PAKISTAN RELATION WITH

MUSLIM COUNTRIES

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Group details #3
• Mehreen Khan (leader)
• Alina Asif
• Maryam Faisal
• Khizra Azam
• Aisha Akram
• Zainab Kamran
• Zuha Ali
• Javeria Jamal

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Pakistan and middle east
Maryam Faisal

3
 Timeline
Muslim Relations with middle east

1956 1969 1971 1971 1974

ONWARDS
Suez Canal Crisis. Pakistan joined First OIC Bhutto toured muslim Lahore summit
Ruined relations the OIC. meeting countries after losing
between Egypt and the war to show Pak
Pakistan. was still powerful

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success
 Due to large revenue of oil, The gulf were able to fund Pakistan.
 Saudi Arab was among the first to recognize Pak as an independent state.
 Saudi also sent fund during the Afghan Miracle.
 Pak’s largest source of foreign exchange was 3 mil Pak workers in the middle East.
 Pak in return also assisted the Gulf states in return by supplying it with military aid.
 In 1969, Pak joined 24 Muslim countries to form the OIC.
 In 1971 and 1974, it held summits in Karachi and Lahore. (Lahore Summit
elaborated later)
 In 1971, Bhutto toured many Islamic countries to make sure relations were cordial.
 Pak joined IC, whose aim was to end Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait. Jamaat- i – Islami
opposed it as it thought it would lead to the strengthening of the Shi'ite Government
in Iran.
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Islamic summit 1974
What was the Islamic summit of 1974? OR What was the Lahore Summit?

Second Islamic Summit Conference, known as the Lahore Summit February 22-24
Initiated by: Proposal of OIC Secretary General Tunku Abdul Rahman
Purpose: Discussion on the Middle East situation post the Arab-Israel war of October
1973 and the Arab-imposed oil embargo
Participants: Heads of states, ministers, and dignitaries from Muslim countries
worldwide
Recommendations and suggestions
Decisions Made: Support pledged for Jordan, Syria, Egypt, and the Palestinian
people in their legitimate struggle to recover their lands.

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Condemnation of states with relations with Israel.
Proposal to take steps to affirm Arab sovereignty over Jerusalem.
Lahore Summit raised Pakistan's stature in the Muslim world.
India recognized Pakistan's international support despite the loss of East Pakistan.
Many Arab and Islamic countries hadn't recognized Bangladesh before the
summit
The Islamic Summit fostered an atmosphere of Islamic fraternity.
The summit acknowledged the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) under
Yasir Arafat.
The summit emphasized the importance of Jerusalem for Muslims and its
religious sanctity.

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What led to the calling of the Islamic Summit of 1974?
OR
Why did the Islamic summit of 1974 take place?
Torching of Al- Aqsa: This was a massive injustice done by Israel and brought
together muslim countries.
Support for the Kashmir issue: Pakistan had a dispute with India for Kashmir so it
requested help from muslim brothers.
Iran = 730 million dollars UAE = 100 million Libya = 80 million
1973 Arab Israel war = Illegal occupation of Palestine issued solidarity amongst
all muslim countries for homage

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 Comparison btw success & failure
Successes
Acknowledgement of the existence of
Bangladesh and PLO.
Affirmation of Arab sovereignty over
Jerusalem.
Inauguration of Islamic Solidarity Fund.
Affirmation of Support to Jordan, Syria
and Palestine.
Support for Kashmir Issue.
Failures
Many people thought that Pakistan was
trying to assume leadership of the Muslim
world.
No actual work was ordained except for
limited decisions.

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 failures
A number of issues affecting muslim countries encouraged talk of solidarity amongst them such
as:
Kashmir Issue
Palestine Israel issue
Egypt British issue ( Suez Canal crisis )
However other issues undermined this unity.
Firstly relations with Egypt & Saudi were deterred because Pakistan signed the Baghdad pact.
Secondly, ties with Egypt were ruined due to the fact that Pakistan didn’t help it during the Suez
Canal Crisis.
Also, Egypt refused to accept Pakistan’s cavalry as a part of the UN troops.
Lastly, Pakistan’s strong relationship with the US during the 50s ruined its relations with the
middle east as the US supported Israel’s creation. This led them to believe Pakistan supported
Israel however Pakistan has always shown solidarity with Palestine
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Suez crisis
The Suez Crisis was an event in the Middle East in 1956. It began with Egypt
taking control of the Suez Canal which was followed by a military attack from
Israel, France, and Great Britain. It was the result of the American and British
decision not to finance Egypt’s construction of the Aswan High Dam, in response
to Egypt’s growing ties with communist Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union.
Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser reacted by declaring martial law in the
canal zone and seizing control of the Suez Canal Company. Egypt emerged
victorious and Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser became a hero for the
cause of Arab and Egyptian nationalism.

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Pakistan and turkey
Zainab Kamran

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Before Independence
Relations date back generations before the establishment of the two states, more
precisely during the Turkish War of Independence when the Muslims of the
northwestern British Raj sent financial aid to the declining Ottoman Empire. The
Khilafat movement in India was followed by the formation the Turkish
Republic in 1923. Additionally, the countries share historical Islamic ties, as the
Muslims living under the British Raj deemed the Ottoman Sultan as their Caliph,
and the Caliph of Islam and all Muslims. As a result, Pakistan and Pakistanis have
enjoyed a positive perception in Turkey and amongst Turks for many decades

Made By Zainab Kamran

The Turks support Pakistan
Although, Kemal Ataturk abolished the caliphate utterly destroying the base for
the start of Khilafat movement, the Turks have not forgotten the sacrifices of the
Muslims of the subcontinent.
Pakistan and turkey shared a religious and cultural heritage, this made mutual
support for each other natural.
Ever since the independence of Pakistan in 1947, Turkey has always been
supportive to Pakistan: whether it involves the Kashmir issue or economic
prosperity

Made By Zainab Kamran

Expected Questions
What was the Regional Cooperation for
Development? (4)

What was The Baghdad Pact? or What

was CENTO? (4)

How have relations between Pakistan

and Turkey been successful? (7)

Made By Zainab Kamran

Economic Relations
The Baghdad Pact:
In 1955 Pakistan signed the Baghdad
pact.
It was a defense joint agreement
between Iran, Iraq and Turkey.
Upgraded as CENTO with support of
USA. UK joined later
 It was made to stand up against
communism then
No protection given to Pakistan in
1965. disbanded in 1979.
RCD:
In 1964 Pakistan signed the Regional
Cooperation for Development.
Iran and Turkey were partners in this
supplement to CENTO
Aims to improve economic, technical,
educational and cultural links
More successful in educational and
cultural sectors
Made By Zainab Kamran
Successes [ from 1947 onwards ]
Turkish government is appreciative of support from Khilafat movement in 1918
when they were oppressed.
Mutual friendship due to religious and cultural relations.
Quaid e Azam sent Sir Feroze Khan Noon to visit Turkey in 1948
Pakistan signed Baghdad pact in 1955 and joined RCD in 1964
Turkey supports Pakistan's Kashmir issue.
Turkish government, which has decent relations with the west, tried to bring help
in 1965 war.
(Although it can be said Tashkent agreement brought forward by USSR was more
effective in ending it.)

Made By Zainab Kamran

Turkey and the Founder of Pakistan

Turkey holds high respect for the founder of Pakistan, Quaid e Azam
Muhammad Ali Jinnah.
Architect Nejat Ersin and his team designed the ‘Cinnah Caddesi’ road in 1954,
which literally translates to 'Jinnah Road’. The Road’s construction was finished
in 1957.
Pakistan's founder Muhammad Ali Jinnah expressed admiration for Turkey's
founding leader Mustafa Kemal Atatürk and also a desire to develop Pakistan on
the Turkish model of modernism.

Made By Zainab Kamran

Pakistan and Palestine
Alina Asif
Why did Pakistan supported the PALESTINE cause ? /7
 The spirit of the Muslims brotherhood arising from the tortures of Al Aqsa
mosque by Jews (it’s importance as evidence).
 Pakistan supported it because of the vision of Quaid e Azam against inequality
and injustice (Jinnah’s 14 points as an evidence).
 Pakistan always blame Israel due to their illegal occupation in Palestine and never
accepted it as a country (passport example as an evidence).

Alina Asif
How did Pakistan helped PALESTINE ? /7
 PLO (Palestine liberation organization) was found considering Israel as
unjustified. Through this PLO, many Palestine raised their voices for their rights.
Yasir Arafat was represented as a genuine voice of PLO. This was agreed by all.

 Pakistan helped Palestine by providing them army and military weapons which not
only results in increase in military weapons in Palestine but it also warmed the
relations between the countries.

 Pakistan helped Palestine socially by providing educational facilities to Palestine

which in results increases the literacy rate in Palestine and people were more
aware to raise their voices against injustice.
Pakistan and Iran
Javeria Jamal
 TIMELINE
1947 Iran was the first country to visit Pakistan. Liaqat Ali Khan paid his first visit to Iran. Raza Shah Pehalvi was the
first foreigner to pay his visit to Pakistan.
1950 An agreement was signed between both the countries and Iran promised to provide oil to Pakistan. Iran tried to improve
Pak-Afghan relations.
1955 Iran signed Baghdad Pact with Turkey, Iraq which was renamed as CENTO. Pakistan was also present at CENTO. Iran was
also not happy because of large amount of US aid.
1964 Pakistan ,Iran & Turkey signed RCD(Regional Cooperation Development) for cooperation in many fields.

1965 Iran gave its full support in Indo Pak war.

1971 Iran gave complete support and helped Pakistan.

1973 Iran wanted to help Pakistan against Baloch insurgency but Shah of iran was dependent on USA and due to US pressure they
did not help Pakistan.
1979 “Islamic Revolution” came in Iran which was an anti-American step but Pakistan gave its full support & also praised the
role of Ayatullah Khumaini in spite of its pro-American attitude. In 1980 iran-Iraq war broke out.

1986 Irani delegation came to Pakistan & held discussions with information ministry. Both agreed to cooperate in the fields of IT,
TV, Radio, Cultural exchanges & exchange of information. Both agreed to participate in Film Festivals & exchange of
scholars and students.
1987 Both the countries signed an agreement on bilateral road transportation of goods. Another delegation led by Hussain
Mehlooji (mem of irani majlis) visited Pak to reactivate two industrial units set up as joint ventures.

1990s The relations remained the worst when the Pak govt. supported SUNNI Talibans In Afghanistan. Emergence of Pakistan a
nuclear power also causing problems for Iran. Removal of Taliban govt. also a matter of suspect for Iran because it was done
due to US help.
4-Marks question:-
Q: What was Baghdad Pact?

Ans: In 1955 Pakistan signed Baghdad Pact, a joint defense agreements with Iran,
Iraq, and turkey. It was intended to deter any soviet expansion in the Middle east. In
1959, after Iraq quit, Baghdad Pact become the Central Asia Treaty
Organization(CENTO) and was promoted by USA although they didn’t join in.
Britain was a member. Pakistan was disappointed that CENTO didn’t have its own
military command capable of mobilizing troops to protect a member against attack.
CENTO gave Pak no protection against India. CENTO was disbanded in 1979 with
the overthrow of the Shah of Iran’s govt.
Q: What was Regional Cooperation Development(RCD)?

Ans: In 1964 at Islamabad, due to the result of Ayyub khan’s work Pak, Iran and
turkey set up RCD. Its purpose was to strengthen economic, technical, educational,
and cultural links between the three Muslim countries. It was hoped that trade would
improved. However, it was only successful in cultural and educational areas. By 1979
it came to an end but was revived by general Zia in 1985. in 1990 the organization
was renamed as Economic Cooperation Organization(ECO).
 7-mark question:-
Q: Why did Iran not give more support to pak?
 At the time of 1965 war with India, Iran was quick to defend pak and even offered some
military assistance. Again in 1973 it helped pak tackle the Baloch insurgency. But the
Shah of Iran depend much on the support and goodwill of USA. When the USA applied
pressure, Iran dropped its offer of particle help.

 In January 1979 the Shah of Iran was overthrown and replaced by strongly anti-
American govt led by Ayatollah Khomeini. Pak was one of the first country to officially
recognize the new govt, but Khomeini was suspicious of pak because of its close
relationship with the Shah. Iran was also critical of pak for accepting large amount of
aid from USA. Thus during Iran-Iraq war it didn’t achieve any close relationship .
 14-marks question:-
Q: How successful was Pakistan in its relationship with iran between 1947 to 1999.
Explain your answer
Success:-
1) Both Pak and Iran were the members of SEATO which improve relations because both
shared anticommunist ideology.
2) In 1964 due to the work of Ayub Khan, Turkey, Iran and pak set up Regional Cooperation
Development(RCD). This improved relations as now they developed close trade links and
helped each other with industrial projects such as setting up mills and factories.
3) Iran along with turkey tried to persuade other countries to send aid to Pakistan during
1965 and 1971 wars against India. Although they were not successful yet Pakistan
appreciated this efforts and the relationship improved.
4) Iran provided military aid to pak govt like helicopters, to suppress the Baluchistan issue
during the time of zulfiqar ali Bhutto which improved relations as Iran tried to restore peace
in pak and eliminating the rebellion in Baluchistan
 Failures :-

 in 1979 there was Islamic revolution Iran and Shah of Iran was overthrown.
relations between the two detoriated as the new Islamic govt was suspicious of pak
because it had been such an enthusiastic support of Shah.
 new Iranian government was fiercely anti-American, whereas from 1979 pak was
receiving large amount of aid from USA because of Afghanistan war. This
worsened relations between the two as they both the countries were badly divided
due to their foreign policy towards the west.
 during Zia's times there was sectarianism in pak. The Shia govt of Iran was
suspicious of pak govt for providing support to the Sunni to suppress the Shia
minority of the society. The relations were poor between both the countries and
Pakistan and Iraq
Ayesha Akram
overview

 Iraq and Pakistan have had close friendly and cooperative relations since
independence in 1947. Issues such as iraqi support for Pakistan in its 1971
war with India and Pakistani support for iraq against Iran in Iran-Iraq war
have forged relations between two.
failures
 The relations soured during the gulf war when Pakistan contributed troops
for UN coaliation, seeing it as a betrayal due to Iraq’s constant support for
Pakistan in their previous wars.

 In 2002, Saddam Hussain visited India and said he gave his unweaving
support to India over the Kashmir Dispute.
Success
 In 2003, Pakistan rejected United State’s request to send troops for the
invasion.

 This soothed relations between the two countries.

Pakistan and Saudi Arabia
Khizra Azam
 4 MARKS QUESTIONS
Q1: What was the Pak-Saudi treaty signed in 1950?(4)

 The Pakistan-Saudi Arabia friendship treaty was signed on Nov 25 1951

 It was signed by Prime Minister Liaquat Ali Khan of Pakistan and King Abdulaziz (Ibn
Saud) of Saudi Arabia.

 In this treaty Saudi Arabia became the first country to recognise Pakistan as a sovereign
state

 The treaty was signed to strengthen political, economic, and military cooperation between
Pakistan and Saudi Arabia.

 It paved the way for significant assistance from Saudi Arabia to Pakistan, including
 7 MARKS QUESTION
 Q: why did Saudi Arabia extend its support to Pakistan in its early years of
independence?(7)
 Saudi Arabia, as the birthplace of Islam and the custodian of its two holiest sites, Mecca
and Medina, felt a strong sense of religious solidarity with Pakistan, a newly formed
Muslim-majority nation. Supporting Pakistan's independence was seen as strengthening
the Muslim ummah (community) and protecting the interests of Muslims globally.

 Saudi Arabia recognized the strategic importance of Pakistan as a key player in the
Muslim world and the broader geopolitical landscape. Pakistan's strategic location, its
military capabilities, and its potential as a stabilizing force in the region made it an
attractive ally for Saudi Arabia, especially in the context of Cold War dynamics and
regional tensions.

 Saudi Arabia and Pakistan shared economic interests, particularly in the realm of
energy and trade. Saudi Arabia's vast oil reserves presented opportunities for
economic cooperation with Pakistan, which was in need of energy resources for its
development. Additionally, both countries saw potential benefits in strengthening
bilateral trade relations, which could contribute to their respective economic
growth and development agendas.
How successful was Pakistan’s relations with Saudi Arabia from 1947
to 1999? (14)

 L1-INTRODUCTION

 L2-LISTING

 L3-SUCCESS

 L4 – FAILURES

 L5-CONCLUSION
 SUCCESSES
 Pakistan and kingdom of Saudi Arabia signed of friendship treaty in 1951, as a pioneer
treaty, it defined the future direction of the relationship between both states the also
addressed the historical connections, spiritual afflictions and strategic partnerships

 When king Faisal in 1966, made a historic visit to Pakistan, during which the
government named an airbase a city and a mosque after him when Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto
came into power and sought Saudi financial assistance. The kingdom agreed to pay
financial aid up to $502 million.

 As a member of OIC, Pakistan supported Saudi Arabia and the rest of the Arab world in
their war against the Israeli illegal occupation of Arab and Palestine
 Within the scope of treaty of friendship and other bilateral understandings, Pakistan military
played a contributory role in the development of Saudi armed forces and trained more than
8200 soldiers of Saudi army

 When the grand mosque in Makkah was seized by a number of Islamist dissidents on
November 20 1979, the Saudi government asked Pakistan to handle the situation and
accordingly Prime minister Zia ul haq deployed more 20000 SSG commandos . The Pak
army assisted by Saudi military forces successfully over came the seize by electrocuting the
mosque. This was a huge success as relations between Pakistan and Saudi Arabia further
strengthened

 In may 1991 Saudi Arabia was the only country that was taken in complete confidence by
PM Nawaz sharif on Pakistan decision on performing atomic test in weapon testing
laboratories in chaghai hills.Saudi Arabia also agree to supply 50000 barrels of oil at that
 FAILURES
 Saudi Arabia support for Pakistan and Kashmir issue was not as vocal or robust as Pakistan had
hoped for. Saudi Arabia maintained a neutral stance on Kashmir issue and failed to back
Pakistan regarding Kashmir on international forums, which is perceived as a failure by Pakistan

 Pakistan’s decision to join non-aligned movement In 1950 created was viewed unfavourably by
Saudi Arabia, which preferred a stronger alignment with western power. This difference and
strategic orientation caused friction between the two countries

 Saudi Arabia, as a leading Arab state, was wary of Pakistan’s decision to align itself with a pact
that included predominantly non-Arab states such as Turkey, Iran, and Iraq. The Baghdad Pact
was perceived by some Arab countries as a Western-led initiative aimed at countering Arab
nationalism and influence in the region. Saudi Arabia, in particular, was concerned about
preserving Arab unity and independence from foreign interference.
Pakistan and oic
Zuha Ali
 TIMELINE
1969 Pakistan became a founding member of the OIC
1970 Pakistan hosted the Second Conference of the OIC foreign
Ministers (ICFM) held in Karachi from 26 th to 28th December.
1974 Pakistan hosted the Second Islamic Summit Conference in
Lahore on 22 nd to 24th February.
1980 Eleventh ICFM was held in Islamabad from 17th to 22nd May.
1984 Mr. Sharif-ud-din Pirzada, a noted Lawyer and a former
Foreign Minister of Pakistan served as the Secretary General
of the OIC.
1988 Mr. Sharif-ud-din Pirzada ended his role.
1993 The 21st ICFM held in Karachi on 25th to 29th April 1993.
1994 The Special Sessions of the OIC Foreign Ministers Conference
were also held in Pakistan
1997 To commemorate Fifty years of Independence of Pakistan,
an Extraoridinary Session of the Islamic Summit was held on
23 rd March.
4 mark questions

Q:What is the OIC?

The OIC (Organisation of the Islamic Conference) is the world’s second largest
intergovernmental organization after the UN. It is made up of 57 Muslim member
states together with three observer states. It was founded at the first Islamic Summit
held in Morocco in September 1969. The aim is to promote solidarity and
cooperation among all its member states. It also shares the aims of the UN in
promoting peace and racial tolerance.
Q: Why did Pakistan join the OIC?

After the establishment of UN Muslim countries were looking for it to resolve their
issues but they found nothing. Many efforts were made for the establishment of an
organization that can present and address the issues of Muslims.

Therefore, many leaderships of the Muslim world, including Pakistan, established

OIC with the objectives to promote unity among the Muslims on State level, to
represent Muslims and to resolve the issues of the Muslim world.
7 mark question
Q: Why did Pakistan support the Palestinian cause?

The Palestinian problem has been a cause of unrest for the entire Muslim world. The
people and government of Pakistan have always acknowledged the right of the
Palestenians.

At all OIC meetings, Pakistan has stressed for the protection of the rights and interests
of the Palestenian people and has always pressed for a just and honorable solution to
the problem. Pakistan has always demanded that Israel should vacate the occupied
Arab territory and stop killing innocent Palestenians.

During the second OIC summit Conference at Lahore in 1974, the Israeli attitude was
strongly condemned and it was demanded that Israel should withdraw and the former
status of Jerusalem should be restored.
14 mark question
Q: How successful has Pakistan been as a member of world organizations between 1947
and1988? Explain your answer.
Since the formation of OIC, Pakistan had been an active member of it and had been actively
participating in the activities of OIC aimed at Islamic unity, solidarity and stability. Pakistan
has also taken part in all summits and conferences held under the banner of OIC. Pakistan also
contributed her due share in all respects for the achievement of its objectives. It had raised
voice for the Palestinian Cause. Sharif-udin-Pirzada, the former minister of Pakistan, have
been the Secretary-General of OIC. The summit showed that Pakistan had many friends all
over the Muslim world. One result was that Pak was receiving aid from fellow Islamic
countries, like Iran (giving loans totalling $730 million). Thus Pakistan also remained a
prominent member of OIC.
Source-based questions