CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

A Battery is used in various electrical and electronics devices in day to day life such as clocks , cellular
phones, computers, laptops and cars. The electrical energy can be stored in battery in the form of chemical energy and
then can also be converted back into electrical energy as desired. The conventionally used battery is made up of two
chemical metals that is an anode (negative electrode) and a cathode (positive electrode) , which is separates by the
chemical medium called electrolyte. Whenever an electrical device with battery, then on the electrolyte reactions take
place by effect of this chemical reaction and atoms having electrically positive charge ions starts flowing towards the
cathode from the anode through electrolyte medium. In the same time the particle having electrically negative charge
electrons also move the positive cathode, but due to blockage created by electrolyte, it starts building the electrical
current for external circuit device and in rechargeable type battery in the exchange of electricity from an external
source.

At the sites of renewal energy, the battery can store excess amount of energy and release this energy when
generation is low or in case store excess amount of energy and release this energy when the generation is low or in case
of blackouts and demand high. Recently, for power backups and fluctuations handling purpose the battery is used in
domestic and industrial applications because its response is comparatively too quick and do not take time to ramp up.
Battery can be varying in their characteristic features. The charge time and discharge time determines the performance
of any battery. The energy density, weight, size, recyclability, temperature range, mainstream and fully integrated part
of the power system because of efficiency, performance regulatory barriers safety issues and battery is need of the
future technology that’s why the researchers are continuously working to build cheaper high efficiency battery.
While the term battery is often used, the basis electrochemical element being refered to is the cell. A battery
consist of two ore more cells electrically connected in series to form a unit. In common usage, the term battery and cell
are used interchangeably.