Chapter three :

surface infection
 surface infection

• 1. rabies
• 2.trachoma
• 3.tetanus
• 4. leprosy
 Rabies

• Also called –hydrophobia

• Caused by virus infect CNS and salivary glands
• Incubation period
• Varies with patient to patient
• Also depend upon site of infection :
Face :30 days
Hands :40 days
Legs :60 days
 Causes and mode of transmission

• Causative organism :lyssa virus type -1

• Mode of transmission by:
Zoonosis
Spread by the wide range of animal
Mostly by bites or lick on broken skin
 Sign and symptoms

 Pain ,itching at bite site

 Non specific – fever ,chills ,fatigue
 Muscle aches
 Later high fever
 Death during last stage
 Prevention
1.Pre- exposure prophylaxis
 Risky persons like zoo keepers should be immunized
 Compulsory vaccination of pets and stray dogs
 Proper treatment
2. Also take following measures
 Wash area of bites using plenty of soap and water for 5 minute
 Apply antiseptics like tincture of iodine
 Vaccination
 Control

 educate the people

Create awareness about the rabies
Regular vaccination of people
Yearly vaccination of dog
 Tetanus

• Also called –lock jaw

• Fatal infection disease
• Characterized by increased muscle tone
• Incubation period :3-14 days
Causes and mode of transmission

• Causative organism :clostridium tetani

• Mode of transmission:
1 occur after acute injury
2 also occur after burns .ears infection and surgery
 Sign and symptoms

Fever and sweating

Difficult breathing or swallowing
Difficult open the month
Muscle pain and stiffness
 prevention and control

1. active immunization
 Vaccination using DPT vaccine
2. Passive immunization
 with human tetanus immune globin {TIG}
3. By cleaning of the wound reduce further risk
 Treatment

• Metronidazole ( 500 mg intravenously{IV} every six to eight hours

 Trachoma

• Also called – granular conjunctivitis

• Is serious and contagious eye disease
• Affecting conjunctives
• Mostly prevalent in un sanitary surrounding condition
• Incubation period :
• About 4-10days
Causes and mode of transmission

• Causative organism :chlamydia trachomatis

• Mode of transmission :
1. Personal direct contact {E.g. :shaking of hands etc }
2. Indirect contact { E.g. through common towels }
3. through flies
 Sign and symptoms

Cloudy cornea
Discharge from the eye
Swelling if the lymph nodes in front of the ears
Swollen eylides
 Prevention and control

• 1. isolation of trachoma case

• 2. in schools and institutes careful examination
• 3. any article of the patient E.g. towels must not be used by another
• 4. maintain personal hygiene
• 5. avoid over crowding
 Treatment

• By using :
• Sulphonamides
• Antibiotics
 Leprosy

• Also called – hansens disease

• Chronic infection of human
• Affect and damage superficial tissue especially skin and
peripheral nerves
• Incubation period :
• About 3-5 years
Causes and mode of transmission

• Causative organism : mycobacterium leprea

• Mode of transmission:
• 1. direct transmission { prolong close contact with an infect person }
• 2. through air borne droplets
 Sign and symptoms

• 1. initially nerve damage cause numbness of skin on face , hands and feet
• 2. affect skin may become thickened and discolored
• 3. loss of sensation
• Lack of sensation leads to injury or event loss of fingers
 Prevention and control
1. isolation of the patient
2. early diagnosis
3.Treatment with some specific drugs such as dapsone
4. Create awareness about leprosy
 avoid crowding
Bad personal hygiene
Avoid sharing of clothes
•Thanks