Introduction

Regie S. Jimenez, RN, MSN

• Pharmacology
– The study of drugs and origin
 Pharmacologic Process

Important factors in determining the

response of a drug at its site of
action
Pharmacodynamics vs. Pharmacokinetics

• Pharmacodynamics is the study of effect of a

drug to an organism or the body, whereas
• Pharmacokinetics is the study of how the
organism affects the drug.
• Both together influence dosing,
benefit, and adverse effects.
 Pharmacodynamics

Pharmacodynamics is the relationship between

a. The concentration of drug at the site of
action and
b. The biochemical and
c. Physiological effect
 Drug mechanism/processing in the
body (Pharmacokinetics)
Pharmacokinetics
The study of the liberation, absorption,
distribution, , metabolism, and excretion of
drugs to determine the relationship between
the dose of a drug and the drug’s
concentration in biological fluids
 Pharmacokinetics

• Liberation.
-the process in which a pharmaceutical
substance is released / separate from the
formulation it is delivered in.
The process of liberation into three steps:
disintegration, disaggregation and
dissolution.
 Pharmacokinetics

• Absorption
– Passage of a drug from the site of administration
or membrane into the bloodstream.
• Physicochemical effects
• Dosage form
• Route of administration
• Interactions with other substances
• Client characteristics
 Pharmacokinetics
• Distribution
– Movement of medications from the blood into
various body fluids and tissues.
• Blood flow
• Cell membrane permeability
• Protein-binding capacity of the medication
 Pharmacokinetics

• Metabolism (biotransformation)
– Inactivates the medication and changes it into
a form that can be excreted more easily.
• Presence of enzymes in the liver
• Diseases and other conditions
• Genetic factors
 Pharmacokinetics

• Excretion
– The process in which drugs are eliminated
from the body.
– Excretion occurs primarily through the
liver/biliary system and the kidneys.
 Pharmacokinetics

From-Loading dose –to-

Volume of distribution (Initial) –to-
Rate of infusion -to-
Onset of action –to-
Biological half-life –to-
Plasma protein binding –to-
Bioavailability
 Drug Action
• Local action at the cellular or organ level
• Systemic action, effecting changes
throughout the body
• Both local and systemic actions
• Drug action is based on the half-life of a
drug.
Medication Management of Drug Levels

• Maintaining a constant drug level within the

therapeutic range.
• Therapeutic range is the range of drug
concentration in the blood, which gives the
desired effect without causing serious side
effects or toxicity.
Factors Which Alter Medication Action
• Medication Interaction
• Food and Drug Interactions
• Client Factors Influencing Drug Action
– Client’s age, sex , weight and diet
– Renal and liver function
– Genetic factors
– Amount of body fat
– Psychological state
 Effects of Drugs

• Desired –therapeutic

• Side effects – non therapeutic

Nontherapeutic Drug Actions
• Side Effects
• Adverse Reactions
• Toxic Effects
• Drug Allergy
• Idiosyncratic Reaction
• Drug Tolerance
 Toxic effects
1. Teratogenic
2. Ediosyncracy
3. Parodiximal
4. Tolerance
5. Dependency
6. Hypersensitivity