3D PRINTING
It is a manufacturing process where materials are added layer by
layer using a digital model to create a three-dimensional
structure.
The materials used include modified concrete, plastic, metals and • Smart polymers that interact with environmental factors
resins.
Reducing time and resource consumption.
The ability to produce complex designs that cannot be achieved
through traditional methods.
Using recycled waste materials in the construction process.
Challenges related to engineering specifications of the materials
used.
Extrusion method:
Through the extruder of the printing machine, small pellets of
material that harden immediately to form layers are extruded and
he extruder is connected to threads of thermoplastic or metal
wire, which are used to heat the printing material before the
extrusion process.
Association powder method:
Execution method: - Each layer is built with the prose of the raw
powder.
Those layers use material bound to the ores to bind the granules
o the model is formed
The piston presses the base layer to stabilize it and then rises to
ompress the next layer that has been scattered and then binds its
granules using a bond material
Each layer's construction is repeated until the required mass
ormation is completed.
4D PRINTING
• It is an evolution of 3D printing technology where the pri
components have the ability to change over time or unde
influence of environmental conditions.
heat, humidity, or light are involved.
The ability to produce components that adapt to environ
conditions.
Reducing the need for human intervention after compon
installation.
Opening the door to intelligent designs that respond to t
surrounding environment.
• Challenges in defining the function of future components
adapting them to conditions.
1-stereolithography
Allows you to create solid, plastic, three-dimensional (3-D)
from CAD drawings in a matter of hours. Whether you are
mechanical engineer wanting to verify the fit of a part or a
looking to create a plastic prototype of an invention,
stereolithography gives you a fast, easy way to turn CAD dr
into real objects.
2- Fused Filament Fabrication
Filament should be dried adequately before, and kept drie
the printing process. As filament is fed through the extrud
heating zones, the material begins to liquify and is driven t
nozzle where it is deposited along the digitally defined too
3- Selective laser melting
The cross-section area of the designed 3D part is built by s