbers end in "th" except for:

 one ⇒ first (1st)
 two ⇒ second (2nd)
 three ⇒ third (3rd)
 Reported Statements
We use reported statement when we say what someone has said before.
 How it works
We use a 'reporting verb' like 'say‘, 'tell’, ask'. If this verb is in the
present tense, it's easy. We just put 'she says' and then the sentence:
 Direct speech: I like ice cream.
 Reported speech: She says (that) she likes ice cream.
But, if the reporting verb is in the past tense, then usually we change
the tenses in the reported speech:
 Direct speech: I like ice cream.
 Reported speech: She said (that) she liked ice cream.
Tense Direct Speech Reported Speech
present simple I like ice cream She said (that) she liked ice cream.
present
I am living in London She said (that) she was living in London.
continuous
She said (that) she had bought a car OR She said (that) she bought a
past simple I bought a car
car.

past continuous I was walking along the street She said (that) she had been walking along the street.

present perfect I haven't seen Julie She said (that) she hadn't seen Julie.

past perfect* I had taken English lessons before She said (that) she had taken English lessons before.

will I'll see you later She said (that) she would see me later.
would* I would help, but..” She said (that) she would help but...

can I can speak perfect English She said (that) she could speak perfect English.

could* I could swim when I was four She said (that) she could swim when she was four.

shall I shall come later She said (that) she would come later.
should* I should call my mother She said (that) she should call her mother
might* I might be late She said (that) she might be late

She said (that) she must study at the weekend OR She said she had
must I must study at the weekend
to study at the weekend
Occasionally, we don't need to change the present tense
into the past if the information in direct speech is still
true (but this is only for things which are general facts,
and even then usually we like to change the tense):

 Direct speech: The sky is blue.

 Reported speech: She said (that) the sky is/was blue.

 Reported Questions
. Direct speech: Where do you live?
 Reported speech: She asked me where I lived.

Another example:
 Direct speech: Where is Julie?
 Reported speech: She asked me where Julie was.
 Direct Question
Where is the Post Office, please?
What are you doing?
Who was that fantastic man?
Direct Question
Do you love me?
Have you ever been to Mexico?
Are you living here?
Reported Question
She asked me where the Post Office
was.
She asked me what I was doing.
She asked me who that fantastic man
had been.
Reported Question
He asked me if I loved him.
She asked me if I had ever been to
Mexico.
She asked me if I was living here.
Direct Request Reported Request
Please help me. She asked me to help her.
Please don't smoke. She asked me not to smoke.
She asked me to bring her book
Could you bring my book tonight?
that night.
Could you pass the milk, please? She asked me to pass the milk.
Would you mind coming early She asked me to come early the
tomorrow? next day.
  Direct speech: Sit down!
 Reported speech: She told me to sit down.

 
Direct Order Reported Order
 
Go to bed! He told the child to go to bed.
 
Don't worry! He told her not to worry.
 
Be on time! He told me to be on time.
 
Don't smoke! He told us not to smoke.
Time Expressions with Reported Speech

Sometimes when we change direct speech into reported speech we

have to change time expressions too.
For example:

It's Monday. Julie says "I'm leaving today".

If I tell someone on Monday, I say "Julie said she was leaving today".
If I tell someone on Tuesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving
yesterday".
If I tell someone on Wednesday, I say "Julie said she was leaving on
Monday".
If I tell someone a month later, I say "Julie said she was leaving that
day".
 Here's a table of some possible conversions:

now then / at that time

today yesterday / that day / Tuesday / the 27th of June
the day before yesterday / the day before /
yesterday Wednesday / the 5th of December
last night the night before, Thursday night
last week the week before / the previous week
tomorrow today / the next day / the following day / Friday