ASAD MAHMOOD TASSADUQ ALI AWAIS BASHARAT ZAIN-UL-ABIDEEN PAKISTAN AND AFGHANISTAN RELATIONS:-
• Afghanistan–Pakistan relations involve
bilateral relations between Afghanistan and Pakistan. The two neighbouring countries share deep historical and cultural links; each has declared itself an Islamic republic and both have become members of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. KEY PLAYER IN ASIA:- • Afghanistan has been a key player in Asian geopolitics owing to its geostrategic and geopolitical location. Being situated at the crossroads of the Middle East, Central Asia and the Indian subcontinent, it has been a transit and transport hub since the ancient Silk route. In the context of global affairs, its central location and borders with six other nations including Iran, Pakistan, China, Turkmenistan have made it a hot-bed for conflict and cooperation. In this regard, the withdrawal of Soviet forces from the Afghan Civil war has considerably changed Afghanistan’s role and position in the whole of Asia. Moreover, the emergence of various Mujahidin parties sponsored by neighbouring countries and interference from outside powers has turned Afghanistan into total havoc. PHASE (1) : 1947-1963 I. Durand Line II. Opposition in UNO III. Zahir Shah Speech IV. Assassination of Liaqut Ali Khan I. DURAND LINE ● The Pakistan-Afghan boundary was drawn in 1893 by Sir Mortimer Durand. ● The boundary was accepted by the king of Afghanistan in a treaty the 1893. ● When Pakistan got independence Afghanistan claimed on the boundary of Pakistan. ● They demanded some territory of KPK and Baluchistan. II. OPPOSITION IN UNO * In initial era Pak-Afghan relations were in critical phase , Afghanistan was first Muslim State in the World which was against the membership of Pakistan in UNO. * Afghanistan put forward the anti Pakistan resolution in UNO. * Pakistan joined the United Nations on September 30 1947. * Afghanistan didn’t consider Pakistan an independent state. III. ZAHIR SHAH’S SPEECH • * In 1950, the tension reached to its climax when Afghan king Zahir Shah made an anti- Pakistan speech at a celebration in Kabul. • * The Afghanistan’s flag was hoisted and anti Pakistan leaflets were dropped by the Afghan Air force. IV. ASSASSINATION OF LIAQUT ALI KHAN
• The assassination of Pakistani Prime minister
Liaqat Ali Khan by an Afghan national in 1951 further deteriorated the already fragile relations. PHASE (2) 1963-1973 • I. 1965 War
• II. 1971 War
I. 1965 WAR • The relations were improved to such an extent that during the 1965 India Pakistan war, Afghanistan sided with Pakistan which enabled Pakistan to fully concentrate on its war with India and worry less about the security of its western border. II. 1971 WAR ● King Zahir Shah, in his state visit of 1968, was given a very warm welcome by Pakistan. ● Pakistan’s decision to disband one unit led to further warmth in Pak-Afghan relations including increase in economic cooperation and mutual understanding . ● Afghanistan maintained strict neutrality during the 1971 war between India and Pakistan and refrained from taking advantage of Pakistan’s preoccupation in war. PHASE (3) 1973-1978 • I. Deposition of Zahir Shah • II. Pakistan Support to anti Doud forces • III. Saur Revolution • IV. Communist Reforms in Afghanistan and its Effects on Pakistan • V. Elimination of Taraki I. DEPOSITION OF ZAHIR SHAH • In July 1973, Sardar Daud, an ardent champion of Pakhtoonistan issue, deposed King Zahir Shah while he was on visit to Europe with the help of leftist forces and in connivance with the Soviets. II. PAKISTAN SUPPORT TO ANTI DOUD FORCES ● Considering Daud a serious threat to Pakistan integration, Pakistan government decided to support anti Daud forces in destabilizing and bringing down Daud regime. ● Pakistan welcomed Afghan Islamists with anti communist and anti-Doud feelings. III. SAUR REVOLUTION ● Elimination of Daud by communist forces in April 1978. Kabul was taken over by the People's Democratic Party of Afghanistan (PDPA). ● The country was renamed the Democratic Republic of Afghanistan (DRA). IV. COMMUNIST REFORMS IN AFGHANISTAN
● Pakistan had no other option but either to
surrender or to go for all out support to the forces resisting against the communist regime. ● Besides, supporting and organizing resistance forces against the Communist regime of Kabul, Pakistan had to host over 150,000 Afghan refugees into Pakistan immediately after the Saur Revolution of April 1978. V. ELIMINATION OF TARAKI • On September 16th 1979, Hafizullah Amin staged another coup against own government, killing Taraki, and took over as President of Afghanistan. PHASE (4) 1979-1992 • I. Soviet invasion • II. American assistance to Pakistan • III. Pakistani assistance to Mujahadin • IV. Geneva Pact I. SOVIET INVASION ● The December, 27th 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan, which killed Hafizullah Amin and installed Babrak Karmal as the country’s president. ● Which created a frightening situation for Pakistan as it brought the Red Army dangerously close to the Khyber Pass, the traditional gateway of invasions of South Asia from the north. II. AMERICAN ASSISTANCE TO PAKISTAN
● President Carter, on May 4, 1980, declared:
“We will provide military equipment, food and other assistance to help Pakistan defend its independence and national security against the seriously increased threat from the north.” ● The American’s supply of arms, ammunition and equipment to the Mujahideen, was funneled through Pakistan’s ISI. III. PAKISTANI ASSISTANCE TO MUJAHIDIN
● The leading recipient of American aid was
Hezb-i-Islami that proved to be the trust worthy and deserving resistance force. ● It was Pakistan’s skill-full use of intelligence and resources against Soviet forces that made Afghanistan a ‘bleeding wound’ for Moscow. IV.GENEVA PACT • Finally, the Peace Accord between Pakistan and Afghanistan was signed in Geneva on April 14, 1988, with the two superpowers as its coguarantors.