WELCOME

Physics 1 [Spring 2023 - 2024]

Department of Physics
Faculty of Science & Technology (FST)
American International University-Bangladesh

1
 COURSE: PHYSICS 1 (PHY 1101)
SEMESTER: Spring [2023-2024]
CREDIT: 3 CREDIT HOURS
MARKS DISTRIBUTION
ATTENDANCE AND PERFORMANCE: 10 (10%)
ASSESSMENTS
QUIZZES : BEST ONE OUT OF TWO : 20 (20 %)
ASSIGNMENT / PRESENTATION : 20 (20%)
MIDTERM ASSESSMENTS (COUNT ALL): 50 (50%)
TOTAL = 100 POINTS/MARKS
 Grading policy
Numerical % Letter Grade Grade Point
90-100 A+ 4.00
85 - < 90 A 3.75
80 - < 85 B+ 3.50
75 - < 80 B 3.25
70 - < 75 C+ 3.00
65 - < 70 C 2.75
60 - < 65 D+ 2.50
50 - < 60 D 2.25
< 50 F 0.00
Incomplete I
Withdrawal W
Unofficially Withdrawal UW

*Incomplete grades (I) may be assigned at the end of the semester to students who have not finished their
course requirements (attendance, quizzes, assignments, exams, etc.) with passing academic standing.
Students must complete the pending requirements for the course within a month of the semester ending.
Failure to do so may result in a F grade being awarded to the student for that particular course.

For detail, please follow the link: https://aiub.edu/academic-regulations

 Outline up to Mid term
Reference Books:
1. Fundamentals of Physics (10th Edition) by Halliday, Resnick and Walker
2. University Physics (13th Edition), Young and Freedman

Book chapter Chapter name

no
4 Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
5 Force and Motion-I
6 Force and Motion-II
7 and 8 Kinetic Energy and Work
And Conservation of Energy
9 Center of Mass and Linear Momentum
10 Rotation
11 Rolling, Torque, and Angular Momentum
 LESSON 1

BOOK CHAPTER 4

Motion in Two and Three Dimensions

 Outline of Lesson 1
 Position and Displacement
 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity
 Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration
 Position:

x2 x1
One dimension

Y
(x1, y1 , z1) (x2, y2 , z2)
Y 1 (x, y) 1 2
r1 r2
r
X
X
Two dimension Z Three dimension
 Position Vector (three-dimension):

To describe the motion of a particle

in space, we must first be able to
describe the particle’s position.
Consider a particle that is at a point
P at a certain instant. The position
vector of the particle at this instant
is a vector that goes from the origin
of the coordinate system to the
point P (as shown in the figure).
The Cartesian coordinates x, y, and
z of point P are the x-, y-, and z-
components of vector .Using the
unit vectors we can write

^ 𝑦 ^𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘
𝑟⃗ =𝑥 𝑖+ ^
  Position Vector and Displacement Vector:
During a time interval the particle
moves from where its position vector
is to where its position vector is The
change in position (the displacement)
during this interval is

∆ 𝑟⃗ =𝑟⃗ 2 − 𝑟⃗ 1
^ 𝑦 ^𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘
^ ^ ^ ^
∆ 𝑟⃗ =𝑥 2 𝑖+ 2 2 − ( 𝑥 1 𝑖+ 𝑦 1 𝑗 + 𝑧 1 𝑘 )

^ ¿ ¿2−𝑦 ) ^𝑗+(𝑧 ¿ ¿ 2− 𝑧 ) 𝑘^ ¿¿¿

∆ 𝑟⃗ =(𝑥 ¿ ¿2−𝑥 1 )𝑖+(𝑦 1 1

^ 𝑦 ^𝑗 +∆ 𝑧 𝑘^
∆ 𝑟⃗ =∆ 𝑥 𝑖+∆
 Average Velocity and Instantaneous Velocity:
If a particle moves through a displacement in a time interval t, then its average
velocity is
⃗𝟐 − 𝒓
𝒓 ⃗𝟏 ∆ 𝒓⃗
⃗
𝒗 𝒂𝒗𝒈 = =
𝒕 𝟐 −𝒕 𝟏 ∆ 𝒕
Instantaneous velocity (simply, velocity is the limit of the average velocity
as the time interval approaches zero, and it equals the instantaneous rate of
change of position with time. That is
∆⃗𝒓 𝒅⃗ 𝒓
𝒗 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
⃗ =
∆𝒕 →𝟎 ∆ 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
The magnitude of the vector at any instant is the speed of the particle at that
instant. The direction of at any instant is the same as the direction in which the
particle is moving at that instant.
Note: At every point along the path, the instantaneous velocity vector is
tangent to the path at that point.

 Create a particle’s position vector as a function of time and evaluate its

(instantaneous) velocity vector.
^ 𝑦 ^𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘
𝑟⃗ ( 𝑡 )=𝑥 𝑖+ ^
We have the definition of velocity vector, 𝒅⃗
𝒓
⃗
𝒗=
𝒅𝒕
𝒅 ^ ^ ^ 𝑑𝑥 ^ 𝑑𝑦 ^ 𝑑𝑧 ^ ^ 𝑣 ^𝒋+ 𝑣 𝒌^
⃗
𝒗= ( 𝑥 𝑖+ 𝑦 𝑗 + 𝑧 𝑘)= 𝒊+ 𝒋+ 𝒌=𝑣 𝑥 𝒊+ 𝑦 𝑧
𝒅𝒕 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
The magnitude of the instantaneous
velocity vector —that is, the speed—is
given in terms of the component by the
Pythagorean relation:

|⃗𝑣|=𝑣=√ 𝑣 +𝑣 +𝑣2
𝑥
2
𝑦
2
𝑧
The adjacent Figure shows the situation
when the particle moves in the xy-plane.
In this case, z and are zero. Then the
speed (the magnitude of ) is

𝑣=√ 𝑣 +𝑣 2
𝑥
2
𝑦
The direction of the instantaneous velocity is given by the angle (the Greek
letter alpha) in the figure.
𝑣𝑦 And −1 𝑣𝑦
tan 𝛼= 𝛼= tan
𝑣𝑥 𝑣𝑥
 Let’s try!!
Example: Calculating average and instantaneous
velocity
A robotic vehicle, or rover, is exploring the surface of Mars. The stationary Mars
lander is the origin of coordinates, and the surrounding Martian surface lies in the
xy-plane. The rover, which we represent as a point, has x- and y-coordinates that
vary with time:

(a) Find the rover’s coordinates and distance from the lander at t = 2.0 s.
(b) Find the rover’s displacement and average velocity vectors for the interval t =
0.0 s to t = 2.0 s (c) Find a general expression for the rover’s instantaneous
velocity vector . Express at t = 2.0 s in component form and in terms of magnitude
and direction.
Solution:
IDENTIFY and SET UP: This problem involves motion in
two dimensions, so we must use the vector equations obtained
in this section. Figure 3.5 shows the rover’s path (dashed line).
We’ll use
Eq. ………(1) for position
The expression for displacement, Eq. ……..(2) for
average velocity, and

Eqs. ……..(3),
………(4) , and

………(5) for instantaneous velocity and its magnitude and direction. The target
variables are stated in the problem.

EXECUTE:
(a) At t = 2.0 s the rover’s coordinates are

The rover’s distance from the origin at this time is

 (b) To find the displacement and average velocity over the given time interval, we first
express the position vector as a function of time t. From Eq. (1) this is
^ 𝑦 ^𝑗
⃗ = 𝑥 𝑖+
𝑟

[
¿ 2.0 𝑚− 0.25
( 𝑚
𝑠
2
𝑟
)2 ^
]
𝑖+[ 1.0(𝑚
𝑠
𝑡 + ) (
0.025
𝑚
𝑠
2
𝑡 ] ^𝑗
3
)
At t = 0.0 s the position vector is

From part (a), the position vector at t = 2.0 s is

The displacement from t = 0.0 s to t = 2.0 s is therefore

During this interval the rover moves 1.0 m in the negative x-direction and 2.2 m in the
positive y-direction. From Eq. (2), the average velocity over this interval is the displacement
divided by the elapsed time:

The components of this average velocity are vav-x = -0.50 m/s and vav-y = 1.1 m/s.
  Average Acceleration and Instantaneous Acceleration
If a body’s (or particle’s) velocity changes from to in time interval , its
average acceleration during is
⃗
𝑣2− ⃗ 𝑣1 ∆ ⃗
𝑣
⃗
𝑎 𝑎𝑣𝑔 = =
𝑡 2 − 𝑡1 ∆ 𝑡
If approaches to zero about some instant, then in the limit approaches the
instantaneous acceleration (or acceleration) at that instant; that is,
∆ ⃗
𝑣 𝑑 ⃗
𝑣
⃗ = lim
𝑎 =
∆𝑡→0 ∆ 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
 Create a particle’s velocity vector as a function of time and evaluate its
(Instantaneous) acceleration vector.

⃗ ^
𝒗 (𝒕 )=𝑣 𝑥 𝒊+𝑣 ^𝒋 +𝑣 𝒌^
𝑦 𝑧

𝑑 ⃗
𝑣 𝑑 ^ ^ ^ 𝑑 𝑣𝑥 ^ 𝑑 𝑣 𝑦 ^ 𝑑 𝑣𝑧 ^
⃗=
𝑎 = ( 𝑣 𝑥 𝒊+ 𝑣 𝑦 𝒋+ 𝑣 𝑧 𝒌 )= 𝑖+ 𝑗+ 𝑘
𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑡
^ 𝑎 ^𝑗+ 𝑎 𝑘
⃗ =𝑎 𝑥 𝑖+
𝑎 ^
𝑦 𝑧
Problem 3 (Book chapter 4)
A positron undergoes a displacement ending with the position vector in
meters. What was the positron's initial position vector?

Answer:

We have ∆ 𝑟⃗ =𝑟⃗ − 𝑟⃗ 1

𝑟⃗ 1 =⃗𝑟 −∆ 𝑟⃗ =3 ^𝑗 − 4 𝑘−
^ ( 2 𝑖^ − 3 ^𝑗 +6 𝑘
^ ) =3 ^𝑗 − 4 𝑘−
^ 2 𝑖+
^ 3 ^𝑗 −6 𝑘
^

^
𝑟⃗ 1 =−2 𝑖+6 ^𝑗 − 10 𝑘
^
Problem 13 (Book chapter 4)
A particle moves so that its position (in meters) as a function of time (in
seconds) is . Write expressions for (a) its velocity and (b) its acceleration as
functions of time.

Answer:
We have 𝑑 𝑟⃗
⃗=
𝑣
𝑑𝑡
𝑑 ^
⃗=
𝑣 ( 𝑖+ 4 𝑡 2 ^𝑗 +𝑡 𝑘^ ) =0+ 8 𝑡 ^𝑗 + 𝑘=8
^ ^
𝑡 ^𝑗+ 𝑘
𝑑𝑡
𝑑⃗
𝑣
Again, we have ⃗=
𝑎
𝑑𝑡

𝑑
⃗=
𝑎 ( 8 𝑡 ^𝑗+ 𝑘^ ) =8 ^𝑗+ 0=8 𝑚/ 𝑠2 ^𝑗
𝑑𝑡
 Do by yourself
1. [ Chap 4 - problem 2]: A watermelon seed has the following coordinates: x = -5.0
m, y = 8.0 m, and z = 0 m. Find its position vector (a) in unit-vector notation and as
(b) a magnitude and (c) an angle relative to the positive direction of the x axis. (d)
Sketch the vector on a right-handed coordinate system. If the seed is moved to the
xyz coordinates (3.00 m, 0 m, 0 m), what is its displacement (e) in unit-vector
notation and as (f) a magnitude and (g) an angle relative to the positive x direction?
2. [ Chap 4 - problem 7]: An ion’s position vector is initially , and 10 s later it is , all in
meters. In unit vector notation, what is its during the 10 s?
3. [ Chap 4 - problem 11]: The position of a particle moving in an r xy plane is given
by , with in meters and t in seconds. In unit-vector notation, calculate (a) , (b) ,
and (c) for t 2.00 s.
4. [Chap 4 - problem 14]: A proton initially has and then 4.0 s later has (in meters
per second). For that 4.0 s, what are (a) the proton’s average acceleration avg in unit
vector notation, (b) the magnitude of avg , and (c) the angle between avg and the
positive direction of the x axis?
Thank you