WATER

3. Water
 INTRODUCTION

• W.Ostwald stated that ‘almost

all the chemical processes which
occur in nature, takes place among
solutions in water’.
• Water is thus the elixir of
life.
 OCCURRENCE OF WATER

FREE STATE COMBINED STATE

Solid Earth’s
state surface
Liquid state Human
body
Gaseous Food
state product
 OCCURRENCE OF WATER
FREE STATE

Solid state:

ICE SNOW FROST

 OCCURRENCE OF WATER

FREE STATE COMBINED STATE

Solid state: Earth’s
surface:
Liquid state: Human
body:
Gaseous Food
state product:
FREE STATE

Liquid state:

On the earth surface:

• River
Lake
River
Sea
Spring
• Lake
• Sea
• Spring
FREE STATE

Liquid state:

Below earth surface:

• Well water
• Moisture Moisture
Well water
in soil

in soil.
FREE STATE

Liquid state:

Above earth surface:

• Dew
Dew
 OCCURRENCE OF WATER

FREE STATE COMBINED STATE

Solid state: Earth’s
surface:
Liquid state: Human
body:
Gaseous Food
state product:
 OCCURRENCE OF WATER
FREE STATE

Gaseous
state
WATER VAPOUR
MIST FOG
CLOUDS
 OCCURRENCE OF WATER

FREE STATE COMBINED STATE

Water occurs in
Solid state: Water
combined occurs in in
form Earth’s
combined form
hydrated salts.
surface:
Liquid state: in Human
egall living.6H
: MgCl 2
matter
2O body:
i.e. Plants and
Gaseous and in certain Food
Animals.
state minerals product:
 OCCURRENCE OF WATER
COMBINED STATE

Earth’s
surface:

Covers approximately 75% of

the earth’s surface.
 OCCURRENCE OF WATER

FREE STATE COMBINED STATE

Solid state: Earth’s
surface:
Liquid state: Human
body:
Gaseous Food
state product:
 OCCURRENCE OF WATER
COMBINED STATE

Human
body:

Nearly 70% of the body

weight.
 OCCURRENCE OF WATER

FREE STATE COMBINED STATE

Solid state: Earth’s
surface:
Liquid state: Human
body:
Gaseous Food
state: product:
 OCCURRENCE OF WATER
COMBINED STATE

Food
product:
GREEN VEGETABLES MILK DRY CEREALS
 OCCURRENCE OF WATER
1. The water moves from river to 5. These clouds condense and
ocean. falls to the earth’s surface
mostly in the form of rain
2. Water evaporates as water vapour
into the air.
3. Cooler temperature causes it to condense
into clouds
4. Air currents move these water filled
clouds around the globe.

RIVER WATER

SEA WATER
 WATER AS A COMPOUND

+
2 vols. of hydrogen 1 vol. of oxygen. 1 vol. of water

Thus, water is not an element but a

compound of hydrogen & oxygen
combined in the ratio 2:1.
Water is a compound because
Compounds have a fixed composition & the
elements, combined in a fixedproportion
proportionby
by
weight.
weight i.e the ratio of H to O is 1:8 by mass
 Water is a compound because
Compounds have new properties & the
original components lose their individual
properties. differ
Properties of water differ from
the properties of its individual
elements hydrogen and oxygen.
2
Water is neither combustible nor
Hydrogen is combustible. does it support combustion.
Oxygen supports combustion.
 Water is a compound because
It has definite physical
constants, like boiling point,
freezing point, density, etc.

Hence, Water is a compound

NATURAL & TREATED WATER
Natural Water :
Water found in the natural state
Example : is known as natural water.

Lak
Rain
Well
ewater
Spring
Sea
River
water
water
 NATURAL & TREATED WATER
Treated Water :
Treated water is water
Distilled which has received some
Example : Water : form of treatment.

It is the purest form of water

used for qualitative analysis.

It is prepared by condensing
water vapour or steam.
 NATURAL & TREATED WATER
Treated Water :
Pipe borne
Example : water:
It is soft water and free from
solutes.

It is prepared by filtration
followed by chemical treatment
of water.

It is free from bacteria but may

contain essential mineral solutes.
 NATURAL & TREATED WATER
Treated Water :
Chlorinated
Example : water :

Water used in swimming pools

is chlorinated to kill germs.
 Water as a universal solvent

UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
Water has the ability to dissolve a large
number of substances. Example: salt, sugar etc.

It also dissolves a large number of gases.

Example: HCl, NH3 etc.

Hence, water dissolves almost every common

substance and is therefore called a universal
solvent.
 THE TERMS – SOLVENT ,
SOLUTE, SOLUTION
Stirrer
Solute
(NaCl)

Solvent [water] Solvent water

S O LV E N T + S O Laqueous
U T Ei.e. a uniform mixture of S O L+ U TION
Solution is non if
two or more substances
Solvent Solute
(solution)
SOLVENT Water the solute is SOLUTE
dissolved in SOLUTION
Aqueous
Liquid or someSubstance which like
other Sodium
solvent chloride
medium of dissolution dissolves or solution of NaCl
sulphur in carbon disulphide A homogenous mixture
which allows the solute to disappears in the of a solute in a solvent
dissolve in it so as to form solvent to form whose composition may
a solution is called a a solution is called a be gradually changed by
solvent. solute. changing the relative
amount of components.
DILUTE & CONCENTRATED SOLUTIONS
Amount of solute in a given weight of solvent
determines the concentration
A solution in which the amount of solute is
DILUTE relatively small compared to the amount of
SOLUTION solvent in a given mass of it is called a dilute
solution.
CONCENTRATED A solution in which the amount of solute is
SOLUTION relatively large compared to the amount of
solvent in a given mass of it is called a
concentrated solution.
 TRUE SOLUTIONS
A true solution has its own characteristic properties.
NATURE
It is clear, transparent and homogenous in nature.
PARTICLE SIZE SEPARATION
Particle size is molecular and the particles
Solute can be recovered from the
Can pass through the pores of filterby
solvent paper.
physical and not by
chemical means. A true solution is
therefore
Cannot be seen under a mixture and not a
a microscope.
compound.
Do not settle down.
 Saturated solution
A solution which cannot dissolve more of the solute at a given
temperature is called a saturated solution at that temperature.
The solution is then said to be saturated
Add 1 g of
solute Add 1 g more of solute

Solute dissolves at
100 g of water temp. t°C

Temp.t o C Continue adding 1g of solute

until no more solute will
dissolved at that temperature
 Unsaturated solution
A solution which can dissolve more of the solute at a given
temperature is called an unsaturated solution at that
temperature.
Add more solute
Solute

Solute dissolves
100 g. of water

Solute continues
Temp.t o C to dissolve
 UNSATURATED SOLUTION
A SATURATED SOLUTION can be converted to an unsaturated solution.

• By heating the saturated solution slowly.

• By adding more solvent to the saturated solution.
 Supersaturated solution
A supersaturated solution at a particular temperature is one that
is more concentrated (contains more solute) that its saturated
solution at that temperature.

 A saturated solution of a solute is prepared in boiling water.

 If the above solution is cooled, excess nitre separates out from
the hot saturated solution.
 The hot solution therefore contains more of the solute dissolved
in than it can hold at that given temperature and is thus called a
supersaturated solution.
 SOLVENTS – [Other than water]
SOLVENTS SOLUTE IT DISSOLVES
Benzene Rubber
Turpentine oil Paints, Paraffin wax
Carbon disulphide Sulphur, phosphorus
Petrol Grease, chlorophyll, rubber
Acetone Cellulose acetate [nail polish]
Alcohol Iodine, napthalene, chlorophyll
Oxalic acid Rust
Methylated Chlorophyll
spirit
 SOLVENTS – [Other than water]
SOLVENTS IN DAILY LIFE
1. In laundries and dry cleaners
• Petrol, kerosene or ammonia solution for
removing grease stains.
• Turpentine for removing paint stains.
• Borax solution for removing coffee or tea stains.
2. In manufacture of perfumes
• Aromatic oils dissolved in alcohol.
3. Extraction of chlorophyll in laboratory
• By boiling the leaves in alcohol.
4. Dressing wounds in dispensary
• Iodine dissolved in alcohol is used as tincture
of iodine.