LESSON 4:

STATES, NATIONS,
AND
GLOBALIZATIONS
STATE AND NATION DEFINED

• A State is a
self-governing
entity, a term
that can be
interchanged
with the term
country.
 STATE AND NATION DEFINED
• A nation, however, does
not necessarily have to be
approximated
geographically. To be a
nation is to simply be a
group of people that share
a common culture, or
traits, a different kind of
approximation
(Rosenberg, in the
references it is 2012).
STATE AND NATION DEFINED

• A state, comprising in itself a nation, is a

community of persons, more or less
numerous, permanently occupying a fixed
territory, and having an independent
government organized for the political ends to
which the great body of inhabitants render
habitual obedience (Garner in Cruz, 2007).
ELEMENTS OF STATE
 ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE STATE
1. People. They are simply
referred to as the inhabitants
of the state. The number of
the population must be
numerous enough for self-
sufficiency, able to defend
themselves and must be
enough to govern and
sustain the state. There are
states that are composed
only of a few people like the
Vatican, or having a very
large population like China.
 ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE STATE
2. Territory. The fixed space or
portion of earth inhabited by the
people of the state. The
components of the territory are the
land mass, otherwise known as
the terrestrial domain; the inland
and external waters, which make
up the maritime and fluvial
domain; and the air space above
the land and waters, called the
aerial domain (Cruz, 2002).
 ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE STATE
3. Government. It is defined as
the agency or instrumentality
through which the will of the
State is formulated,
expressed and realized. No
particular form of government
is prescribed. The mandate
of this particular element of
the State is to promote the
welfare of the people.
 ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE STATE
3. Government. The Government may perform two functions:
1. Constituent - Constituent functions constitute the bonds of
society and are compulsory. Among them are
(1) Keeping the peace, order, and the protection of persons and
property;
(2) Securing civil relations of its inhabitants;
(3) Regulating property and determining liabilities for debt and
crime;
(4) Determining contractual rights, defining punishments of crimes;
(5) Administering justice and political duties; and (
(6) Defining the privileges and relations of citizens.
ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE STATE

3. Government. The Government may

perform two functions:
2. Ministrant - On the other hand, ministrant
functions are those undertaken to advance
the general interests of the society like
charity, trade, and industry and public works
(Cruz, 2007).
ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE STATE
• According to its legitimacy, regardless of form, the
government may be de jure or de facto.
• A de jure government is established by the authority of
the legitimate sovereignty. It has a legitimate title but no
power or control, perhaps it has been withdrawn from it
or it has not exercised itself thereof.
• A de facto government is a government of the fact. It is
a kind of government that takes possession and control
of, by force or by the calling of the majority, the legal
government and maintains itself as such against the will
of the latter. (Cruz, 2007)
 ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE STATE

• One vital operational virtue of

the government is to act for
the State under the doctrine
of Parens Patriae, which
means guardian of the rights
of the people. The State is
called upon to defend and
protect those underprivileged,
handicapped, children, etc.
 ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE STATE
4. Sovereignty. It refers to the independent
authority over a geographical area, such as a
territory. Sovereignty is also the authority the
State exercises to exact obedience over its
constituents.
Garner defines sovereignty “as the power of the
State to command obedience, the power to which,
legally speaking, all interests are practically
subject and all will coordinate.”
 ESSENTIAL ELEMENT OF THE STATE
• Sovereignty may be internal or external.
Internal sovereignty denotes the power of
the State to control and govern its people,
while external sovereignty denotes
freedom of a State from external control;
independence.
 FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE
STATE

• Police power
• Power of eminent domain
• Power of taxation
 FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE
STATE
Police power
• Is the power of the state to
enact laws or regulations
that promote common good
in relation to an individual’s
enjoyment of hid rights,
liberty and property. Of the
three inherent powers of
the state, police power is
the most pervasive.
 FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE
STATE
Power of eminent
domain
• The power of eminent
domain pertains to that
power of the state to
expropriate private
property or public use,
upon payment of just
compensation.
 FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE
STATE
Power of eminent domain
• There are requisites to be observed in the exercise
of this power:
• 1) There must be a necessity to acquire a private
property,
• 2) The acquired property shall be for public use;
• 3) The owner must be paid just compensation, and
• 4) There must be observance of due process in the
expropriation of property.
 FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE
STATE
Power of Taxation
• The power of taxation is
the power of the state to
impose charges upon
persons, property,
occupation, and others as
may be defined by law in
order to defray
government expenses.
 FUNDAMENTAL POWERS OF THE
STATE
Power of Taxation
• There are inherent limitations to the taxing
power of the state, amongst them are:
• 1) Taxing power is exclusive for the State and
therefore cannot be delegated to any private
individual; and
• 2) Taxes are for public use and purposes only.
 MAIN DIFFERENCES BETWEEN NATION AND
STATE
• Difference in the elements:
• The state has essentially four elements - population, territory,
government, and sovereignty. In the absence of even one
element, a state cannot really be considered a State.
• On the other hand, a nation is a group of people who have a
strong sense of unity and common consciousness. The
elements of common territory, common race, common religion,
common language, common history, common culture and
common political aspirations help the formation of a nation,
and yet none of these is an absolutely essential element.
• State is a political organization while Nation is a
social, cultural, psychological, emotional and
political unity:
• The state is a political organization which
satisfies the security and welfare needs of its
people.
• On the other hand, a nation is a united unit of
population which is full of emotional, spiritual
and psychological bonds. A nation has no
business with the physical needs of the people.
Territory is essential for the State but not
for a Nation:
• It is essential for each state to possess
a fixed territory. It is the physical
element of the State. State is a
territorial entity.
• But for a nation, territory is not an
essential requirement. A nation can
exist even without a fixed territory.
Sovereignty is essential for State but not for
Nation:
• Sovereignty is an essential element of the
State. In the absence of sovereignty, the
State loses its existence.
• It is not essential for a nation to possess
sovereignty. However, each nation always
aspires to be sovereign and independent of
the control of every other nation.
Nation can be bigger in Scope than the State
• The state is limited to a fixed territory. Its
boundaries can increase or decrease but the
process of change is always very complex.
• However, a nation may or may not remain within
the bounds of a fixed territory. Nation is a
community based on common ethnicity, history
and traditions and aspirations.
Nation can be bigger in Scope than the State
• The state is limited to a fixed territory. Its
boundaries can increase or decrease but
the process of change is always very
complex.
• However, a nation may or may not remain
within the bounds of a fixed territory. Nation
is a community based on common
ethnicity, history and traditions and
aspirations.
Nation is more stable than State:
• A nation is more stable than state. When
sovereignty ends, the state dies, but not
the nation. A nation can survive even
without sovereignty. For example, after
their defeat in the World War II, both
Germany and Japan lost their sovereign
statuses and outside powers began to
control them. They ceased to exist as
States but they continued to live as
nations.
A State can be created while a Nation is
always the result of evolution:
• A state can be created with the conscious
endeavors of the people. Physical
elements play an important role in the birth
of a State.
• A nation on the other hand, is a unity of the
people which emerges slowly and steadily.
No special efforts go into the making of a
nation.
The State uses police power (force) for preserving its unity and
integrity, the Nation is bound by strong cultural and historical
links:
• A nation survives on the power of sense of unity of the
people. A nation appeals, the state orders; a nation
persuades, a states coerces; and a nation boycotts, the
state punishes. State and nation do not have the same
boundaries, and yet there is a tendency for a nation and
state to be a one entity. Most of the nation’s today stand
organized into different states and are multinational States.
The modern state is called a nation-state because all the
(nationalities) living in one state area integrated into one
nation.
A single nation can consist of many states:
• A single nation may cut among many
states specially if such nation merely
migrated to their neighboring states and
became the dominant population. An
example of this is the Arab nation which
consists of many Middle East states like
Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya and Yemen
to name few.
• Moreover, the nation-state is one where the
great majority are conscious of a common
identity and shared the same culture. The
nation-state is an area where the cultural
boundaries match up with the political
boundaries. The ideal nation-state is that
the state incorporates people of a single
ethnic stock and cultural traditions. Bonds
that create a nation-state are culture,
history, religion, nationality, territory and
language.
GLOBALIZATION
WHAT IS GLOBALIZATION?
• globalization refers to the gradual process
of political, economic, and cultural
integration brought by increased trade,
exchange of ideas, and political relations
among the states of the world.
• Political
globalizations arose
out of the need for
dialogue and
cooperation among
states to maintain
world peace and
security and address
global issues and
threats.
• Economic
globalization was
brought about by
growing trade and
financial relations
among countries,
and is evident in
the emergence of
free trade areas
and economic
blocs.
• Cultural globalization is
brought about by
improved technology
that makes possible the
rapid exchange of ideas
and knowledge. This
gives rise to a greater
awareness and
appreciation of cultures
and the establishment of
a diverse global
community.
• Globalization, in its various dimensions, has given rise to
many opportunities that brought about positive effects for
many states.
• Global politics opens up opportunities for states to render
aid to each other, provides avenues for dialogue and
cooperation, and ensures that states learn from each
other.
• Economic globalization enables emerging markets and
industries to thrive due to trade liberalization, and
provides states with opportunities for economic
development.
• Cultural globalization has given rise to global community
that accepts and celebrates diversity.
• Despite its positive effects, globalization has also
brought about a number of challenges. Critics of
globalization consider it as a detriment to the welfare of
some states, as global interests often run counter to
national interests.
• Economic globalization has rendered some developing
nations helpless in the face of competition in the global
free market. The supranational character of political
globalization, likewise, is seen as a limitation to national
sovereignty.
• On the other hand, the refusal of powerful states to
abide by international laws and standards also limits the
effectiveness of global cooperation.
INFLUENCES OF GLOBALIZATION IN THE
VARIOUS ASPECTS
• Industrial - emergence of worldwide
production markets and broader access to
arrange of goods for consumers and
companies.
• Financial - emergence of worldwide
financial markets and better access to
external financing for corporate, national
and subnational borrowers.
INFLUENCES OF GLOBALIZATION IN THE
VARIOUS ASPECTS
• Economic - realization of a global common
market, based on the freedom of exchange
of goods and capital
• Political - Political globalization is the
creation of a world government which
regulates the relationships among nations
and guarantees the rights arising from
social and economic globalization.
INFLUENCES OF GLOBALIZATION IN THE
VARIOUS ASPECTS
• Informational - increase in information
flows between geographically remote
locations.
• Cultural - growth of cross-cultural contacts;
cultural diffusion; “world culture”.
INFLUENCES OF GLOBALIZATION IN THE
VARIOUS ASPECTS
• Ecological - the advent of global
environmental challenges that cannot be
solved without international cooperation,
such as climate change, cross-boundary
water and air pollution, over-fishing of the
ocean, and the spread of invasive species.
 PROS AND CONS OF GLOBALIZATION
PROS
◼Productivity grows more
quickly when countries
produce goods and services
in which they have a
comparative advantage.
Living standards can go up
faster.
◼ Global competition and
cheap imports keep a lid on
prices, so inflation is less
likely to derail economic
growth.
CONS
◼ Loss of jobs due to imports
or
production shifts abroad. Most
find new jobs that pay less.
◼ Millions of others fear losing
their jobs, especially at those
companies operating under
competitive pressure.
◼ Workers face pay-cut
demands from employers,
which often threaten to export
jobs.
 PROS AND CONS OF GLOBALIZATION
PROS
◼ An open economy spurs
innovation with fresh ideas
from abroad.
◼ Accelerated the
development and
innovation of technology and
communication.
CONS
◼ Service and white-collar
jobs are increasingly
vulnerable to operations
moving offshore.
◼ Lose of employee’s
comparative advantage
when companies build
advanced factories in low-
wage countries, making
them as productive as those
at home.
 15 ITEMS QUIZ

1.They are known as inhabitants of the state.

A.Groups
B.Persons
C.Individuals
D.People
2. It is a political concept and has four
elements.
A.Nation
B.State
C.City
D.Territory
3. It is an ethnic concept and a sociological collectivity
of individuals who possess in common non-political
characteristics such as common language, common
religion or common beliefs.
A. Nation
B. State
C. City
D. Territory
4. The fixed space or portion of the earth
inhabited by the people of the state.
A.Island
B.Terrestrial domain
C.Maritime domain
D.Territory
5. The power of the state to command
obedience of its constituents.
A.Military
B.Sovereign
C.Police
D.Eminent Domain
6. Globalization creates concern regarding local culture
because:
A. International migration is creating “brain drain” in
developing countries.
B. International trade raises mutual awareness of different
cultures.
C. Jobs are being moved to developing countries.
D. Many heritages are threatened by a homogenizing
influence.
7. Which of the following is NOT a
characteristics of globalized professional?
A.Highly educated
B.Is afraid of flying
C.Speaks foreign languages
D.Travels Internationally.
8. The two major functions of the Government are________.
A. Businessman and marketer.
B. Overseer and provider
C. Constituent and ministrant
D. Security and protector
9. The power of the state to expropriate private
property for public use, upon payment of just
compensation.
A.Police power
B.Power of eminent domain
C.Power of domination
D.Power of taxation
10. Which of the following is a positive influence of
globalization on culture?
A. It destroys some cultures but not all through the
capitalism process of “creative destruction”
B. It opens people’s minds to new ideas and
experiences
C. It dramatically shifts world food consumer tastes to
American fast food.
D. It encourages youths to shun traditional music in
favour of Western pop music
11.Which of the choices below is identified as the
power of the state to impose burdens and charges
upon person’s property or property rights for the use
and support of the government in order to discharge
its functions?
A. Eminent domain
B. Exclusive Domain
C.Police power
D.Power of Taxation
12. The following are the elements of state
except:
A.Territory
B.People
C.History
D.Government
13. The most pervasive among the powers of the
state is________
A.Eminent domain
B.Police power
C.Power of taxation
D.None of the above
14. This is the sovereignty which means
independence of a state from control by any other
state.
A.Sovereignty
B.Internal Sovereignty
C.External sovereignty
D.Sovereign people
15. Refers to the gradual process of
political, economic, and cultural
integration brought by increased
trade, exchange of ideas, and
political relations among the states
of the world.
16.