Intellectual

Revolution
The Renaissance
The Renaissance was a pivotal period in European history that
spanned roughly from the 14th to the 17th century. It was
characterized by a revival of interest in art, literature, science, and
humanism, and it brought about significant cultural, intellectual, and
social changes.
Rediscovery of Classical Antiquity

Renaissance scholars and artists developed a deep

interest in the works of ancient Greece and Rome. They
studied and emulated classical texts, art, and architecture,
leading to a revival of classical ideals.
Humanism

Humanism was a central intellectual movement of the

Renaissance. It emphasized the value of human beings, human
reason, and human potential. Humanist scholars promoted the
study of the humanities, including literature, history, philosophy,
and rhetoric.
Artistic Achievements

The Renaissance produced

some of the most iconic works of
art in history. Artists like Leonardo
da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael,
and Titian created masterpieces that
until today still an iconic.
Leonardo da Vinci Inventions
Leonardo da Vinci’s Helicopter Glider
 Sistine Chapel in Vatican by
Da Vinci’s Monalisa
Michaelangelo
The Aldobrandini Madonna or
The Garvagh Madonna A Sacra Conversazione: The Madonna and
Child with Saints Luke and Catherine of
Alexandria
Techniques such as linear perspective and chiaroscuro were
developed during this time.
 Chiaroscuro
Chiaroscuro is an artistic
technique used in visual art,
particularly in painting,
drawing, and photography. It is
characterized by the strong
contrast between light and dark
areas to create the illusion of
three-dimensional volume in
two-dimensional artworks.
Literary Achievements

Renaissance literature included the works of famous

writers such as Dante Alighieri, Petrarch, Geoffrey Chaucer,
and William Shakespeare. Shakespeare, in particular, is known
for his plays and sonnets, which continue to be studied and
performed today.
Exploration and Expansion

The Renaissance coincided with the Age of Exploration.

European explorers, including Christopher Columbus and
Ferdinand Magellan, embarked on voyages that expanded
geographical knowledge and led to the discovery of new lands.
Christopher Columbus (c.
1451 – 1506) was an
Italian explorer who is
widely credited with
opening the way for
widespread European
exploration and the
eventual conquest of the
Americas by Europeans.
Here are some of the notable places he encountered or reached
during his four voyages:

1. San Salvador (Bahamas)

2. Cuba
3. Hispaniola (Haiti and the Dominican Republic)
4. Puerto Rico
5. Jamaica
6. Venezuela
7. Venezuelan Islands
8. Trinidad
9. Grenada
10. Various Caribbean Islands
Ferdinand Magellan (c.
1480-1521) was a
Portuguese explorer who
is best known for leading
the first expedition to
circumnavigate the globe.
Ferdinand Magellan's expedition did not contribute to the belief that the
Earth is flat; rather, it played a significant role in confirming the Earth's
roundness. Prior to Magellan's voyage, the idea that the Earth was a sphere
had been widely accepted among educated people for centuries. Ancient
Greek philosophers, such as Pythagoras and Aristotle, had already
proposed that the Earth was a sphere based on observations and reasoning.
1.Global Voyage: The fact that Magellan's expedition started in Spain, sailed westward
across the Atlantic Ocean, crossed the Pacific Ocean, and eventually returned to Spain
demonstrated that the Earth was not flat but a globe.

2.Time Differences: As the expedition sailed westward, the crew experienced changes
in time and daylight. This change in time zones and the variation in the position of the
stars at different latitudes were additional evidence supporting the spherical nature of
the Earth.

3.Circumnavigation: The successful circumnavigation of the globe by the remaining

ship, the Victoria, under the command of Juan Sebastián Elcano, further confirmed the
Earth's roundness. If the Earth were flat, it would have been impossible to sail
continuously in the same general direction and eventually return to the starting point.
Spanish ship reaches Cebu to trace Magellan-Elcano
expedition last Saturday, March 20, 2021
Ferdinand Magellan's expedition discovered the Strait of Magellan (new
route for ships to reach the Pacific Ocean from the Atlantic), the Pacific
Ocean, the Spice Islands (Moluccas) and
the Philippines where he ended.
Ferdinand Magellan's legacy is celebrated for his pioneering
spirit and determination in embarking on a journey that
ultimately led to the first circumnavigation of the globe, even
though he did not live to complete it himself. His exploration
marked a significant milestone in the history of navigation and
geographic knowledge.
Reformation and Religious Change

The Renaissance contributed to the religious upheaval of

the 16th century, including the Protestant Reformation led by
figures like Martin Luther and John Calvin. This period saw the
splintering of the Catholic Church and the rise of various
Protestant denominations.
The Scientific Revolution
The Scientific Revolution (16th to 18th centuries)

The Scientific Revolution was a period of profound intellectual and

cultural transformation that took place in Europe between the late 16th and
early 18th centuries. It marked a significant departure from traditional
ways of thinking and understanding the natural world, paving the way for
modern science and the scientific method.
Prominent figures associated with the
Scientific Revolution include :
 Copernician Revolution
Who was Copernicus?
Nicolaus Copernicus (1473-1543) was a
Polish Renaissance-era mathematician
and astronomer who formulated a model
of the universe that placed the Sun rather
than the Earth at the center of the universe.
Around 1514, he shared his
findings in the Commentariolus. His
second book on the topic, De
revolutionibus orbium coelestium, was
banned by the Roman Catholic Church
decades after his May 24, 1543 death in
Frombork.
 Geocentric
Having or
representing
the earth as the
center, as in
former
astronomical
systems.
 Geocentric vs. Heliocentric
Many philosophers, with Claudius
Ptolemy in the forefront, believed that the
Earth is the center of the Solar system.
This idea was known as Geocentric Model.
Not until the time of Copernicus, the
Heliocentric Model revolutionized the
modern astronomy.
 Galileo Galilei is
renowned for his
groundbreaking work in
astronomy, which included
the use of a telescope to
observe celestial objects.

In 1609, Galileo heard about the invention of the telescope in the Netherlands
and decided to build his own. He improved upon the design and created a
telescope with higher magnification, allowing him to observe distant objects
more clearly.
Galileo's use of the telescope marked a
pivotal moment in the history of
astronomy. His observations provided
strong empirical evidence for the
heliocentric model of the solar system
proposed by Copernicus and challenged
the geocentric views of his time. His
work revolutionized our understanding
of the cosmos and laid the groundwork
for modern observational astronomy.
Johannes Kepler formulated three
fundamental laws of planetary
motion, known as Kepler's Laws of
Planetary Motion, which laid the
foundation for our modern
understanding of how planets move in
their orbits.
René Descartes was a French
philosopher, mathematician, and
scientist who played a significant
role in the Scientific Revolution of
the 17th century. His work had a
profound impact on various fields,
including philosophy, mathematics,
and science.
René Descartes is famous for
his development of the
Cartesian coordinate system,
which is also known as the
Cartesian plane. This system
provides a way to represent
geometric points and equations
using numerical coordinates,
and it forms the foundation of
analytical geometry.
The phrase "Cogito, ergo sum" (I think, therefore I am) is one of the most
famous statements in the history of philosophy and is associated with the
French philosopher René Descartes.

"I think, therefore I am" means that the act of thinking is proof of
one's existence. If you are able to doubt, question, or think about
anything, it means you must exist as a thinking entity. This idea
served as a foundation for Descartes to build his philosophy on a
solid and undeniable basis of self-awareness and consciousness.
Francis Bacon (1561–1626)
was an English philosopher,
scientist, and statesman who
made significant
contributions to several
fields, including philosophy,
science, and the
development of the
scientific method.
Baconian Method: Bacon introduced what is sometimes referred to as the
"Baconian method" or the "Baconian scientific method." This method involved a
step-by-step process for conducting scientific inquiry:

•Observation: Carefully observe natural phenomena.

•Induction: Accumulate and analyze data to identify patterns or regularities.
•Hypothesis: Formulate hypotheses or general principles based on inductive
reasoning.
•Experimentation: Test hypotheses through controlled experiments.
•Verification: Repeated experimentation to confirm or refine hypotheses.
•Generalization: Develop more comprehensive theories or laws based on verified
hypotheses.
 Darwinian Revolution

Who was Darwin?

Charles Robert Darwin was an English
naturalist, geologist and biologist, best
known for his contributions to the science of
evolution. Born in Shrewsbury, England, in
1831 he embarked on a five-year survey
voyage around the world on the HMS
Beagle; his studies of specimens led him to
formulate his theories. In 1859, he published
On the Origin of Species.
Darwin’s Theory of Evolution
 Darwinian Revolution

The Theory of Evolution by Natural Selection

Darwin’s theory of evolution declared that species survived
through a process called "natural selection," where those that
successfully adapted, or evolved, to meet the changing
requirements of their natural habitat thrived, while those that
failed to evolve and reproduce died off. Through his observations
and studies of birds, plants and fossils, Darwin noticed similarities
among species all over the globe, along with variations based on
specific locations, leading him to believe that the species we know
today had gradually evolved from common ancestors.
Sigmund Freud (1856–
1939) was an Austrian
neurologist and the
founder of
psychoanalysis, a
pioneering approach to
the understanding of the
human mind and
behavior.
 Freudian Revolution
Psychology
Psychology is the study of human
behavior.
The Father of Psychology is Sigmund
Freud. He revolutionized psychology
in his Theory of Psychoanalysis. He
argued that human personality is the
product of Id, Ego, and Superego.
Freudian Revolution
 Freudian Revolution
Id – primitive and instinctive component of
personality, e.g. libido, aggressiveness, impulse
The id operates on the pleasure principle
(Freud, 1920) which is the idea that every
wishful impulse should be satisfied
immediately, regardless of the consequences.
When the id achieves its demands, we
experience pleasure when it is denied we
experience ‘unpleasure’ or tension.
Example:

A young child who is hungry and sees a delicious chocolate cake

on the kitchen counter. The child's id is in action when they
impulsively grab a piece of the cake and start eating it with their
hands, without any concern for table manners, sharing, or the fact
that it's not mealtime. The id is solely focused on the immediate
pleasure of eating the cake.
 Freudian Revolution
Ego – develops to mediate between the
unrealistic id and the external real world,
the decision-making component
of personality
If the ego fails in its attempt to use the
reality principle, and anxiety is
experienced, unconscious defense
mechanisms are employed, to help ward
off unpleasant feelings (i.e., anxiety) or
make good things feel better for the
individual.
The ego acts as a mediator. It assesses the situation and makes a balanced
decision. The ego may allow the person to have a small portion of their
favorite treat as a compromise, acknowledging the desire for pleasure
while considering the long-term goals of the diet.
 Freudian Revolution
Superego – incorporates the values and
morals of society which are learned from
one's parents and others
The superego's function is to control the
id's impulses, especially those which
society forbids, such as sex and
aggression. It also has the function of
persuading the ego to turn to moralistic
goals rather than simply realistic ones and
to strive for perfection.
The superego acts as the internal moral compass. It reminds the
student that cheating is wrong and goes against the principles of
honesty and integrity instilled by parents, teachers, and society.
When the student considers cheating, the superego produces
feelings of guilt and shame.

The superego, in this example, represents the part of the psyche

that upholds moral and ethical values, often creating a sense of
duty, responsibility, and guilt when those values are violated. It
helps maintain social order and guides individuals toward ethical
behavior.
That’s all,,,,,,,,,,,,
All of Their work and the broader movement they were part of
laid the foundation for modern science and had a profound
impact on various fields, including astronomy, physics,
chemistry, biology and philosophy. The Scientific Revolution
marked a fundamental shift in humanity's understanding of the
natural world and paved the way for the technological
advancements of the modern era.
END.