States, Nation and

Globalization
Objective

• Define nation and state

• Differentiate Nation from State
 Concept of State
• From the Latin word stare (to stand)
• Is a community of persons more or less occupying a
definite territory possessing an organize government
and enjoying independence or external control. The
elements of which are sovereignty, people, territory
and government.
• Self governing political entity.
• Can be used interchangeably with country.
 Elements of State

• People
• Territory
• Sovereignty
• Government
 People
It is the entire body of those citizens
of a state who are invested with
political or for political purposes.
 Territory
• It is the geographical area under the
jurisdiction of another country or
sovereign power of a state. It must be a
fixed territory with inhabitants occupy.
• Refers to the portion of the earth which
composed of aerial (above), fluvial (waters
around and connecting the islands of the
archipelago) and terrestrial (land mass)
domains.
Modes of Acquiring Territory

• By discovering or occupation.
• By Prescription.
• By Cession.
• By Subjugation and Annexation.
• By Accretion.
 By discovering or occupation

• A state may acquire territory by discovering a

continent, an island or land with no inhabitants or
occupied by uncivilized inhabitants and there after
occupying it under its political administration.
• Uninhabited lands
• Land inhabited by uncivilized persons
• Land discovered but failed to occupy it for unreasonable
length of time
 By Prescription

It is the mode of acquiring territory through

continuous and undisputed exercise of
sovereignty over it during such period as is
necessary to create under the present
condition of things is in conformity with
international order.
 By Cession

It is the assignment transfer or yielding up

of territory by one state or government to
another.
 By Subjugation and Annexation

It is a mode of acquiring territory belonging to a

state by occupation and conquest made by
another state in the course of war and by
annexation of the end of a war.
 By Accretion

Another mode of acquiring territory by

addition of portion of soil, either artificial or
natural.
 Maritime terms
• Territorial Sea – Coastal state have sovereignty, including exclusive
fishing rights (12 nautical miles).
• Contiguous Zone – Coastal state can enforce its customs,
immigration. And sanitation laws and exercise “hot pursuit” out of its
territorial waters ( 24 nautical miles)
• Exclusive Economic Zone – state has recognized rights to explore,
eploit, conserve, and manage the natural resources (200 nautical
miles)
• Continental Shelf – countries have exclusive rights to natural
resources up to 350 nautical miles.
• High Seas - beyond EEZ “common heritage of humankind.”
 Government
• As an element of state, it is the totality of authorities
which rule a society by prescribing and carrying out
the fundamental rules which regulate the freedom of
each member. It is derived from “Gubernaculum”
meaning “rudder.”
• Refers to the institution or agency or
instrumentalities through which the state maintains
social order, provide public services, and enforces
binding decisions.
 Two kinds of Government
De Jure (Legitimate) Government
It is one established in accordance to the constitution of the
nation and lawfully entitled to recognition and supremacy and
administration of the nation but which is actually cut off from
power or control.
De facto (Illegitimate) Government
It is one that maintains itself by display of force against the will
of the rightful legal government and is successful at least
temporarily in overturning the institution of the rightful legal
government by setting its own in lieu thereof.
 Forms of Government

As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers:

Monarchy - The sovereign power is vested in a single
person.
Absolute Monarchy - One in which the ruler rules
by divine right.
Limited Monarchy - One in which the ruler rules
in accordance with constitution.
 Forms of Government

As to number of persons exercising sovereign powers:

Aristocracy - The political power is exercised by few
privileged class.
Democracy - One in which the political power eased by a
majority of the people.
 Types of Democracy

Direct or pure democracy - One in which the will of the

state is formulated or expressed directly and immediately
though the people in the mass meeting or primary
assembly rather than through the medium of delegates
or representatives chosen to act for them.
 Types of Democracy

Indirect, representative or republican democracy - One which

the will of the state is formulated and expressed through the
agency of a relatively small and select body of persons chosen
by the people to act as their representatives.
 Forms of Government
As to extent of powers exercised by the central or
national government
Unitary government - One in which the control of
national and local affairs is exercised by the central of
national government.
Federal government - One in which the power of the
government are divided between two sets of organ, one
for national affairs and the other for local affairs.
 Forms of Government
As to relationship between the executive and legislative
branches of the government
Parliamentary government - The state confers upon the
legislature the power to terminate the tenure of office of
the real executive.
Presidential – is a form of government in which executive
branch exist separately from the legislature. The President
is constitutionally independent of the legislature because
they are elected directly by the people.
 Sovereignty

• Refers to supreme and absolute power

within its territorial boundaries.
• It is the supreme absolute and
uncontrollable power by which an
independent state is governed
 Kinds of Sovereignty
Internal Sovereignty
• It is the power to control and direct the internal affairs
of the country. We have the right to enact, execute
and apply laws.
External sovereignty
• It is the power of an independent state to control and
direct its external affairs. We have the authority to
enter into treaties with other countries, to wage war
and to receive and send diplomatic missions.
 Inherent Power of State

1. Police Power – Power of the state to

regulate freedoms and property rights of
individuals for the protection of public safety,
health, and morals or the promotion of the
public convenience and general prosperity.
 Inherent Power of State
2. Eminent Domain – power of the state to
take private property for public use upon
payment of just compensation.
It is exercised through national and local
government and private persons or
corporation authorized to exercise function
of public character.
 Inherent Power of State
3. Taxation – power to impose tax on individuals and
properties to support the government.
Tax – Life blood of government
Uniform taxation – persons or things belonging to
the same class shall be tax at the same rate.
Equitable taxation – tax burden must be imposed
according to the taxpayers capacity to pay.
Progressive taxation – as the resources of the
taxpayer becomes higher his rate likewise increase
 Nation
It is defined as people or aggregation of men existing in
the form of an organize society usually inhabiting a
distinct portion of the earth, speaking the same language,
using the same customs, possessing historic continuity
and disguised from other like group by their racial origin
and characteristic and generally but not necessarily living
under the same government and sovereignty.
 Nation
A complex phenomenon shaped by a collection of
cultural, political, and psychological factors

Is the social construction of a collective identity.

A group of people who share same history, geography,

language, customs, and sometimes religion.
 State
State
vs. NationNation
It is legal political / Juridical
Concept
People organized for a law
within a definite territory.
A state must be sovereign
It is formal
There can be a state with
several nations
It is racial cultural / Ethnical
Concept
People psychologically joined
together with common will to
live together.
People continue as a nation
even if they do not remain
sovereign.
It is informal
There can be a nation without
a state.
 Globalization
• Refers to processes whereby many social relations
become relatively delinked from territorial geography, so
that human lives are increasingly played out in the world
as a single place
• is a force that changed the way nation-states deal with
one another, particularly in the area of international
commerce.
 Globalization Favors Westernization

• Other nation-states are at a disadvantage when

dealing with the Americas and Europe.
• nation-states are forced to examine their economic
policies in light of the many challenges and
opportunities that multinational corporations and
other entities of international commerce present.